21-hydroxylase deficiency is the commonest enzyme defect in congenital adrenal hyperplasia resulting in low circulating cortisol and, in severe cases, low aldosterone which may lead to cardiac arrest in the neonate. As the low levels of coitisol· lead to raised levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone large concentrations of androgens are formed in utero which may lead to cliteromegaly and consequent confusion of the sexes at birth. High concentrations of the androgens give rise to rapid growth in early childhood and early fusion of the epiphyses results in short stature of the adult. 17-alphahydroxyprogesterone (170HP) is raised in the blood and saliva of children with 21-hydroxylase deficiency. 170HP is commonly measured by radioimmunoassay which limits the assay to being performed by laboratories equipped with beta or gamma counters. The aim of this project was to develop an enzymeimmunoassay which could be carried out using the minimum amount of equipment. Horseradish peroxidase was conjugated to 170HP-O-carboxymethyloxime using a mixed anhydride reaction. Separation of free and bound label was achieved using a second antibody linked to magnetisable particle solid phase. Measurement of the bound enzyme activity yielded colours which could be compared by eye, with known standards, to give a semi-quantitative assay. Alternatively the absorbance could be measured using a spectrophotometer for full quantitative results. The developed assays were evaluated, comparing the results with radioimmunoassay, and then used for measuring 170HP in blood and saliva in various clinical situations.

We present a case of a woman with a history of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) diagnosed at the age of 12, who was referred to our unit for surgical treatment. Despite the initial diagnosis was an indirect inguinal hernia, it was a misdiagnosis. Once in our service, this was corrected into clitoromegaly secondary to CAH. Physical examination and imaging test discarded other abnormalities, such as secondary effects androgenization. Regarding surgical treatment, the techniques used were Spencer and Allen combined with Kumar, which are the most used for clitoroplasty but also less used in Peru.

Thousands of animal experiments have demonstrated that androgenic hormones, such as testosterone, during the prenatal and early postnatal periods, masculinise and defeminise various neural and behavioural characteristics that differ by sex. Can these findings from animal experiments be generalised to human behaviour? Can early androgen exposure shape subsequent gender-related disorders in humans? Chapter 1 (Introduction) provides an overview of the literature. Chapter 2 (Kung et al., 2016a) is the first study to demonstrate that testosterone concentrations in saliva samples collected during the early postnatal testosterone surge at 1 to 3 months of age can negatively predict subsequent expressive vocabulary size (how many words a child can say) during toddlerhood. Notably, males typically have a smaller expressive vocabulary than do females during toddlerhood and a small expressive vocabulary is predictive of subsequent language difficulties, such as dyslexia and stuttering, which are more common in boys. Chapters 3 (Kung et al., 2016b) and 4 (Kung et al., 2016c) evaluate a popular theory of autism, the extreme male brain theory, which argues that heighted androgen exposure during early development causes the male preponderance in autism. To test the hypothesised relationship, Chapters 3 and 4 use different measures and study populations, including testosterone concentrations in amniotic fluid samples obtained prenatally and saliva samples obtained during the early postnatal testosterone surge in typically developing children, as well as examining the adjustment in children exposed to unusually high levels of androgens prenatally due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a rare clinical condition occurring in approximately 1 in 18,000 births. Findings from these two chapters converge to show that any relationship between early androgen exposure and subsequent development of autistic traits is small, non-existent, or unreliable, providing a much-needed clarification of the role of early androgen exposure in the aetiology of autism. Using data from a general population study, Chapter 5 (Kung et al., 2018a) is the first study to show that male-typical play behaviour in early childhood, a trait that has been linked to increased early androgen exposure in previous research, can positively predict adolescent physical aggression, which is typically higher in males than in females. This positive association between play and aggression supports potential influences of early androgen exposure, as well as socio-cognitive influences involved in gender development. Chapter 6 (Kung et al., 2018b) is the first study to compare emotional and behavioural adjustment in children with CAH, their unaffected siblings, and children in the general population. Findings from this chapter suggest that although within the families with a child with CAH there are generally no differences in emotional or behavioural problems between boys or girls with CAH and their unaffected same-sex siblings, both girls with CAH and their unaffected sisters are at risk of developing behavioural problems when compared with girls in the general population. Familial influences and social stigma may contribute to this gender-specific pattern of behavioural adjustment. Finally, Chapter 7 (Discussion) integrates the findings and previous research and provides directions for further research. Chapter References Chapter 2 Kung, K. T. F., Browne, W. V., Constantinescu, M., Noorderhaven, R. M., and Hines, M. (2016). Early Postnatal Testosterone Predicts Sex-Related Differences in Early Expressive Vocabulary. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 68, 111-116. Chapter 3 Kung, K. T. F., Constantinescu, M., Browne W. V., Noorderhaven, R. M., and Hines, M. (2016). No Relationship Between Early Postnatal Testosterone and Autistic Traits in 18 to 30-Month-Old Children. Molecular Autism, 7:15. Chapter 4 Kung, K. T. F., Spencer, D., Pasterski, V., Neufeld, S., Glover, V., O'Connor, T. G., Hindmarsh, P. C., Hughes, I. A., Acerini, C. L., and Hines, M. (2016). No Relationship Between Prenatal Androgen Exposure and Autistic Traits: Convergent Evidence from Studies of Children with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and of Amniotic Testosterone Concentrations in Typically-Developing Children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 1455-1462. Chapter 5 Kung, K. T. F., Li, G., Golding, J., and Hines, M. (2018). Preschool Gender-Typed Play Behavior at Age 3.5 Years Predicts Physical Aggression at Age 13 Years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 905-914. Chapter 6 Kung, K. T. F., Spencer, D., Pasterski, V., Hindmarsh, P. C., Neufeld, S. A. S., Hughes, I. A., Acerini, C. L., and Hines, M. (2018). Emotional and Behavioral Adjustment in 4- to 11-Year-Old Boys and Girls with Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Unaffected Siblings. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 97, 104-110.

Orientadores: Maricilda Palandi de Mello, Anna Wedell / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T13:24:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soardi_FernandaCaroline_D.pdf: 4267789 bytes, checksum: 80c77e1664dcc041014d42a92bdd435e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A causa mais freqüente de hiperplasia congênita da adrenal (HCA) é a deficiência da enzima CYP21A2 responsável por cerca de 90% dos casos, seguida da deficiência de CYP11B1, a qual é responsável por 5-8%. A deficiência de CYP21A2 apresenta diferentes sintomas clínicos, que podem variar de uma forma leve não clássica (NC) a uma forma grave clássica, dividida em virilizante simples (VS) e perdedora de sal (PS). Enquanto a deficiência de CYP11B1 é classificada nas formas clássica e não-clássica, dependendo da gravidade do fenótipo. As diferentes formas destas deficiências estão associadas a mutações distintas ou a combinação de mutações nos genes, sendo estas mutações provenientes dos genes homólogos ou não. O primeiro objetivo desta tese foi identificar novas mutações em alelos de 31 pacientes. As variantes protéicas novas p.G56R, p.L107R e p.L142P e, as raras p.H62L, p.H62L+p.P453S e p.R408C do gene CYP21A2 foram expressas para comparar as atividades da enzima CYP21A2 nas suas formas normal e mutantes. Foi objetivo, também, estudar através da técnica de mini-genes as possíveis alterações no processo de splicing para as variantes IVS2+5G>A, IVS2-2A>G, IVS4- 15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E do gene CYP21A2 e para a variante g.1753G>A do gene CYP11B1. O estudo da atividade enzimática do gene CYP21A2, realizado pela técnica de mutagênese sítio-dirigida, demonstrou que as mutações p.L107R, p.L142P e p.R408C reduziram a atividade enzimática para valores praticamente nulos, classificando-as como responsáveis pela forma PS. A alteração p.G56R apresentou uma quantidade mínima de conversão de progesterona em desoxicorticosterona, quantidade suficiente para evitar a perda de sal, sendo considerada clássica associada à forma VS. A mutação p.H62L foi encontrada no mesmo alelo que a mutação p.P34L, em uma das pacientes da casuística desse trabalho, ambas inseridas num gene quimérico portador da deleção de 30 Kb. A mutação p.H62L também foi encontrada em associação com a mutação p.P453S, em dois pacientes de origem Escandinava. No estudo funcional a mutação p.H62L reduziu parcialmente a atividade enzimática. Os resultados cinéticos classificaram essa mutação como relacionada à forma NC da deficiência de CYP21A2. Em combinação com a mutação p.P453S, observou-se um sinergismo, uma vez que reduziu a atividade da enzima para a faixa limítrofe entre NC e VS. A investigação no processo de splicing utilizando a técnica de minigenes para as alterações no gene CYP21A2 indicou que a variação IVS2+5G>A causa a perda do exon 2 na formação do mRNA, sendo relacionada à forma PS. Da mesma forma, a variação IVS2- 2A>G foi classificada como associada à forma PS, pois inseriu no mRNA 19 bases provenientes do intron 2 na junção exon2-exon3, o que modificou o frame de leitura do mRNA criando um códon de parada prematura. Por outro lado, ficou demonstrado que as variações IVS4- 