Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gabriela Moccia de Oliveira Cruz.pdf: 991501 bytes, checksum: b0724c8c231be3472426ecc3fbae0b4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-11 / The focus of this study is the supplemental legislative competence of the municipalities, specifically. The municipal jurisdiction has two foci of activity: the matters of exclusive competence and matters of concurrent jurisdiction, ie, those that are shared by the local entity with the Union and the States. For the exercise of the concurrent jurisdiction, the Federal Constitution provides in article 24, a rule: the general norms are edited by the Union and are supplemented by the States and Federal District. Although article 24 did not mention the municipalities, the entity was awarded by the supplemental legislative competence in the article 30, II, which gives it permission to complement Federal and State laws as appropriate . We follow analyzing the interpretations offered by the Brazilian courts and the specialized doctrine. Settled this discussion, we depart for the analysis of four cases: the straw burning of sugar cane, the free distribution of plastic bags in the supermarkets, the entry of people wearing helmets in public places or open to the public, and accessibility at commercial establishments. Despite the usual centralization of decisions in the framework of the Union, which depreciates municipal activity in the analyzed cases, we identified a trend of reorientation of this interpretation by the Brazilian courts and doctrine that confirms what we defend: a stronger role of the municipality in the Federation, because it is the closest political entity of the society / O foco desse estudo é especificamente a atuação legislativa suplementar dos Municípios. A competência municipal tem dois focos de atuação: as matérias de competência exclusiva do ente local e as matérias de competência concorrente, ou seja, aquelas que são por ele compartilhadas com a União e os Estados. Para o exercício das competências concorrentes, a Constituição Federal estabelece, no seu artigo 24, uma regra: as normas gerais serão editas pela União e a suplementação dessas normas fica a cargo dos Estados e do Distrito Federal. Apesar do artigo 24 não incluir os Municípios, o ente foi contemplado com a competência legislativa suplementar no artigo 30, inciso II da Constituição Federal, que lhe dá permissão para suplementar legislação Federal e Estadual no que couber . Discutimos o tema a partir do estudo da origem da federação, da análise histórica da Federação brasileira e da organização municipal no Brasil e de conceitos trazidos pela Constituição Federal de 1988, que alçou o Município a ente federado. Seguimos analisando as interpretações oferecidas pelos Tribunais brasileiros e pela doutrina especializada. Assentada essa discussão, partiremos para análise de quatro casos concretos: a queima da palha da cana-de-açúcar em alguns municípios do interior paulista, a distribuição gratuita de sacolas plásticas em supermercados, a entrada de pessoas usando capacetes em locais públicos ou abertos ao público e da acessibilidade nos grandes estabelecimentos comerciais das municipalidades. Apesar da centralização costumeira de decisões no âmbito da União que desprestigia a atuação municipal nos casos analisados, identificamos uma tendência de reorientação dessa interpretação pelos Tribunais brasileiros e doutrina que vai ao encontro do que defendemos: uma atuação mais contundente dos Municípios na Federação, por ele ser o locus político mais próximo da sociedade

Magister Legum - LLM / With regard to the establishment of legislative frameworks for investigating and prosecuting genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes at both national and international level, a number of pertinent issues come up concerning the Court which should have primacy to deal with a particular case. States have had a variety of options at their disposal, such as complementarity, exclusivity, subsidiarity and concurrent jurisdiction principles. As a rule, these experiences find their limits in the full criminalisation of conduct that is also punishable before the international criminal tribunals under international law, ignoring the fact that international law does not provide definite guidance with respect to a number of questions in relation to interaction between national and international jurisdiction vis-à-vis the ‘core crimes.’ In addition,a considerable increase in the content of international law and divergences in various legal systems in criminal law, both general and special, since the end of World War II, influence the effective prosecution of ‘core crimes.’ Against this background; this work is organised into five chapters. Chapter one gives a general introduction and background to the study. Chapter two will set out the present international legal framework governing the prosecution of ‘core crimes’ in national courts and a description of the relevant practice in various states. Chapter three will examine critically the jurisdiction and overlaps of the international courts and ad hoc tribunals,along with the corresponding models of international criminal justice of exclusivity, subsidiarity, complimentarity and concurrent jurisdiction. Chapter four seeks to discuss the optimal relationship based on interactions between national and international jurisdictions. It will also include the merits and limits of both jurisdictions, basing on existing precedents and legislation.Finally, Chapter five contains a summary of conclusions drawn from the whole study and winds up with a set of recommendations.

