Wild-trapped and laboratory-reared Peromyscus maniculatus (Wagner) were raised as confined colonies indoors with various stocking densities ranging from 0.026 to 0.100 mice per sq. ft. in pens of 40, 77, and 154 sq. ft. The animals were individually tagged and all pens were censused at weekly or semi-monthly intervals to record animals present, body weights, food consumption, and overt reproductive condition. At the termination of each experiment, all mice were necropsied and organ weights of gonads and adrenals recorded. Histological sections were made of the testes and ovaries. Half the colonies were subjected to density-independent exploitation by removal of 50% of the mice in each litter before weaning. Colonies stocked with the wild-trapped P. m. rufinus failed to establish a regular pattern of successful breeding and were terminated after one year. The succeeding colonies were stocked with the lab-reared P. m. sonoriensis and these did breed regularly, and the young survived to maturity. Reduction of the population growth rate to zero at the equilibrium density was accomplished by a cessation of breeding by the original females after an average of 2.9 litters was produced by each female. This, combined with a failure of the progeny born into the colony ever to produce young, caused the population growth rate to remain at zero for up to the maximum of 52 weeks permitted in this experiment. The exact mechanism appears to be psycho-physiological in nature, in that regression of the germinal tissues of the adults occurs, and these tissues failed to mature in the progeny in all experiments. Reduction of the population growth rate to zero at equilibrium density is not accomplished by mortality of either young or adults, except when wild-trapped mice are used. Density-independent exploitation of the colonies increased the number of litters born, the litter size, and the total number of young born. There was a tendency for higher pre-weaning mortality. The net effect of these changes was a tendency for reduction in the equilibrium density of the exploited colonies, which may indicate that this species under these conditions is not totally self-regulatory; i.e., equilibrium density may be determined by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. There was no discernible effect of exploitation on the measures of body weight, food consumption, adrenal weight, or adrenal weight per gram of body weight. Many parameters were found to be negatively correlated with stocking density: the length of the reproductive period, numbers of litters born in a colony, total number of young born in a colony, litter size, number of nest boxes occupied by the mice at equilibrium, and the number of mice present in a colony at equilibrium. Some physiological measures proved to be positively correlated with density: progeny weight at three months, adrenal weight, and adrenal weight per gram of body weight.

Air emissions from animal feeding operations have become a growing concern. Much work has been done to study occupational exposures and the exhaust concentrations associated with animal facilities; however little information has been provided about air quality around the houses. Ammonia (NH3 ), ethanol (EtOH), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM10) emissions were monitored in two different buildings for laying hens in northern Utah. Over the six-month sampling period, the observed average temperatures for the west and east fan banks of the high-rise building were 21.2±4 and 19.4±1.3°C, respectively, and the average inside relative humidities during the same period were 43.7±7.2 and 48.4±7.9%, respectively. Furthermore, the observed average temperatures for the west and east fan banks of the manure-belt building were 20.6±4.4 and 17.9±2.7°C, respectively, and the average percent inside relative humidities during the same period were 44.4 ±7.6 and 49.3±7.4%, respectively. The ventilation rates ranged from 0.80 m3 h-1 bird-1 to 4.80 m3 h-1 bird -1 with an average of 2.02 m3 h -1 bird -1 for the high-rise barn and from 0.80 m3 h-1 bird -1 to 6.0 m3 h-1 bird-1 with an average of 2.20 m3 h-1 bird-1 for the manure-belt building over the sampling period of September, October, November, and December 2008 and January 2009. Average NH3 emission factors were 72±17 g d-1 AU-1 for the high-rise system and 9.1±7 g d-1 AU-1 for the manure-belt (1 AU is equal to 500 kg of animal live weight). The NH3 emission reduction factor for the manure-belt technique compared to the high-rise technique was 87%. Ammonia levels outside the house appeared to be less than 1 ppm. No significant emissions were registered for N2O, H2S, and EtOH, which were consistently close to zero for both techniques. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission factor from the high-rise building was 104±11 g day-1 AU-1 and from the manure-belt building, 105±20 g day-1 AU-1. PM emissions were greater from the manure-belt system in comparison with the high-rise system, showing mean values of 165 vs. 114 g day-1 AU-1 for PM 2.5, 1,987 vs. 1,863 g day-1 AU-1for PM10 and 4,460 vs. 3,462 g day-1 AU-1 for TSP respectively. None of the 24-h PM 2.5 measurements collected from both management techniques exceeded the U.S. EPA 24-hr National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 35 μg/m 3.

