The purpose of the present thesis is to shed light on the role of pauses in simultaneous interpreting between French and Czech, mainly from the point of view of the listeners of the source speeches in French as well as both students of interpretation and professional interpreters and from the viewpoint of the listeners of the speeches interpreted into Czech. It is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part briefly outlines the process of simultaneous interpreting and Daniel Gile's Effort Model and then it focuses on prosody and individual prosodic (suprasegmental) features, especially pauses and their use in simultaneous interpreting. The empirical part describes the experiment and presents its results. The experiment itself examines the effect that unnaturally long or unnaturally placed pauses in the speaker's quasi-authentic source speeches have on the choice of strategy and the simultaneous interpreters' performances (students and professionnals) and on the subsequent assessment of their performances made by the listeners of the interpreted speeches. Keywords simultaneous interpreting, pause, listener, speech, speaker, interpreter, comprehensibility

The objective of this study is to undertake research regarding Posttraumatic Growth and its relationship with Sense of Coherence, within the South African context. In addition, the associations between the three domains of SOC, in particular Meaningfulness, and the five domains of PTG, will be investigated. A further aim of this study is to explore whether the relationship between posttraumatic stress symptoms and Posttraumatic Growth is moderated by Meaningfulness. Sample: The sample consisted of tertiary education students, 18 years and older, and who have experienced a traumatic event as defined by the Traumatic Stress Schedule (N=79). Measures: In addition to a demographic questionnaire, the following measures were administered: the Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R), and the Traumatic Stress Schedule (TSS). Results: Participants reported moderate scores on overall PTG with lower SOC scores relative to similar samples in the literature. Age was found to be associated with PTG, and PTG was associated with subjective distress as measured by the IES-R. In addition, those reporting PTG, particularly in the areas of Relating to Others, New Possibilities and Appreciation of Life, evidenced lower levels of Comprehensibility, and those low on Comprehensibility tended to report higher levels of subjective distress. High levels of subjective distress also appeared to be associated with lower levels of Manageability. Findings further suggested that participants who had been exposed to multiple traumas, as well as those who reported higher subjective distress, generally evidenced lower SOC. Multiple trauma exposures were strongly associated with increased subjective distress. Implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Giving effective instructional explanations is one of the most important teacher competences. Recent di dactic literature provides, however, little insight on teacher explanations. In our previous work we devel- oped guidelines for designing comprehensible explanations in the field of business (teacher) education, which are along general lines transferable to other subject areas and target audiences. In this article, we first compare our guidelines to the state of research in general and mathematics didactics. We then in vestigate their applicability to teaching operations research at university level, based on interviews with professors of the international operations research community.

Bakgrund: Balanced Scorecard (BSC) har blivit ett populärt sätt att mäta ett företags prestationer, då det inkluderar både finansiella och ickefinansiella mål och mått. Samtidigt ses styrkortet som ett verktyg för att kommunicera företagets strategi och skapa en förståelse i hela organisationen för vad företaget vill uppnå. Trots att BSC är ett mycket framgångsrikt begrepp saknas det empiriska studier kring hur modellen upplevs och används av anställda på operativ nivå och hur styrningsverktyget påverkar dem. Syfte: Undersökningens syfte är att beskriva hur BSC används på operativ nivå i ett företag samt förklara hur strategi och målformulering uppfattas av individen och påverkar dennes beteende. Vidare är undersökningens syfte att utveckla en modell för att öka den operativa relevansen i BSC. Slutsats: För att uppnå de fördelar som BSC kan erbjuda krävs en förankring i hela organisationen samt ett engagemang och involvering i styrkortsprocessen från alla anställda. Vi anser att problemen med BSC som uppkommer många gånger kan härledas till svårigheter att tydliggöra och att koppla strategin och BSC till vad individen arbetar med i sin vardag. För att skapa ett operativt relevant BSC krävs det att organisationen, enligt oss, arbetar med sex grundläggande förutsättningar; Delaktighet, Begriplighet, Lokal förankring, Enhetlighet, Påverkbarhet och Ledningens medverkan. Dessa utgör en iterativ process som skall främja lärande och kunskapsdelning för BSC inom organisationen. Dessa begrepp kommer att underlätta företags strategi- och styrkortsarbete då de tydliggör hur företag kan uppnå ett operativt relevant BSC. / Background: Balanced Scorecard (BSC) has become a popular way to measure the performance of a company. One reason is that it includes both financial and non-financial goals and measures. BSC is also seen as an instrument to communicate the strategy of the company and create an understanding for what the company wants to achieve. Even though BSC is a successful management tool there is a lack of empirical studies concerning how the model is perceived and used by employees on an operational level in an organization. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe how BSC is used at an operational level in a company and to explain how strategy and formulation of goals is perceived by the individuals and how it affects their behavior. Furthermore is the purpose of the study to develop a model to increase the operational relevance in BSC. Results: BSC has to be deeply-rooted in the entire organization to achieve the benefits that the scorecard offers. There has to be an engagement and involvement from all employees in the strategy- and scorecard process. We see that persistent problems with BSC many times derive from the difficulty in clarifying and connect the strategy and the scorecard to the individual’s daily work. To create a scorecard which is relevant on an operational level the organization needs to work with six fundamental concepts; Participation, Comprehensibility, Local connection, Uniformity, Influence and Participation from managers. Together these six concepts create an iterative process which will enable knowledge sharing and learning about BSC within the organization. The concepts will facilitate both the strategy process and the scorecard work. They will also clarify how a company can reach a scorecard which is more operationally relevant.

