Text in Afrikaans / Die doel van die navorsing is om die individu se aanpassing tydens integrasie te ondersoek. 'n Gedragsprofiel vir aanpassing word in die literatuuroorsig voorgestel volgens sin van koherensie as konstruk van die salutogenese paradigma. Empiries word die lewensorientasievraelys as psigometriese instrument gebruik om sterkte van sin van koherensie te bepaal. K walitatiewe onderhoude, gegrond op fenomenologiese beginsels, word gebruik om aanpassing kwalitatief te evalueer. In die navorsingsontwerp is daar sprake van verkennende, beskrywende en verklarende navorsing en nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproeftrekking word gebruik. Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe resultate word gekoppel ten einde inteme geldigheid op kontekstuele vlak te verseker. Bevindinge toon dat betekenisvolheid van die integrasieproses die vemaamste verskil maak tussen aanpassing en nie-aanpassing. Verstaanbaarheid binne grense van die onmiddellike omgewing en hantering van instrumentele eise sonder om die fokus op emosionele parameters te plaas, fasiliteer verdere aanpassing. Relevante sleutelwoorde is aanpassing, stres, patogenese, salutogenese, sin van koherensie, verstaanbaarheid, hanteerbaarheid, betekenisvolheid, fenomenologie en triangulasie. / The aim of this research is to study individual coping during integration. A behavioural profile for coping is proposed in the literature study based on sense of coherence, a construct of the salutogenesis paradigm. Empirically the psychometric instrument, orientation to life questionnaire, is used to determine the strength of sense of coherence. Qualitative interviewing, based on phenomenological principles, is used to evaluate coping qualitatively. In the research design there are signs of exploratory, descriptive and explanatory research and nonprobability sampling is used. Quantitative and qualitative results are combined to ensure internal validity on a contextual level. Findings showed that meaningfulness of the integration process is the major difference between coping and not coping. Comprehensibility within the boundaries of the immediate environment and the management of instrumental demands without focusing on the emotional parameters, facilitate further coping. / Industrial Psychology / M.A. (Industrial Psychology)

Context. Human oracle cost, the cost associated in estimating the correctness of the output for the given test inputs is manually evaluated by humans and this cost is significant and is a concern in the software test data generation field. This study has been designed in the context to assess metrics that might predict human oracle cost. Objectives. The major objective of this study is to address the human oracle cost, for this the study identifies the metrics that are good predictors of human oracle cost and can further help to solve the oracle problem. In this process, the identified suitable metrics from the literature are applied on the test input, to see if they can help in predicting the correctness of the output for the given test input. Methods. Initially a literature review was conducted to find some of the metrics that are relevant to the test data. Besides finding the aforementioned metrics, our literature review also tries to find out some possible code metrics that can be ap- plied on test data. Before conducting the actual experiment two pilot experiments were conducted. To accomplish our research objectives an experiment is conducted in the BTH university with master students as sample population. Further group interviews were conducted to check if the participants perceive any new metrics that might impact the correctness of the output. The data obtained from the experiment and the interviews is analyzed using linear regression model in SPSS suite. Further to analyze the accuracy vs metric data, linear discriminant model using SPSS pro- gram suite was used. Results.Our literature review resulted in 4 metrics that are suitable to our study. As our test input is HTML we took HTML depth, size, compression size, number of tags as our metrics. Also, from the group interviews another 4 metrics are drawn namely number of lines of code and number of <div>, anchor <a> and paragraph <p> tags as each individual metric. The linear regression model which analyses time vs metric data, shows significant results, but with multicollinearity effecting the result, there was no variance among the considered metrics. So, the results of our study are proposed by adjusting the multicollinearity. Besides, the above analysis, linear discriminant model which analyses accuracy vs metric data was conducted to predict the metrics that influences accuracy. The results of our study show that metrics positively correlate with time and accuracy. Conclusions. From the time vs metric data, when multicollinearity is adjusted by applying step-wise regression reduction technique, the program size, compression size and <div> tag are influencing the time taken by sample population. From accuracy vs metrics data number of <div> tags and number of lines of code are influencing the accuracy of the sample population.