The environmental and psychosocial adversity inherent in remote polar locales has historically been framed in pathological terms. However, a burgeoning body of evidence suggests that stressful conditions across isolated, confined, and extreme (ICE) environments may elicit positive growth outcomes as well. The purpose of this cross-sectional, retrospective study was to assess the incidence and correlates of PostExpedition Growth (PEG) in returned Antarctic expeditioners. The prevalence of five specific personal growth indicators – ‘new opportunities,’ ‘relating to others,’ ‘personal strength,’ ‘spiritual change,’ and ‘appreciation of life’ – along with individual and group variables that have been associated with growth in trauma-exposed populations (i.e., coping, mindfulness, personality traits, personal value priorities, adverse childhood experiences, and expedition/experience specific variables) were examined using a mixed methods approach. Quantitative results indicate a moderate, positive association between proactive coping and appreciation of life, as well as between universalism (i.e., a sense of harmony or oneness with humanity and the natural world), new possibilities, and appreciation of life. Qualitative findings provide a more nuanced understanding of the five dimensions of PEG and underscore the emergence of a sixth dimension, an enhanced relationship with nature. Further research is needed to illuminate knowledge gaps in ICE environment research, and to help identify potential countermeasures for individuals and groups faced with comparable adversity factors in their immediate environments (i.e., within the current context of COVID-19). A deeper understanding of PEG in ICE environments – as well as promotive factors that strengthen positive outcomes – will serve to inform the development of countermeasures to mitigate health and wellbeing risks following exposure to isolation and confinement in extreme environments. / Graduate / 2022-09-29

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20364号 / 工博第4301号 / 新制||工||1666(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 邑瀬 邦明, 教授 杉村 博之, 教授 作花 哲夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

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Regarding the myriad disputed documents encountered within the science of forensic document examination, questioned handwriting is the most prevalent. This includes the simulation or alteration of and or additions to handwriting and signatures. The current study examined the changes that may occur in writing when given a limited amount of space. Several participants completed a survey wherein writing samples were taken under varying space allowances. These space restrictions were made under differing conditions such as boxed signatures, additions to prewritten material, and alterations to letters and numbers. The results of the study found characteristics of reflex of avoidance in the participants' handwriting. These characteristics included changes in height, width, and letter spacing in accordance to the amount of space provided. The examples of reflex of avoidance defined throughout this study may serve to assist forensic document examiners in the detection of alterations within questioned documents.

Die extrazelluläre Mikroumgebung spielt eine grundlegende Rolle bei der Entwicklung von Metastasen und hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Wahl der Migrationsstrategien, die von Karzinomzellen während der Invasion angewandt werden. In-vitro Anordnungen sind hilfreiche Instrumente für die Untersuchung von Zellmigration und -invasion, da sie grundlegende Merkmale von In-vivo-Geweben reproduzieren können. Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit ist es, die Fähigkeit von mesenchymalen und epithelialen Brusttumorzellen zu untersuchen, sich zu verflüssigen und durch enge und starre Mikrostrukturen zu navigieren. Wir verwendeten eine mikrofluidische Vorrichtung mit trichterförmigen Mikroverengungen und verglichen das Verhalten von fünf verschiedenen menschlichen Brustkrebszelllinien in der Mikrovorrichtung bei Stimulation durch Chemoattraktoren. Wir fanden heraus, dass grundsätzlich verschiedene Zelllinien das gleiche invasive Potenzial haben, da normale Epithelzellen in der Lage waren, durch die stark komprimierenden Trichter zu wandern, ähnlich wie die invasiveren mesenchymalen Zellen. Wir fanden auch heraus, dass die Migration der normalen Epithelzellen auch ohne einen chemo-attraktiven Stimulus stattfindet. Wir konzentrierten unsere Beobachtungen auf die Rolle des Aktin- und Intermediärfilament-Zytoskeletts während der eingeschränkten Migration und zeigten, dass das Aktin-Zytoskelett eine starke und langanhaltende Reorganisation erfährt, damit die Zellen durch die engen Verengungen kriechen können. Wir sahen keinen Hinweis darauf, dass das Keratin- und Vimentin-Zwischenfilament- Zytoskelett während der Invasion in die Mikroverengungen eine aktive mechanische Rolle spielte. Insbesondere die Expression des Vimentin-Zwischenfilamentproteins korrelierte in unserem Versuchsaufbau nicht mit der Invasionsfähigkeit einzelner Zellen. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen wurden die passiven (Elastizität und Viskosität) und aktiven (Kontraktilität) viskoelastischen Eigenschaften der Zellen weiter untersucht und quantifiziert. Wir fanden keinen signifikanten Unterschied in der passiven viskoelastischen Reaktion der Zellen, nachdem sie oszillierenden Druckkräften mittels AFM-Sondierung ausgesetzt waren, was darauf hindeutet, dass Elastizität und Viskosität nicht zur Unterscheidung zwischen invasiven und nicht-invasiven Zellen verwendet werden können. Es wurde kein Hinweis darauf gefunden, dass die Kompressionsversteifung die Invasion durch die Mikroverengungen entweder behindert oder fördert. Schließlich haben wir bei der Betrachtung aktiver viskoelastischer Parameter die kontraktile Reaktion unserer Zelllinien verglichen, wenn sie mit dem mikrofluidischen optischen Strecker Laser-Streckkräften ausgesetzt wurden. Hier fanden wir eine klare Korrelation zwischen den Zelllinien, die ein invasives Verhalten in den Mikroverengungen zeigten, und denjenigen, die eine aktive (substratunabhängige) kontraktile Reaktion in der optischen Streckvorrichtung zeigten. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass ein entscheidender Faktor für eine erfolgreiche Migration durch hohe räumliche Enge die Fähigkeit der Zellen ist, aktiv Aktin-Stressfasern zu erzeugen und abzubauen, was sich in der Fähigkeit manifestiert, von einer substratabhängigen und stressfaserbasierten Kontraktilität zu einer substratunabhängigen kortikalen Kontraktilität zu wechseln.

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