Syfte med uppsatsen var att redogöra för hur individer som vuxit upp i familjer där en förälder missbrukat och/eller varit psykisk sjuk, beskriver sig själva i då och nutid, hemförhållanden och uppväxtförhållanden samt deras överlevnadsstrategier. Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ karaktär och utgörs av en innehållsanalys av tre biografier inom detta område. Genom att läsa tre biografier som belyser denna problematik samt med KASAM begreppen begriplighet, hanterbarhet, meningsfullhet och den dramaturgiska teorin har uppsatsen kunnat svara på frågeställningarna om hur individerna begriper sin barndom, hur har individerna hanterat sin barndomssituation samt om individerna kan se sin barndom som något bra. Uppsatsen har resulterat i förståelse för hur viktiga vuxna individer är för barn med sådan här problematik, samt hur viktigt det är att ha fritidsintressen. / The main purpose of this paper is to describe how individuals, who has grown up with parents who abused drugs or been mentally ill, describes themselves in the past as well as in the present, concerning their upbringing, home life, and their strategies of survival. The paper is qualitative in nature and consists of a content analysis of three biographies concerning this area. By reading these biographies that illustrates this problem and the concepts of KASAM; comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness and the dramaturgical theory, the paper has been able to explain how the individuals look back at their childhood, how they've been able to cope with it, and if they can see their childhood as a positive experience. The conclusions drawn from the paper are how important adult figures are in the life of these children and the importance of leisure activities.

<p>Understanding technical documentation is of vital importance, since instructions and descriptions are given about how technical products are used, maintained and repaired. Because of the increased economic globalization, more and more documentation is both written in English by non-native English writers, and delivered to non-native English readers. More and more documentation is also translated by means of computerized aids. In order to improve comprehension and translatability of technical documentation, controlled languages are created. Controlled languages are subsets of ordinary languages, but with restricted vocabularies and writing rules.</p><p>The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages for Swedish export companies to use Simplified Technical English (STE), which is a controlled language, for their technical documentation. In this work technical writers are asked about their opinions of STE. Additionally, technical texts written in traditional English are compared with versions written in STE, in order to find out whether texts written in a controlled language are easier to read or not. Within the comparison, the differences between the versions are discussed and a readability measurement is done. The measurement showed that readability in technical documentation is improved by using STE. The writers’ opinions are illuminated in three areas, which are: higher documentation quality, reduced translation costs and reduced production costs.</p>

BAKGRUND: Schizofreni är en allvarlig psykiatrisk sjukdom som innebär ett stort lidande för den drabbade. Sjukdomen kan leda till symtom så som hallucinationer, förvrängd verklighetsuppfattning, apati och tillbakadragenhet. Sammantaget innebär detta att patienter med schizofreni skattar sin Quality of Life lägre än genomsnittspopulationen. SYFTE: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar Quality of Life hos personer med diagnosen schizofreni och som behandlas i öppenvården. METOD: Undersökningen genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Tio vetenskapliga artiklar som stämde överens med studiens syfte ingick, de granskades kvalitémässigt och genomgick en strukturerad analys. RESULTAT: De identifierade faktorer som påverkade Quality of Life hos personer med schizofreni delades in i tre huvudkategorier som var synonyma med Anontonvskys KASAMbegrepp: begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Som underkategorier till dessa begrepp identifierades följande underkategorier: Positiva symtom, den kognitiva förmågan, den psykosociala situationen, att ha kontroll över vardagen, fysisk hälsa, stöd från vården och livsglädje och optimism. Sammanfattningsvis visar artiklarna att de tre huvudkategorierna identifierar områden där patienterna har en låg funktionsgrad. De sju underkategorierna identifierar i sin tur områden som direkt eller indirekt påverkar patientens Quality of Life. SLUTSATS: Sjuksköterskan kan på egen hand eller tillsammans med andra yrkeskategorier inom vården stärka Quality of Life hos personer med schizofreni, dels genom motiverande samtal men också genom samordnade insatser mellan olika samhällsaktörer. KLINISK BETYDELSE: Personer med schizofreni upplever socialt utanförskap, brist på sysselsättning och isolering som faktorer som påverkar deras livssituation negativt. Som vårdgivare är det av största vikt att möta patienten i dess upplevda problem för att få ett positivt behandlingsresultat. / BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a serious psychiatric illness, which entails great suffering for the person afflicted. The illness may cause symptoms such as hallucinations, a distorted sense of reality, apathy and reclusiveness; in effect causing the schizophrenic patient to evaluate his or her Quality of Life as being lower than the average persons. PURPOSE: The purpose of the literature review, was to highlight which factors affect Quality of Life, for schizophrenic patients in outpatient care. METHOD: The study was carried out as a literature review. Ten scientific articles, well suited for the purpose of this paper, were critically reviewed and structurally analyzed. RESULT: The identified factors, influencing Quality of Life for patients suffering from schizophrenia, were divided into three main categories, synonymous with Antonovsky's concept of KASAM: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Furthermore, seven concepts were identified as constituting subcategories: positive symptoms, the psychosocial situation, maintaining control of ones everyday life, physical health and support from health facilities and exuberance and optimism. In summary, the articles studied show that the three main categories identify areas, in which the patients are low functioning. The seven sub-categories in their turn identify areas that directly or indirectly affect the patients' Quality of Life. CONCLUSION: The nurse can improve Quality of Life in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, either on her own, or in collaboration with other professionals in the health care sector. This can be achieved through motivational talks, but also through coordinated efforts between various social actors. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Patients suffering from schizophrenia, perceive exclusion in the social arena, a lack of pursuit and/or employment and general isolation as factors negatively affecting their lives. Thus the ability of caregivers, to meet the perceived problems and needs of the patient, is paramount when striving for a positive outcome of treatment.