Composition for Arnold Schoenberg is a comprehensible presentation of a musical idea (musikalische Gedanke); the totality of a piece represents the idea. For tonal works, he defines Gedanke as a process of resolving the "tonal relation" or "tonal problem." Contrary to the numerous tonal examples illustrating the notion of Gedanke, Schoenberg hardly expounds on the Gedanke principle for his atonal and twelve-tone repertoires. This study reevaluates Schoenberg's compositional philosophy and aesthetics including Gedanke, comprehensibility, Grundgestalt, and developing variation in light of his compositional practices in Begleitungsmusik zu einer Lichtspielszene, Op. 34. Although Schoenberg denies the existence of a tonal problem and hierarchy among pitches in twelve-tone compositions, the registral placement found in Op. 34 indicates certain functionality assigned to each pitch-class, producing a sense of "departure and return." The approach here elucidates the "idea" of Op. 34, in which the large-scale formal organization unfolds through contextually emphasized tonal relations. This study also explores Schoenberg's concept of the multi-dimensional presentation of a musical idea. Even though Schoenberg's discussion of musical coherence is usually limited to the immediate musical surface, I believe that he was also aware of an extended realization of foreground motives in the sense of Heinrich Schenker's "concealed motivic repetition." This analysis of Op. 34 demonstrates how the enlargement of a surface motive facilitates an understanding of the relation between the parts and the whole, which is perceived as the totality of Gedanke.

This study investigates Swedish upper-secondary teachers’ views and reported practices regarding pronunciation instruction in the English-as-a-foreign-language classroom. It adopts a mixed-method design, analysing qualitative data collected from a focus-group interview (N=4) and quantitative data collected from an online survey (N=54).  To investigate the views and reported practices of teachers, the following research questions were posed:  1. What are the views and attitudes of English teachers in the Swedish upper-secondary school regarding pronunciation and pronunciation instruction?  2. How do English teachers in the Swedish upper-secondary school describe their own practices in pronunciation instruction?  Results indicate that teachers generally value comprehensibility as the most important aim of pronunciation instruction. However, a native-like accent still seems to be highly valued, and nativeness norms still seem to affect teachers’ views and practices to some extent. Finally, our findings indicate that teachers spend very little time on pronunciation teaching in general, and they highlight that other aspects of language instruction are more important.

English has become an essential part in our lives. It is inevitable to formulate an opinion when we meet a new person, and in particular we tend to focus our attention on the way this person speaks. The present research aims to answer the questions on how a European audience (Italian audience) perceives different varieties of English to which it is exposed. Four different speakers from four different Southeast and East Asian countries were selected and recorded while reading a short text. These recordings were submitted to the audience, which was asked to answer a set of questions about comprehensibility and likability. Results show that the audience elected as their favourite speaker the clearest accent to hear, thus suggesting that the members of the audience might have been influenced by comprehensibility and accentedness in the first place. Other variables, such as expressiveness, were not significantly considered by the participants.

Studiens syfte är att finna hur man arbetar inom grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan med att synliggöra lärandet för eleverna och bedöma vart eleverna befinner sig kunskapsmässigt. Frågeställningarna behandlar vilka metoder speciallärare och specialpedagoger använder för att synliggöra lärandet samt vilka metoder som används för att bedöma vart eleven befinner sig kunskapsmässigt och vilka metoder lärarna använder för att göra lärandet meningsfullt, hanterbart och begripligt.  Kvalitativ metod i form av webbenkäter har använts för insamling av empirin. Den teoretiska ansatsen KASAM har använts för att analysera resultatet. Resultatet visar på att den metod som lärarna använder mest för att synliggöra lärandet för sina elever är genom muntlig återkoppling. Den metod som lärarna använder sig mest av för att ta reda på var eleven befinner sig kunskapsmässigt är samtal med kollegor. För att göra lärandet hanterbart, begripligt och meningsfullt så tar lärarna reda på vilken lärmetod som passar bäst för eleven, utgår från elevens intresse och har en tydlighet kring mål och syfte med undervisningen. Resultatet visar också på likheter och skillnader i valda metoder för de elever som läser ämnesområde kontra de som läser ämne. Studiens specialpedagogiska implikationer är att ge tips på goda exempel om metoder för bedömning och synliggörande av lärande. Resultatet bidrar till förslag för fortsatt forskning kring effekten av beprövade metoder. / The purpose of this study is to find out best practices for teachers within the compulsory special school and the upper secondary special school in Sweden. The goal is to make the learning visible for the pupils and to assess where the pupils are in terms of knowledge. The study addresses what methods special teachers and special educators use to make the learning visible, to assess where the pupil is in terms of knowledge and what methods teachers use to make learning meaningful, manageable and understandable.  Qualitative method in the form of web surveys has been used to gather empirical data. The theoretical approach KASAM has been used to analyze the results. This reveals that the method most teachers use to make the learning visible to their pupils is through oral feedback. The method that teachers use most often to find out where the pupil is knowledgeable is talking to colleagues. In order to make learning manageable, understandable and meaningful, the teachers choose learning method best suited for the pupil based on the pupils interest and have a clear focus on the goals and purpose of the teaching. The result also shows similarities and differences in selected methods for the pupils who read the subject area versus those who read the subject.  The study's special educational implications are to give tips on good examples of methods for assessing and making visible learning. The result contributes to proposals for further research on the effect of tried and tested methods.

