Bakgrund: En litteraturgenomgång av aktuell forskning visar bristande riktlinjer för samarbete och ansvarsfördelning mellan föräldrar och sjuksköterskor i den palliativa vården av barn. Det framkommer kunskapsbrister kring vilka behov föräldrar har under barnets palliativa vårdtid och hur de på bästa sätt kan stödjas. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa föräldrars upplevelser av sin relation med sjuksköterskan under den tid deras barn vårdas palliativt. Metod: Empirisk studie med kvalitativ ansats. Med modifierad innehållsanalys analyserades berättelser från tio bloggar skrivna av föräldrar till svårt sjuka barn. Resultat: Ur analysen framkom fyra teman; lämnad ensam i ovisshet, beroendet som förlamar, relationens trygghet och delad verklighet. Analysfynden förklarades med hjälp av begreppen begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet från teorin om KASAM. Slutsats: I början av relationen med sjuksköterskan saknar föräldrarna begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet och visar på en svag känsla av sammanhang. När relationen etableras och utvecklas ses även en ökning i känslan av sammanhang. Så länge föräldrarna upplever i sin relation med sjuksköterskan ett beroende som förlamar och att vara lämnad ensam i ovisshet så kan relationens trygghet och en delad verklighet inte uppnås. Klinisk betydelse: Den nya kunskapen kan användas till att problematisera relationen mellan förälder och sjuksköterskor. En ökad kunskap om individers känsla av sammanhang ger möjlighet för att skapa en individanpassad vård vilket kan förbättra omvårdnaden. / Background: A literature review of current research shows a lack of guidelines when it comes to the cooperation and division of responsibilities between the parents and nurses within the palliative care of children. There are knowledge gaps regarding parents’ needs during this critical time and what nurses should do to best support them. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine parents' perceptions of their relationship with nurses during the time their child is in palliative care. Method: Empirical study with a qualitative approach. Narratives from 10 blogs written by parents of seriously ill children were analysed with a modified content analysis. Results: From the analysis four overall themes were revealed; abandoned in uncertainty, paralyzing dependence, security of the relationship and a shared reality. Conclusion: In the beginning of the child’s palliative care the parents’ relationship with the nurse is dominated by a lack of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness and therefore shows a low sense of coherence. When the relationship deepens one can also note an increased sense of coherence. As long as the parents feel abandoned in uncertainty and experience a paralyzing dependence in the relationship with the nurse the security of the relationship and a shared reality cannot be achieved. Clinical implications: The new knowledge can be used to problematize relationships between parents and nurses. A deeper understanding of an individuals' sense of coherence provides an opportunity to create individualized care, which in turn can lead to an improved care.

Myndigheter informerar via texter på sin webbplats om vilka rättigheter och möjligheter varje individ har beroende på vilken situation individen befinner sig i, till exempel hur en individ som studerar på halvtid kan ansöka om ett studiebidrag. Dessa texter vänder sig oftast till flera individer i olika situationer och den här typen av text går att kalla för flersituationell. Centrala Studiestödsnämnden (CSN) är en av de myndigheter som erbjuder denna typ av text på deras webbplats. Arbetet syftar till att bidra med kunskap om hur en flersituationell text kan designas för att ungdomar som är 18 och 19 år gamla lättare ska hitta och förstå informationen i texten beroende på situationen de befinner sig i. Genom tidigare forskning har jag bland annat fördjupat mig inom ämnesområden såsom textsökning och begripligheten av texter. Dessa ämnesområden har givit en bättre förståelse för hur olika individer söker sig igenom en text för att hitta den mängd information som är relevant för respektive individsituation. Samt för att förstå kopplingen mellan individens avsikt med läsning och övergripande tolkning av en text. För att besvara arbetets forskningsfrågor har jag använt mig av semistrukturerade intervjuer, en funktionell textanalys och think-aloud observationer som datainsamlingsmetoder. Resultaten visade på att respondenterna upplevde en viss problematik med den flersituationella texten. Den mest framträdande problematiken var bland annat att respondenterna upplevde att informationen i den flersituationella texten ibland kunde motsäga sig själv, vilket skapade förvirring eftersom olika delar i texten informerade om samma ämne men gav olika förklaringar. Likaså upplevde respondenterna att texten saknade en tydlig struktur som kan visa individen till vilken plats i texten som individen ska läsa, vilket också resulterade i förvirring. Baserat på de insikter resultaten gav har ett gestaltningsförslag skapats för att presentera en möjlig lösning som bygger på att ungdomar som är 18 och 19 år gamla lättare ska hitta och förstå information i texter som CSN erbjuder. / Authorities provide information through text on their website about each individual's rights and opportunities depending on their situation. For example, how an individual that is studying part-time can apply for a study grant. These texts usually address various individuals in different situations, and this type of text can be called multi-situational. The Swedish Board of Student Finance (CSN) is one of the authorities that offer this type of text on their website. The purpose of this work is to contribute knowledge on how a multi-situational text can be designed to make it easier for youths who are 18 and 19 years old to find and understand the information in the text based on their situation. Through previous research, I have delved into topics such as textsearch and the comprehensibility in texts. The topics have given a better understanding of how different individuals navigate through a text to find the most relevant information for each individual situation. And to understand the connection between the individual's intention in reading and the overall interpretation of a text.  To answer the research questions of this work, I have used semi-structured interviews, a functional text analysis, and think-aloud observations as data collection methods. The results showed that the subjects experienced some problems with the multi-situational text. The most prominent problem was that the participants felt that the information in the multi-situational text sometimes could contradict itself, which created confusion as different parts of the text describe the same topic but gave different explanations. The participants also felt that the text lacked an evident structure that showed the individuals to the section of the text they should read, which also led to confusion.  Based on the insights given by the result, a design proposal has been created to present a possible solution that aims to make it easier for youths who are 18 and 19 years old to find and understand the information in texts that CSN offers.