15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E não interferem no processamento normal do mRNA do gene CYP21A2. No caso da alteração g.1753G>A no gene CYP11B1, que foi classificada como responsável pela forma clássica da deficiência de CYP11B1, o estudo de mini-gene indicou a perda dos últimos 45 nucleotídeos do exon 4, criando um códon de parada prematura. A elucidação do papel funcional e estrutural das mutações nos genes estudados permitiu o correto estabelecimento da correlação genótipo-fenótipo na maioria dos pacientes com HCA estudados / Abstract: Deficiency of CYP21A2 enzyme is responsible for more than 90% of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) followed by the deficiency of CYP11B1, which is responsible for 5-8% of the cases. The deficiency of CYP21A2 is normally classified in clinical forms that vary from a mild non-classical (NC) to a severe classical form, which can manifest as salt wasting (SW) or as simple virilizing (SV). Depending on the severity of phenotype, deficiency of CYP11B1 can be classified in classical or non-classical forms. In both deficiencies the clinical forms are associated with different mutations or combination of mutations, which may or may not be originated from the homologous genes. The aim of this study was to identify novel or rare mutations in alleles of 31 patients with CYP21A2 deficiency. Using site-direct mutagenesis strategies, nucleotide variants were introduced into the cDNA and the novel p.G56R, p.L107R and p.L142P and rare p.H62L, p.H62L+p.P453S and p.R408C protein variants of CYP21A2 were expressed to compare the enzymatic activity between the wild-type and mutant proteins. Furthermore, splicing activities were investigated for IVS2+5G>A, IVS2-2A>G, IVS4-15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E sequence CTP21A2 variations and for g.1753G>A on CYP11B1 gene by minigene constructions. The analysis of enzymatic conversion of both CYP21A2 substrates, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone, into 11-desoxycortisol and corticosterone, respectively, showed low levels of residual activities for p.L107R, p.L142P and p.R408C, which were classified as SW mutations. Whereas, the result of enzyme activity for p.G56R indicated that it might be a SV-related mutation due a residual activity of 1.4% toward progesterone as substrate. The p.H62L was associated to p.P34L mutation in a chimeric gene present in a 30-kb deletion allele in Brazilian patients. In Scandinavian patients, the p.H62L mutation was found associated to the p.P453S which is known as a NC mutation. The p.H62L itself showed an activity within the range of NC mutations. The apparent kinetic constant confirmed this classification. A synergistic effect was observed for the allele bearing the p.H62L+p.P453S combination as it had caused a significant reduction in the enzymatic activity bringing it to the borderline level between SV and NC mutations. On the minigene analyses for CYP21A2, the IVS2+5G>A variation showed skipping of exon 2, therefore this alteration was classified as SW mutation. Likely, IVS2-2A>G was considered as a SW mutation due to the insertion of 19 nucleotides from intron 2 into the resulting mRNA, which changed the reading frame and created a premature stop codon. Conversely, the group of variations IVS4-15A>C+IVS4-8C>T+p.D183E did not affect the normal splicing of CYP21A2 mRNA. In the CYP11B1 minigene analysis, the g.1753G>A nucleotide variation was classified as responsible for the classical form of deficiency. An alternative splicing due to disruption of the normal donor site was used and the skipping of the last 45 nucleotides of exon 4 was observed. This alteration modified the mRNA reading frame and created a premature stop codon. The elucidation of functional and structural characters of the steroidogenic gene mutations led to the establishment of a correct genotype-phenotype in most patients studied. / Doutorado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is the most common inherited endocrinopathy. This disorder is associated with many complications caused either by illness itself or inadequate treatment. The late consequence of this disorder is a reduced final height. Absences of cortisol, androgen excess, with or without salt wasting, virilization of external genitalia in new-born girls are main findings. Androgen excess causes virilization in girls, accelerated bone maturation and early epiphyseal fusion in both sexes. CAH patients are dependent on lifelong treatment with oral glucocorticoids. Growth retardation and obesity are common side effects resulting from glucocorticoid use. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the success of obtaining a final height that is within a genetic potential regarding to treatment compliance. The other objective was the analysis of auxological profile of CAH patients. This study was mainly focused on the analysis of body height, linear proportionality, the weight parameters, body composition, body fat distribution, skeletal robusticity and body structure. In this study we performed anthropometric examination of 30 CAH patients. 25 of them had completed growth (age: 16,4 to 44,5 years), 12 woman and 11 men and 2 men with karyotype 46XX....