[pt] A partir da importância das embalagens como fator primordial de compra e uso de produtos industrializados, propusemo-nos a pesquisar qualitativamente sobre a usabilidade das instruções de uso com imagens pictóricas avaliando seu grau de compreensibilidade através de métodos da Ergonomia Informacional, já aplicados em símbolos gráficos. Os métodos utilizados foram: produção, compreensão, reidentificação, eleição, classe de adequação, distribuição de classes de adequação, estimativa de compreensibilidade e correspondência. Esta pesquisa propõe um método para avaliação comparativa de eficiência desses métodos de compreensibilidade de símbolos gráficos, feito a partir da Técnica de Avaliação Binária por meio de critérios ponderados proposta por David Meister. Esta pesquisa propõe também um método de análise gráfica, feito a partir de folhetos de instruções de uso de colorantes de cabelos adaptada da avaliação heurística de usabilidade de interface proposta pelos pesquisadores Jacob Nielsen e Rolf Molich na década de 90. / [en] From the importance of packaging as a primary factor of buying and using industrial products, we have proposed in the search quality about the usability of instructions for use with pictorial images of comprehensibility through evaluating your level of ergonomic methods, already applied in graphic symbols. The methods used were: production, comprehension, reidentification, election, class of adequacy, suitability classes distribution, estimation of understandability and correspondence. This research proposes a method for comparative assessment of efficiency of these methods of comprehensibility of graphic symbols from Binary Evaluation technique by means of weighted criteria proposed by David Meister. This research proposes also a graphical analysis method made from instructions of use of hair colourants adapted from heuristic evaluation of usability of interface proposed by Jakob Nielsen and Rolf Molich researchers in the 90.

Understanding technical documentation is of vital importance, since instructions and descriptions are given about how technical products are used, maintained and repaired. Because of the increased economic globalization, more and more documentation is both written in English by non-native English writers, and delivered to non-native English readers. More and more documentation is also translated by means of computerized aids. In order to improve comprehension and translatability of technical documentation, controlled languages are created. Controlled languages are subsets of ordinary languages, but with restricted vocabularies and writing rules. The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages for Swedish export companies to use Simplified Technical English (STE), which is a controlled language, for their technical documentation. In this work technical writers are asked about their opinions of STE. Additionally, technical texts written in traditional English are compared with versions written in STE, in order to find out whether texts written in a controlled language are easier to read or not. Within the comparison, the differences between the versions are discussed and a readability measurement is done. The measurement showed that readability in technical documentation is improved by using STE. The writers’ opinions are illuminated in three areas, which are: higher documentation quality, reduced translation costs and reduced production costs.

This diploma thesis deals with the role of rhoticity in English pronunciation teaching. The theoretical part focuses on the characterisation of rhoticity as a distinctive feature of English accents. It describes and compares approaches to pronunciation teaching and the factors which influence the choice of pronunciation models in English language teaching. It also introduces the development of English as a lingua franca and its impact on pronunciation. Finally, it characterises the processes of speech perception. The practical part describes the creation and implementation of research which aimed at the discovery of the degree of intelligibility and comprehensibility of rhotic and non-rhotic samples of speech. The results imply that Czech learners of English find non-rhotic speech less intelligible and more difficult to understand. Key words rhoticity, non-rhoticity, pronunciation teaching, speech perception, intelligibility, comprehensibility