Doctor Legum - LLD / The 20th century witnessed several wars and genocides worldwide. Notable examples include the Armenian and Jews genocides which took place during World War I and World War II respectively. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 is a more recent example where a large number of the population was affected, either as victims or perpetrators. Over 800,000 Tutsis were dead, and more than 120,000 suspects were in prison for the genocide. The present study focuses on the Rwandan genocide against Tutsi where the scale of the crimes simultaneously dictated the overwhelming need for justice at both international and national level. At the international level, the ICTR was set up by the United Nations to deal with the organisers of the genocide while the Rwandan national courts were left to deal with the remaining suspects. Yet it became increasingly clear that the national courts lacked themselves the capacity to deal with the vast majority of alleged perpetrators. If their impact was to be enhanced, they needed to rely on the support of alternative justice mechanisms. So Rwanda introduced a modern version of the traditional Gacaca courts as an attempt to deal with the huge backlog of cases in order to combat the culture of impunity. However, having different courts for one and the same situation has had its own limitations. One of these issues is the legal and practical disparities that exist between the ad hoc International Tribunal and national justice mechanisms in the process of prosecuting perpetrators, such as the unequal treatment of the accused. This study therefore attempts to show these discrepancies and their impact on the process of accountability and reconciliation. Thus, the study analyses the relationship between the ICTR, national courts and Gacaca in prosecution of genocide suspects as well as lessons from the adopted ‘multifaceted approaches’ to deal with the crime of genocide.

The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 provides an elaborate dispute resolution system which seeks to resolve disputes in a speedy and cost-effective manner. However, this system is faced with a number of challenges. The application of common law and administrative law causes tension between the Labour Court and civil courts. It creates uncertainty in the development of our labour law jurisprudence and also leads to the problem of forum shopping. These problems in effect undermine the objectives of the Act. This dissertation analyzes problems in the LRA and other legislations leading to forum shopping. It also analyses the view of the courts on this problem and further expounds a number of possible solutions. The analysis revolves mainly around an observation of South African literature and case law. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 provides an elaborate dispute resolution system which seeks to resolve disputes in a speedy and cost-effective manner. However, this system is faced with a number of challenges. The application of common law and administrative law causes tension between the Labour Court and civil courts. It creates uncertainty in the development of our labour law jurisprudence and also leads to the problem of forum shopping. These problems in effect undermine the objectives of the Act. This dissertation analyzes problems in the LRA and other legislations leading to forum shopping. It also analyses the view of the courts on this problem and further expounds a number of possible solutions. The analysis revolves mainly around an observation of South African literature and case law. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

The privatisation and liberalisation of telecommunications throughout the world has resulted in the growing involvement of competition authorities in telecommunications regulation, alongside telecommunications sector-specific regulators. The existence of both sector specific rules and competition rules has brought about a critical institutional challenge. The increased role of competition authorities in the telecommunications sector raises the issue of inconsistent jurisdiction in the sector. Conflicts are therefore inevitable in the absence of clear delineation of jurisdiction. The South African model for regulation in the telecommunications sector entails a sharing of jurisdiction between the sector-specific regulator, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), and the competition-wide regulator, the Competition Commission. The study thus determines the interplay between the Competition Commission and ICASA as well as the competitiveness of South African telecommunications. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication))

The privatisation and liberalisation of telecommunications throughout the world has resulted in the growing involvement of competition authorities in telecommunications regulation, alongside telecommunications sector-specific regulators. The existence of both sector specific rules and competition rules has brought about a critical institutional challenge. The increased role of competition authorities in the telecommunications sector raises the issue of inconsistent jurisdiction in the sector. Conflicts are therefore inevitable in the absence of clear delineation of jurisdiction. The South African model for regulation in the telecommunications sector entails a sharing of jurisdiction between the sector-specific regulator, the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA), and the competition-wide regulator, the Competition Commission. The study thus determines the interplay between the Competition Commission and ICASA as well as the competitiveness of South African telecommunications. / Communication Science / M.A. (International Communication))