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) describes a set of autosomal recessive diseases which affect enzymes mediating steroid biochemistry in the adrenal glands. In chromosomal females, the excess androgens associated with CAH cause virilization. Females with a high degree of virilisation can undergo feminizing genitoplasty in infancy or later in life. Parents and guardians are the medical proxies for their infants and therefore make decisions on their behalf. However, decision-making about feminizing genitoplasty can be very difficult. One tool that could help in such a situation is an electronic patient decision aid (PtDA). However, a PtDA for feminizing genitoplasty does not exist and there is insufficient information in existing literature to inform its design and development. Thus, the objectives of this study were to: (1) Identify user requirements, (2) Develop specifications for the design and development of the PtDA, and (3) Understand the best way to implement and distribute the PtDA We used the persona-scenario methodology to acquire user-requirements. Persona-scenario sessions were conducted with four parents of children with CAH, two adult patients with CAH, and four healthcare practitioners. Participants created fictitious personas, and scenarios wherein their personas interacted with an idealized version of the PtDA. Transcripts of these persona-scenarios and facilitator notes were analyzed to identify user-requirements, which were interpreted into specifications. Participants provided user requirements about (1) information and decisional content in the PtDA, (2) proposed functionalities for the PtDA, (3) web usability, and (4) implementation context. Many of these requirements are supported by existing literature. The requirements identified in this project will inform the design and development of a PtDA for feminizing genitoplasty in patients with CAH. However, further research is necessary to understand how to best implement these requirements and to ensure that the gathered information is useful for a broad range of potential end users. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Introduction: Sodium chloride supplementation in saltwasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is generally recommended in infants, but its implementation in routine care is very heterogeneous. Objective: To evaluate oral sodium chloride supplementation, growth, and hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone dose in infants with salt-wasting CAH due to 21-hydroxylase in 311 infants from the AQUAPE CAH database. Results: Of 358 patients with classic CAH born between 1999 and 2015, 311 patients had salt-wasting CAH (133 females, 178 males). Of these, 86 patients (27.7%) received oral sodium chloride supplementation in a mean dose of 0.9 ± 1.4 mmol/kg/day (excluding nutritional sodium content) during the first year of life. 225 patients (72.3%) were not treated with sodium chloride. The percentage of sodium chloride-supplemented patients rose from 15.2% in children born 1999–2004 to 37.5% in children born 2011–2015. Sodium chloride-supplemented and -unsupplemented infants did not significantly differ in hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone dose, target height-corrected height-SDS, and BMI-SDS during the first 2 years of life. Conclusion: In the AQUAPE CAH database, approximately one-third of infants with salt-wasting CAH receive sodium chloride supplementation. Sodium chloride supplementation is performed more frequently in recent years. However, salt supplementation had no influence on growth, daily fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone dose, and frequency of adrenal crisis.

A hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência da enzima 21-hidroxilase (21OH) é uma doença autossômica recessiva que compromete a síntese de cortisol e/ou aldosterona. É a causa mais frequente de distúrbio da diferenciação sexual 46,XX. Apresenta uma diversidade fenotípica, a qual é decorrente de mutações no gene CYP21A2. Observa-se forte correlação do comprometimento da atividade enzimática predita pelo genótipo com a forma de apresentação clínica e com os valores hormonais; entretanto, esta correlação não é observada com o grau de virilização pré-natal da genitália externa em mulheres com a forma clássica. Supomos que variações inter-individuais na ação, síntese e metabolismo dos andrógenos possam influenciar o fenótipo da virilização. Objetivos: avaliar se variantes alélicas em genes relacionados a ação, síntese ou metabolismo de andrógenos na vida fetal possuem um efeito modulatório na variabilidade fenotípica da virilização genital em mulheres com a forma clássica carreando genótipos 21OH semelhantes. Também serão avaliadas se diferenças na expressão tecidual local dos genes HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 e RA influenciariam esta variabilidade fenotípica da forma clássica. Casuística: foram selecionadas 187 mulheres com a forma clássica da HAC 21OH provenientes de 4 centros médicos. Dados clínicos, hormonais e o grau de virilização genital foram obtidos de forma retrospectiva da análise de prontuários. A intensidade de virilização genital foi classificada de acordo com a escala de Prader (P) e as pacientes foram divididas em 4 grupos: P I+II, P III, P IV e P V. As pacientes também foram agrupadas de acordo com o genótipo 21OH: grupo A carreadoras de mutações que predizem < 2% de atividade enzimática residual (n= 122) e grupo B carreadoras de mutações que predizem 3 a 7% de atividade residual (n= 58). Metodologias: foram amplificadas e re-sequenciadas as regiões que flanqueiam os exons dos genes CYP3A7, PXR e CAR. Para as variantes funcionais, foram re-sequenciados os exons 12-13 do POR e a região promotora do HSD17B5. As variantes V89L e A49T do SRD5A2 foram rastreadas por PCR-RFLP e o nCAG do RA por eletroforese capilar e análise pelo GeneScan. A determinação da expressão gênica em pele genital foi feita por PCR em tempo real utilizando os genes endógenos CYC, PGK1 e B2M. Os testes t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher e regressão linear uni- e múltipla foram utilizados na análise estatística. Resultados: o Prader score no genótipo A variou de II a V (III: III IV) e no genótipo B de I a V (III: II - III) (P< 0,001). Foram encontradas em 2,5% dos alelos a variante CYP3A7*1C, em 24% CYP3A7*2, 31% rs2307424 CAR, 25% A503V POR, 33% -71G HSD17B5, 17% rs2518047 HSD17B5, 31% V89L SRD5A2 e em 1% dos alelos a variante A49T SRD5A2. Foi identificada associação das variantes rs2307424 CAR (P= 0,023 ;r2= 0,253) e rs2518047 HSD17B5 (P= 0,006; r2= 0,144) com o grau de virilização genital, tem sido encontradas em maior frequência no grupo de pacientes com virilização mais intensa. Todas as outras variantes não apresentaram associação com o Prader score (P> 0,05). As diferenças de expressão de todos os genes analisados em amostras de pele genital não foram estatisticamente significantes (P> 0,05), embora observou-se que em 4/7 amostras de pacientes com Prader score IV houve uma super-expressão do gene SRD5A2 em relação a 1/5 pacientes com Prader score III. Conclusão: neste estudo multicêntrico observamos que o genótipo 21OH se correlacionou com a intensidade de virilização genital em mulheres com a forma clássica. A variante rs2307424 do gene CAR, relacionada ao metabolismo pré-natal de andrógenos, e a variante rs2518047 do gene HSD17B5, relacionada à síntese de testosterona, associaram-se à fenótipos de virilização mais intensos. Não identificamos diferenças na expressão tecidual dos genes relacionados à síntese e/ou ação periférica de andrógenos em pacientes com os diferentes graus de virilização / Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OH) is an autosomic recessive disorder characterized by an impairment in the cortisol and/or aldosterone synthesis, being the most frequent cause of 46,XX disorder of sex development. The disease presents a wide phenotypic variability resulting from different CYP21A2 gene mutations and a strong correlation has been observed among genotypes, clinical forms and basal hormone levels. However, this correlation is not observed regarding the degree of prenatal external genitalia virilization in females and an interindividual variability in the synthesis, metabolism and/or peripheral action of androgens could corroborate for these findings. Objectives: to evaluate if allelic variants in genes related to the androgen synthesis, metabolism and peripheral action could modulate the genital phenotype in CAH females bearing similar CYP21A2 mutations. Differences in the HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and RA gene expression