The field of pronunciation instruction has long been a neglected area. In recent years, however, researchers have found a renewed interest in the subject. For example, research has been conducted to investigate the views on pronunciation instruction held by teachers and learners. In light of this, the present study seeks to explore the field of research in pronunciation instruction to answer the question of whether pronunciation instruction is important and beneficial for learners of English as a foreign language. The results of the present study show that teachers and learners alike consider pronunciation instruction an integral part of language teaching. Furthermore, the results show that pronunciation affects comprehension and that pronunciation teaching has positive effects on pronunciation development. In the present study, these results are connected to the Swedish school context, where we draw the conclusion that pronunciation should be included in the English language classroom to a greater extent than is the case at the time of writing this thesis.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur begripligheten i Göta hovrätts domar förändrats mellan 2001 och 2021. Studien syftar till att undersöka dels hur syntax och lexikon förändrats i domarna, dels hur följsamheten till klarspråksråd har förändrats under perioden. Materialet består av totalt 18 domar från Göta hovrätt: tre brottmålsdomar och tre tvistemålsdomar vardera från 2001, 2011 och 2021. En kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod har använts i studien: I den kvantitativa analysen undersöktes syntax och lexikon i samtliga 18 domar och i den kvalitativa textanalysen användes klarspråkstestet för domar som verktyg för att analysera sex av domarna djupare. Resultatet visar att det skett förändringar i domspråket under den tid som undersökts, men att det inte är entydigt huruvida domarna har blivit mer begripliga eller ej. Den kvantitativa analysen visar att domarna i många avseenden ligger längre ifrån klarspråksidealet år 2021 än 2001 och 2011. Resultatet av den kvalitativa analysen visar dock att följsamheten till klarspråksråden förbättrats under den undersökta perioden. Facktermer rensas bort eller förklaras i större utsträckning, det juridiska språket närmar sig det vardagliga och tonen blir mer läsarvänlig. Den sammantagna slutsatsen blir därför att domarna i vissa avseenden blivit mer begripliga och närmat sig idealet, men att ytterligare förbättringar krävs för att de ska bli tillgängliga även för icke juridiskt kunniga läsare. / The purpose of this study is to examine how the comprehensibility of the judgments from Göta Court of Appeal has changed between 2001 and 2021. The study aims to examine how the syntax and terminology has changed within the judgments as well as how the compliance with Plain Language Guidelines has changed during this period. The material consists of 18 judgments from Göta Court of Appeal: three criminal convictions and three civil actions each from the years of 2001, 2011 and 2021.A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods has been used: In the quantitative analysis, syntax and terminology were examined in all eighteen judgments and for the qualitative analysis, Klarspråkstestet (“the plain language test”) was used as a mean to further analyze six of the judgments. The results show that the language has changed during the selected period, but it remains ambiguous whether the language has become more comprehensible or not. The quantitative analysis shows that the judgments lie further away from the Plain Language Ideal in 2021 than they did in 2001 and 2011. However, the results of the qualitative analysis show that the compliance with Plain Language Guidelines has improved during this period. Technical terms are removed or explained to a greater extent, the legalese is approaching the everyday language and the tone is becoming more reader friendly. The conclusion is therefore that in some respects, the judgments have become more comprehensible, but that further improvements are required to make them accessible for readers who do not have a clear understanding of judicial language.