Syftet med denna studie är att generera kunskap om hur män hanterar motgångar. Genom att använda oss av en kvalitativ metod har vi utfört semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra män, vilket gör att vi får vi tillgång till deras perspektiv på hantering av motgångar. Resultaten baseras sedan på männens svar vid intervjutillfällena och analyseras sedan utifrån de teoretiska ramverken KASAM (känsla av sammanhang) samt Illeris teori om lärande. Resultaten visar att männens sätt att hantera motgångar varierar, samtidigt som det går att urskilja faktorer som är gemensamma för samtliga män. Socialt stöd och personliga strategier är gemensamma faktorer, som i varierande grad återkommer i männens redogörelser för hur de har hanterat olika motgångar. Trots att socialt stöd är framtonande i det samlade intervjumaterialet, uppger tre av fyra män att de inte vänder sig till signifikanta andra när de mår som sämst. Orsaken till detta är att inte belasta omgivningen. Även alkoholbruk är i viss mån framträdande som ett sätt att tidigare hanterat motgångar på, men också som ett fortsatt tillvägagångssätt i enstaka fall. Samtliga av männen har funnit deras motgångar meningsfulla med tiden, och flera beskriver hur händelsen har varit ett skäl till att engagera sig i frågor och evenemang relaterad till respektive motgång. Gemensamt för männen var synen på motgångar som tvådimensionellt, vilket innebär att en händelse kan upplevas som utmanande alternativt ställas inför en händelse som är okontrollerbar. Resultaten synliggör även motgångar som å ena sidan något individen är delaktig i, och å andra sidan en oförutsedd händelse som individen exponeras inför. / The purpose of this study is to generate knowledge about how men handle adversity. By using aqualitative method, we conducted semi-structured interviews with four men, which gives us access totheir perspective on dealing with adversity. The results are then based on the men's responses to theinterviews and then analyzed on the basis of the theoretical frameworks SOC (sense of coherence) andIlleris theory of learning. The results show that men's ways of dealing with adversity vary, while it ispossible to distinguish factors that are common to all men. Social support and personal strategies arecommon factors, which recur to varying degrees in men's accounts of how they have dealt withvarious adversities. Despite the fact that social support is prominent in the collected interviewmaterial, three out of four men state that they do not turn to significant others when they feel theworst. The reason for this is not to strain the surroundings. Alcohol use is also to some extentprominent as a way of dealing with adversity in the past, but also as a continued approach inindividual cases. All of the men have found their adversity meaningful over time, and several describehow the event has been a reason to get involved in issues and events related to each adversity.Common to men was the view of adversity as two-dimensional, which means that an event can beperceived as challenging or faced with an event that is uncontrollable. The results also show adversityin which, on the one hand, something the individual is involved in, and on the other hand, anunforeseen event to which the individual is exposed.

Barns fysiska och psykiska hälsa har en viktig koppling till den utomhuspedagogiska verksamheten. Tidigare forskning visar att utomhuspedagogik är positivt för barnens hälsa, koncentrationsförmåga, inlärning, samarbetsförmåga och välmående. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur förskollärare resonerar kring barns fysiska och psykiska hälsa i relation till utomhuspedagogik. Följande frågeställning formulerades: Hur ser förskollärare på relationen mellan fysisk och psykisk hälsa och utomhuspedagogik? Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är det salutogena perspektivet och begreppet KASAM, känsla av sammanhang, vilket innefattar vikten av att barn känner begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet i sin vardag. För att samla in data till studien genomfördes kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med sex förskollärare i två olika kommuner, dessa transkriberades och analyserades sedan genom tematisk analys. Utifrån studiens resultat kom vi fram till att barn som deltar i regelbunden utomhuspedagogisk verksamhet främjar sin psykiska och fysiska hälsa samt att det stärker deras KASAM. Resultatet visar också att det finns ett upplevt motstånd från kollegor mot utomhuspedagogik och att det vore intressant om vidare forskning kan undersöka vad detta motstånd grundar sig i.