in genital skin were evaluated among patients with different degrees of external genital virilization. Patients: were selected 187 CAH females and clinical and hormonal data were retrospectively evaluated. The degree of external genitalia virilization was classified according to Prader (P) scores and patients were divided into 4 groups: P I+II, P III, P IV and P V. Patients were also grouped according to 21OH genotypes: group A bearing mutations predicting < 2% of residual enzymatic activity (n= 122) and group B between 3 to 7% (n= 58). Methodology: the exonic flanking regions of CYP3A7, PXR e CAR genes were PCR amplified and sequenced. The exons 12-13 of POR and the promotor region of HSD17B5 were sequenced to screen the functional polymorphisms. The V89L and A49T SRD5A2 alleles were screened by PCR-RFLP and the CAG polymorphic tract of AR gene by capillary electrophoresis and GeneScan analysis. The differential gene expression in genital skin was evaluated by real time PCR and the CYC, PGK1 e B2M housekeeping genes were used. The t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher and uni- and multiple linear regression tests were used in statistical analysis. Results: Prader score in group A varied from II to V (III: III - IV) and in group B from I to V (III: II - III) (P< 0,001). The CYP3A7*1C allele was identified in 2.5% of alleles, CYP3A7*2 in 24%, rs2307424 CAR in 31%, A503V POR in 25%, -71G HSD17B5 in 33%, rs2518047 HSD17B5 in 17%, V89L SRD5A2 em 31% and A49T SRD5A2 in 1% of alleles. The rs2307424 CAR (P= 0.023; r2= 0.253) and rs2518047 HSD17B5 variants (P= 0.006; r2= 0.144) were associated with the degree of external genitalia virilization, and they were found in a higher frequency in more virilized patients. The remaining variants were not associated with Prader scores (P> 0.05). The HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and RA gene expressions did not significantly differ between patients presenting Prader score III and IV (P> 0.05); however, 4/7 samples from patients with Prader IV and just 1/5 patients with Prader III presented an increased SRD5A2 expression. Conclusion: In this multicentric study the 21OH genotypes were correlated with the degree of external genitalia virilization in CAH females. The rs2307424 CAR and the rs2518047 HSD17B5 variants, related to the prenatal androgen metabolism and synthesis, respectively, explained some of the interindividual variability of genital phenotype in CAH females bearing similar CYP21A2 mutations. Differences in the expression of genes involved in the peripheral androgen action did not corroborate for the variability of genital phenotype in CAH

A hiperplasia adrenal congênita (HAC) por deficiência da enzima 21-hidroxilase (21OH) é uma doença autossômica recessiva que compromete a síntese de cortisol e/ou aldosterona. É a causa mais frequente de distúrbio da diferenciação sexual 46,XX. Apresenta uma diversidade fenotípica, a qual é decorrente de mutações no gene CYP21A2. Observa-se forte correlação do comprometimento da atividade enzimática predita pelo genótipo com a forma de apresentação clínica e com os valores hormonais; entretanto, esta correlação não é observada com o grau de virilização pré-natal da genitália externa em mulheres com a forma clássica. Supomos que variações inter-individuais na ação, síntese e metabolismo dos andrógenos possam influenciar o fenótipo da virilização. Objetivos: avaliar se variantes alélicas em genes relacionados a ação, síntese ou metabolismo de andrógenos na vida fetal possuem um efeito modulatório na variabilidade fenotípica da virilização genital em mulheres com a forma clássica carreando genótipos 21OH semelhantes. Também serão avaliadas se diferenças na expressão tecidual local dos genes HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 e RA influenciariam esta variabilidade fenotípica da forma clássica. Casuística: foram selecionadas 187 mulheres com a forma clássica da HAC 21OH provenientes de 4 centros médicos. Dados clínicos, hormonais e o grau de virilização genital foram obtidos de forma retrospectiva da análise de prontuários. A intensidade de virilização genital foi classificada de acordo com a escala de Prader (P) e as pacientes foram divididas em 4 grupos: P I+II, P III, P IV e P V. As pacientes também foram agrupadas de acordo com o genótipo 21OH: grupo A carreadoras de mutações que predizem < 2% de atividade enzimática residual (n= 122) e grupo B carreadoras de mutações que predizem 3 a 7% de atividade residual (n= 58). Metodologias: foram amplificadas e re-sequenciadas as regiões que flanqueiam os exons dos genes CYP3A7, PXR e CAR. Para as variantes funcionais, foram re-sequenciados os exons 12-13 do POR e a região promotora do HSD17B5. As variantes V89L e A49T do SRD5A2 foram rastreadas por PCR-RFLP e o nCAG do RA por eletroforese capilar e análise pelo GeneScan. A determinação da expressão gênica em pele genital foi feita por PCR em tempo real utilizando os genes endógenos CYC, PGK1 