No description available.

This thesis investigates the changes in whether compound nouns were closed (written as one word), open (written as separate words) or hyphenated in Early New High German between 1550 and 1710. Due to the fact that there were no orthographic norms in the German of this time, graphematic phenomena in this period of the German language are very fruitful to examine. The study is based on a corpus of 249 sermons in 90 different postils. Since this thesis aims to show a diachronic development, the corpus texts originate from six time windows centred around the years 1550, 1570, 1600, 1620, 1660 and 1710. The results of the study show a general development from 1550, when around 80% of the occurrences of compound nouns were written as one word, to 1620, when this way of writing dominated almost entirely. In the texts from the last two time windows, the hyphenation spreads, and by 1710, nearly two thirds of the instances of compound nouns were written with a hyphen. The present study also shows that the geographical origin of a text is of lesser importance for the writing of compound nouns as one word, separate words or with a hyphen. However, the distinction between genuine compound nouns (a compound noun with the modifier in an unmarked case) and artificial ones (a compound noun with the modifier in an oblique case) seems to be of greater relevance. The artificial compound nouns are closed to a lesser extent in the period between 1550 and 1620 and hyphenated to a higher extent from 1660 onwards than the genuine compound nouns. In a second part of the study, the compound nouns of the different time windows are examined from a lexical point of view, showing that many compound noun lexemes were almost consistently written in the same way (either as one word, as separate words, or with a hyphen) in all occurrences within each time window.

The English translation of the Swedish compound fönsterbräda into windowsill, or the proper noun Danmark into Denmark makes perfect sense. But how about the compound fossilbränslefri as simply fossil fuel or the name Mälaren as Lake?  All four of these translations have been produced with the help of automatic machine translation. The aim of this paper is to present the expanding field of application of machine translation and some issues related to this type of translation. More specifically, the study has looked at Google Translate as one of the most commonly used machine translation systems online, and how it responds to the two linguistic categories that were selected for this small study: compound nouns and proper nouns. Besides analyzing these categories, two different text types were chosen: general information articles from a local authority website (Stockholm City) and patent texts, both of which belong to the expanding field of application of Google Translate. The results of the study show that in terms of compound nouns, neither of the text types proved to be significantly better suited for machine translation than the other and neither had an error rate below 20 %. Most of the errors related to words being erroneously omitted in the English output and words which were incorrectly translated in relation to context. As for proper nouns, the patent texts contained none and subsequently no error analysis could be made, whereas the general information articles included 76 proper nouns (out of a total word count of 810). The most prominent error related to the Swedish version not being maintained in the English output where it should have been, e.g. translating Abrahamsberg as Abraham rock. The errors in both of the linguistic categories had varying impact on the meaning of the texts, some of which distorted the meaning of the word completely, and some which were of minor importance. This factor, along with the fact that the reader of the text influences how the comprehension level of the text is perceived through their language and subject knowledge, makes it difficult to evaluate the full impact of the various errors. It can, however, be said that patent text could pose as a better option for machine translation than general information articles in relation to proper nouns, as this text type is likely to contain no or very few proper nouns.

Dhana ya usarufishaji, kama Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha inavyoeleza, ni ubadilishaji wa neno huru ama mofimu huru yenye maana ya kisemantiki na kuifanya mofimu funge na yenye maana ya kisarufi zaidi. Tunaposema kuhusu usarufishaji, mara nyingi tunamaanisha hasa ubadilishaji wa neno huru liwe mofimu. Miongoni mwa aina zote za maneno, ambazo zinaweza kusarufishwa, zile zinazotumika mara nyingi zaidi ni nomino na vitenzi. Ningetaka kujibu swali juu ya kazi ya kisarufi ya leksimu mwana: baada ya kuzichunguza maana zake za kisarufi inawezekana kutilia mkazo kwamba katika lugha ya Kiswahili tunashuhudia mwanzo wa kuibadilisha nomino huru mwana iwe kiambishi awali cha uundaji wa maneno mapya yanayotaja watu mbalimbali kutokana na kazi, shughuli zao, kuwepo katika vyama n.k. Inawezekana kwamba maneno ambatani yanayoanzia na mwana yanaunda ngeli maalum ya nomino (sawa na ngeli ya 1a/2a ya lugha nyingine za Kibantu).

No description available.

Cette étude est une approche des divers problèmes que soulève la traduction du figement. Elle se fond sur le cas concret de la traduction français-arabe en analysant un corpus bilingue constitué d’expressions figées en français (langue source) et de leur traduction en arabe (langue cible). Notre travail s’organise en deux parties : dans la première, nous étudions la notion de figement, les différentes structures qu’elle recouvre et la notion de traduction avec les concepts qui lui sont liés à travers les théories linguistiques et traductologiques du 20e siècle. Dans la deuxième partie, nous analysons notre corpus, d’abord pour vérifier qu’il représente bien la catégorie du figement, ensuite pour connaître les stratégies adoptées par le traducteur pour traduire les expressions figées. Le corpus est extrait à partir des articles français du Monde diplomatique et leur traduction en langue arabe dans le même journal / This study is an approach to various problems raised bu the translations of frozen expressions. It is founded on the specific case of the french-arabic translation by analyzing a bilingual corpus composed of idioms in French (source language) and their Arabic translation (targuet language). Our work is organized in two parts ; in the first we study the notion of rigidification and the various structures that it covers, and olso the notion of translation with related concepts through 20th century linguistic and translational theories. In the second part we analyze our corpus : first to make sure it really represents frozen expressions, then to know the strategies adopted by the translator to translate idioms. The corpus is extracted from the articles appeared in the French edition of the le Monde diplomatique and their translations into Arabic in the same newspaper