Vår studie är inom det fritidspedagogiska området och syftet är att undersöka fritidshemslärares syn på om det finns ett samband mellan sina relationer till eleverna och deras välbefinnande. Tidigare forskning visar på att det finns ett samband mellan goda relationer och elevernas välbefinnande. För att få svar på våra frågeställningar har vi intervjuat sex behöriga lärare i fritidshem från tre olika skolor i Stockholmsområdet för att ta reda på hur de konkret arbetar med elevernas välbefinnande och deras syn på relationer. Intervjuerna har varit kvalitativa med hög grad av strukturering. Undersökningen visade att fritidshemslärarna ser ett samband mellan det relationsskapande arbetet och elevernas välbefinnande men att de upplever elevgruppernas storlek som en utmaning, som påverkar arbetet med relationerna. Därefter har resultatet analyserats utifrån Antonovskys teori KASAM, känsla av sammanhang, som innehåller tre komponenter; begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Avslutningsvis diskuteras studien i förhållande till tidigare forskning, vald metod, förslag till fortsatt forskning samt hur studien kan bidra till professionsutvecklingen. / Our study is within the field of leisure education and the purpose of our study is to investigate educare centre teachers' views on whether there is a connection between their relationships with the students and students’ wellbeing. Previous research shows that there is a connection between good teacher-student relationships and students' wellbeing. To collect answers to our inquiries we have interviewed six certificated teachers in Swedish School age educare centre from three different schools in the Stockholm area, and examine how they concretely work with the students' wellbeing and educare centre teachers’ views on relationships. The study isqualitative and based on structured interviews. The research showed that the educare centreteachers see a connection between the work in relationship-building and the students' wellbeing. However, the results casted, challenges for large student groups and how it affects the work in relationship buildings. Subsequently, the result has been analyzed based on Antonovsky's theory SoC, sense of coherence, which includes three components; comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. Finally, the study is discussed in relation to previous research, chosen method, proposals for continued research and how the study can contribute to professional development.

[pt] A oferta de serviços públicos digitais (e-serviços) avança no Brasil, mas a população tem dificuldade para se engajar. Uma queixa comum é achar o contato com o governo pela internet complicado. Os obstáculos para interagir com governo eletrônico vêm sendo discutidos sem confrontar o papel do burocratês, o estilo textual do setor público. Este estudo investigou como o estilo textual pode influenciar na compreensibilidade de informações sobre e-serviços, e em que medida o burocratês gera dúvidas de compreensão em leitores proficientes. A pesquisa articulou conceitos sobre compreensibilidade textual na Ergonomia, Design da Informação e Psicolinguística; examinou características linguísticas do burocratês; reuniu informações sobre habilidades de leitura dos brasileiros; reuniu informações sobre o movimento e a técnica Linguagem Simples; averiguou o estágio de digitalização de serviços públicos federais. Fez um levantamento documental de diretrizes de Linguagem Simples em onze governos internacionais e nacionais. Conduziu um estudo experimental em que 42 adultos com pósgraduação em diferentes áreas leram um texto sobre o benefício Auxílio-doença conforme o site do INSS e na versão reescrita em Linguagem Simples, aferindo a compreensão em cada condição. A versão em Linguagem Simples gerou mais acertos na primeira leitura, suscitou menos releituras e demandou menos tempo para completar o teste de compreensão. O experimento também mediu a percepção de usar textos e sites governamentais, que foi igual nos grupos: informações em sites e aplicativos são confusas e difíceis de entender, textos não se preocupam em facilitar a vida dos usuários, que preferem buscar informações em sites independentes. / [en] The provision of digital public services (e-services) is advancing in Brazil, but the population struggles to engage. A common complaint is that dealing with the government online is complicated. Barriers to interaction with e-government have been discussed without further exploring the role of officialese , the public sector s textual style. This study investigated how textual style can affect the comprehensibility of information about e-services and how confusing officialese can be, even to proficient readers. The research was based on textual comprehensibility concepts in Ergonomics, Information Design, and Psycholinguistics; it examined linguistic characteristics of officialese; gathered information on the reading skills of Brazilians; gathered information about the Plain Language movement and technique; and investigated the level of digitalization of federal services in Brazil. The research first examined Plain Language guideline documents from eleven governments, both national and international. Next, an experimental study was conducted in which 42 adults with post-graduate degrees in different areas read two versions of a text about Sickness Benefit. One as it appeared on the INSS website, and another version rewritten in Plain Language – assessing comprehension in each condition. The Plain Language version scored a higher number of correct answers on first reading, prompted fewer re-readings of the text, and required less time to complete the comprehension test. The experiment also assessed the user-experience of government texts and websites: it was the same for the majority of participants. Information on government websites and apps is confusing and difficult to understand, and there is little concern about making things easier for users, who instead prefer to search for information on independent websites.