<p dir="ltr">Comprehensibility refers to the degree of effort that a listener requires to understand a speaker’s utterance (Derwing & Munro, 1997; Munro & Derwing, 1995; Derwing & Munro, 2005). Previous studies on L2 pronunciation have found that segmental errors could affect comprehensibility (Derwing et al., 1998; Derwing & Munro, 1997; Isaacs & Thomson, 2020; Saito et al., 2017). However, this finding only indicates a correlation between the number of segmental errors and lower comprehensibility. It is still unclear what aspects of pronunciation L2 learners need to practice in order to improve the comprehensibility of their speech. This thesis proposes that the degree of acoustic contrast may play a role in determining comprehensibility. More specifically, it investigates the relation between Mandarin speakers’ acoustic contrast between tense and lax vowels in English (i.e., [i] and [ɪ], [u] and [ʊ]) and the perceived comprehensibility of their speech.</p><p dir="ltr">A sentence production task and a comprehensibility rating task were conducted. In the sentence production task, 20 Mandarin speakers and 10 English speakers read aloud English sentences containing tense and lax vowels and were audio-recorded. The acoustic measurements of the vowels were taken in order to compare Mandarin speakers’ acoustic realization of the tense and lax vowels with English speakers’ productions. In the comprehensibility rating task, 48 English speakers transcribed the sentences recorded during the sentence production task and rated the comprehensibility of the sentences. The comprehensibility ratings were tested for correlation with the number of transcription errors, the degree of spectral and durational contrasts between vowels, and the speakers’ US residency length, in order to investigate the relation between intelligibility errors and comprehensibility, between acoustic contrast and comprehensibility, and between US residency length and comprehensibility.</p><p dir="ltr">The results of the linear-mixed effect model indicated that spectral contrast between [u] - [ʊ], but not [i] - [ɪ], was significantly reduced in Mandarin speakers’ productions compared to the English speakers, suggesting that Mandarin speakers under-differentiated the back vowel pair. A correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i> indicated a significant negative correlation between number of intelligibility errors and comprehensibility, suggesting that intelligibility errors decreased comprehensibility. A correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i> indicated a significant positive correlation between the degree of spectral contrast and comprehensibility rating for sentences with semantically meaningful context, suggesting that increasing the contrast between tense and lax vowels could help increase the comprehensibility of speech. Finally, a correlation test using Kendall’s <i>tau</i><i> </i>indicated no significant correlation between US residency length and comprehensibility, meaning that the relation between residency length and comprehensibility was not confirmed.</p><p dir="ltr">To sum up, acoustic contrast could be one of the contributors to speech comprehensibility. Therefore, directing English L2 learners to focus on increasing the acoustic distance between contrasting vowels could prove a fruitful strategy for improving the comprehensibility of L2 speech.</p>

The aim of the study is to perform a linguistic analysis of mathematics textbooks. Mathematical text exercises are built up of linguistic structures which are significant for the pupil’s understanding of text exercises. Two different mathematics textbooks for grade three are analysed: Prima matematikand Tummen upp. The aim is to investigate how text exercises in mathematics textbooks are linguistically structured. The study analyses the style, form and content of the text and its relation to the reader. The result shows that the content of the text exercises is close to the pupil’s everyday reality, which ensures a close and strong relationship between the writer and the reader. Something which can entail difficulties for reading comprehension, however, is that the form consists of meaning-bearing mathematical terms which it can be difficult to relate to. Since the mathematical language and the everyday Swedish language meet in text exercises, it is important that they interact well with each other.

Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van die navorsing is om die individu se aanpassing tydens integrasie te ondersoek. 'n Gedragsprofiel vir aanpassing word in die literatuuroorsig voorgestel volgens sin van koherensie as konstruk van die salutogenese paradigma. Empiries word die lewensorientasievraelys as psigometriese instrument gebruik om sterkte van sin van koherensie te bepaal. K walitatiewe onderhoude, gegrond op fenomenologiese beginsels, word gebruik om aanpassing kwalitatief te evalueer. In die navorsingsontwerp is daar sprake van verkennende, beskrywende en verklarende navorsing en nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproeftrekking word gebruik. Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate word gekoppel ten einde inteme geldigheid op kontekstuele vlak te verseker. Bevindinge toon dat betekenisvolheid van die integrasieproses die vemaamste verskil maak tussen aanpassing en nie-aanpassing. Verstaanbaarheid binne grense van die onmiddellike omgewing en hantering van instrumentele eise sonder om die fokus op emosionele parameters te plaas, fasiliteer verdere aanpassing. Relevante sleutelwoorde is aanpassing, stres, patogenese, salutogenese, sin van koherensie, verstaanbaarheid, hanteerbaarheid, betekenisvolheid, fenomenologie en triangulasie. / The aim of this research is to study individual coping during integration. A behavioural profile for coping is proposed in the literature study based on sense of coherence, a construct of the salutogenesis paradigm. Empirically the psychometric instrument, orientation to life questionnaire, is used to determine the strength of sense of coherence. Qualitative interviewing, based on phenomenological principles, is used to evaluate coping qualitatively. In the research design there are signs of exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research and nonprobability sampling is used. Quantitative and qualitative results are combined to ensure internal validity on a contextual level. Findings showed that meaningfulness of the integration process is the major difference between coping and not coping. Comprehensibility within the boundaries of the immediate environment and the management of instrumental demands without focusing on the emotional parameters, facilitate further coping. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

This thesis presents an analysis of Czech language textbook for 9th class published by Fraus. The intention of this thesis is to find some linguistic phenomena that hinder comprehension of the textbook. In the theoretical part describes the author general characteristics of the textbook and its functions, deals with studying from a text and defines the characteristics of the text and students. In the following section, a style of textbooks is characterized and specifics of the Czech language textbooks are described. The analysis of the textbook consists of several steps. First didactic equipment is analyzed and then the difficulty and semantic consistency of the textbook is considered. The second step is a complex language analysis of explanatory texts in which the author of the thesis focuses primarily on a text style, syntactic, lexical and graphic aspects. The explanatory texts that contain difficult language phenomena are completed with tests that determine whether students understand the text. The author of the thesis adds questionnaires that examine the functioning of this textbook in real teaching and learning and provide a subjective evaluation of pupils and their teacher.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka på vilket sätt personalen inom ett utbildnings- och aktiveringsprogram i en kommun i Sverige arbetade för att öka de tre olika komponenterna; begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet i deltagarnas känsla av sammanhang (KASAM). Metoden som användes var en kvalitativ intervjuundersökning där personal inom ett utbildnings- och aktiveringsprogram intervjuades. Det insamlade materialet blev analyserat med hjälp av en teoristyrd tematisk analys. Genom analysen utkristalliserades olika subteman med utgångspunkt från våra tre förutbestämda huvudteman som var: begriplighet, meningsfullhet och hanterbarhet. Resultatet visade att personalen till exempel arbetade med språkundervisning, motivationsarbete och praktiskt utförande. Personalen uppgav att språkundervisningen bidrog till deltagarnas känsla av begriplighet, motivationsarbetet bidrog till en känsla av meningsfullhet och praktiskt utförande bidrog till en känsla av hanterbarhet. Studien visar att verksamheten arbetade för att öka alla tre komponenterna i begreppet KASAM, men personalen önskade att arbeta ännu mer med det som skapar en känsla av meningsfullhet. / Our purpose with the study was to investigate in what way the personal at a municipal education- and activity program worked to increase the three components; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness in the participants sense of coherence (SOC). The method used was a qualitative interview study in which the personal at an education- and activity program was interviewed. The collected material was processed by a theoretical thematic analysis. By analyzing the result, six sub-themes were crystallized, with a starting point from our three predefined main themes were: comprehensibility, meaningfulness and manageability. The result showed that the staff for example worked with teaching language, motivational work and practical training. The staff stated that teaching language contributed to the participants sense of comprehensibility, motivational work contributed to a sense of meaningfulness and practical training contributed to a sense of manageability. The study showed that the program worked to increase all three components in the participants SOC, but the staff wished to work even more with the parts that increase the sense of meaningfulness.

The current diploma thesis examines Czech listeners' perception of various accents of English from the points of view of comprehensibility, pleasantness, socioeconomic status, and model suitability. The main aim of the study is to contribute to the discussion on how accent variation within the Anglophone world is perceived by non-native speakers, and what aspects influence their evaluations of the accents. The theoretical part of the thesis defines several terms related to the domain, describes selected pronunciation varieties of English, and summarizes research which has focused on native accents of English in the perception of non-native speakers. The research part of the thesis consists of a study, in which 39 Czech students from two types of schools evaluated six accents of English and provided information about their experience with English and Anglophone cultures. The results showed that standard varieties are favoured by the students in all four respects, but also that students' evaluations, especially for pleasantness, may be affected by their relations to the Anglophone world. Key words: Native Accent, Regional Variation, L2 learner, Comprehensibility, Socioeconomic Status, Pronunciation Model, Standard