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

La présente thèse est une étude approfondie de la productivité des noms composés français N-N, A-N, N-A et N-de-N du XVIIe au début du XXe siècle. La productivité morphologique des mots composés demeure un domaine très peu exploré, surtout en français. Les études antérieures sur la dérivation utilisent principalement la mesure de productivité basée sur les hapax, soulevant la question de savoir si l’application d’une seule méthode est suffisamment fiable pour évaluer la productivité en composition. Dans cette thèse, la productivité des composés est calculée au moyen de trois mesures différentes : la mesure P basée sur les hapax (Baayen et Lieber 1991; Baayen 1992), la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique (Baayen et Hay 2002) et la fréquence relative (Hay 2003). En outre, la productivité est analysée en tenant compte de la position de la tête morphologique et l’aspect régulier/irrégulier du composé. Je cherche à vérifier quatre hypothèses : 1) les composés réguliers sont plus productifs que les irréguliers ; 2) les N-N et N-de-N sont les types les plus productifs ; 3) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la fréquence relative ; 4) il existe une corrélation inverse entre la productivité P et la taille catégorielle de la famille morphologique. Les hypothèses #1 et #4 sont confirmées par les résultats obtenus : les formes régulières exocentriques sont les plus productives et le taux de productivité le plus élevée coïncide avec la taille catégorielle la plus basse. L’hypothèse #2 a été appuyée partiellement à cause de données lacunaires pour le type N-de-N. Toutefois, la corrélation inverse entre la productivité et la fréquence relative n’est pas confirmée en composition. La thèse a apporté plusieurs contributions : l’étude diachronique de productivité en composition, l’utilisation de différentes méthodes statistiques et un corpus original de composés français qui comporte 15 types différents.

A central area of research in linguistics is the study of changes in vocabulary over time, be it over historical time periods or faster changes within generations. One contributing factor driving such fast changes could be “fashion cycles”, as this is a very general cultural phenomenon. Here, results are reported from a corpus study investigating trends over time in the use of cyber as the first part of compound nouns, and of alternatives which carry a similar meaning, such as e- as short for electronic. It is found that cyber was commonly used in the time period 1995-2004. Usage then strongly declined, but there was a new peak in popularity in the last year of available data (2012). Interestingly, cyber was initially used in positively charged or neutral contexts (e.g. cyberspace), but in recent years mostly in negatively charged words such as cyberbullying or cyber warfare. The hypothesis that cyber has been replaced with e- was partially supported (in particular in the case of e-mail, but e-books is another prominent example of a recent rising trend in vocabulary). However, in most other contexts usage of e- actually peaked a few years before the last years of the available corpus data. In general, results were consistent with “fashion cycles” in that the popularity of using cyber or e-, and in particular of specific words including these compound noun parts, seems to come and go rapidly over time. Interestingly use of cyber was seen mostly in negative contexts during later time periods. No such change was apparent in the use of e-. An emerging hypothesis partially supported by the data is that words in commercial contexts (e.g. cyber-business, e-business) rapidly lose their positive charge as they become common and are replaced by other, more novel and more fashionable words. Corpus linguistics is a very powerful tool for investigating such patterns of change in the popularity of words, and the processes behind them.

Dhana ya usarufishaji, kama Kamusi ya Isimu na Lugha inavyoeleza, ni ubadilishaji wa neno huru ama mofimu huru yenye maana ya kisemantiki na kuifanya mofimu funge na yenye maana ya kisarufi zaidi. Tunaposema kuhusu usarufishaji, mara nyingi tunamaanisha hasa ubadilishaji wa neno huru liwe mofimu. Miongoni mwa aina zote za maneno, ambazo zinaweza kusarufishwa, zile zinazotumika mara nyingi zaidi ni nomino na vitenzi. Ningetaka kujibu swali juu ya kazi ya kisarufi ya leksimu mwana: baada ya kuzichunguza maana zake za kisarufi inawezekana kutilia mkazo kwamba katika lugha ya Kiswahili tunashuhudia mwanzo wa kuibadilisha nomino huru mwana iwe kiambishi awali cha uundaji wa maneno mapya yanayotaja watu mbalimbali kutokana na kazi, shughuli zao, kuwepo katika vyama n.k. Inawezekana kwamba maneno ambatani yanayoanzia na mwana yanaunda ngeli maalum ya nomino (sawa na ngeli ya 1a/2a ya lugha nyingine za Kibantu).