e B2M. Os testes t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher e regressão linear uni- e múltipla foram utilizados na análise estatística. Resultados: o Prader score no genótipo A variou de II a V (III: III IV) e no genótipo B de I a V (III: II - III) (P< 0,001). Foram encontradas em 2,5% dos alelos a variante CYP3A7*1C, em 24% CYP3A7*2, 31% rs2307424 CAR, 25% A503V POR, 33% -71G HSD17B5, 17% rs2518047 HSD17B5, 31% V89L SRD5A2 e em 1% dos alelos a variante A49T SRD5A2. Foi identificada associação das variantes rs2307424 CAR (P= 0,023 ;r2= 0,253) e rs2518047 HSD17B5 (P= 0,006; r2= 0,144) com o grau de virilização genital, tem sido encontradas em maior frequência no grupo de pacientes com virilização mais intensa. Todas as outras variantes não apresentaram associação com o Prader score (P> 0,05). As diferenças de expressão de todos os genes analisados em amostras de pele genital não foram estatisticamente significantes (P> 0,05), embora observou-se que em 4/7 amostras de pacientes com Prader score IV houve uma super-expressão do gene SRD5A2 em relação a 1/5 pacientes com Prader score III. Conclusão: neste estudo multicêntrico observamos que o genótipo 21OH se correlacionou com a intensidade de virilização genital em mulheres com a forma clássica. A variante rs2307424 do gene CAR, relacionada ao metabolismo pré-natal de andrógenos, e a variante rs2518047 do gene HSD17B5, relacionada à síntese de testosterona, associaram-se à fenótipos de virilização mais intensos. Não identificamos diferenças na expressão tecidual dos genes relacionados à síntese e/ou ação periférica de andrógenos em pacientes com os diferentes graus de virilização / Congenital Adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OH) is an autosomic recessive disorder characterized by an impairment in the cortisol and/or aldosterone synthesis, being the most frequent cause of 46,XX disorder of sex development. The disease presents a wide phenotypic variability resulting from different CYP21A2 gene mutations and a strong correlation has been observed among genotypes, clinical forms and basal hormone levels. However, this correlation is not observed regarding the degree of prenatal external genitalia virilization in females and an interindividual variability in the synthesis, metabolism and/or peripheral action of androgens could corroborate for these findings. Objectives: to evaluate if allelic variants in genes related to the androgen synthesis, metabolism and peripheral action could modulate the genital phenotype in CAH females bearing similar CYP21A2 mutations. Differences in the HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and RA gene expression in genital skin were evaluated among patients with different degrees of external genital virilization. Patients: were selected 187 CAH females and clinical and hormonal data were retrospectively evaluated. The degree of external genitalia virilization was classified according to Prader (P) scores and patients were divided into 4 groups: P I+II, P III, P IV and P V. Patients were also grouped according to 21OH genotypes: group A bearing mutations predicting < 2% of residual enzymatic activity (n= 122) and group B between 3 to 7% (n= 58). Methodology: the exonic flanking regions of CYP3A7, PXR e CAR genes were PCR amplified and sequenced. The exons 12-13 of POR and the promotor region of HSD17B5 were sequenced to screen the functional polymorphisms. The V89L and A49T SRD5A2 alleles were screened by PCR-RFLP and the CAG polymorphic tract of AR gene by capillary electrophoresis and GeneScan analysis. The differential gene expression in genital skin was evaluated by real time PCR and the CYC, PGK1 e B2M housekeeping genes were used. The t-test, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, Fisher and uni- and multiple linear regression tests were used in statistical analysis. Results: Prader score in group A varied from II to V (III: III - IV) and in group B from I to V (III: II - III) (P< 0,001). The CYP3A7*1C allele was identified in 2.5% of alleles, CYP3A7*2 in 24%, rs2307424 CAR in 31%, A503V POR in 25%, -71G HSD17B5 in 33%, rs2518047 HSD17B5 in 17%, V89L SRD5A2 em 31% and A49T SRD5A2 in 1% of alleles. The rs2307424 CAR (P= 0.023; r2= 0.253) and rs2518047 HSD17B5 variants (P= 0.006; r2= 0.144) were associated with the degree of external genitalia virilization, and they were found in a higher frequency in more virilized patients. The remaining variants were not associated with Prader scores (P> 0.05). The HSD17B5, SRD5A1, SRD5A2 and RA gene expressions did not significantly differ between patients presenting Prader score III and IV (P> 0.05); however, 4/7 samples from patients with Prader IV and just 1/5 patients with Prader III presented an increased SRD5A2 expression. Conclusion: In this multicentric study the 21OH genotypes were correlated with the degree of external genitalia virilization in CAH females. The rs2307424 CAR and the rs2518047 HSD17B5 variants, related to the prenatal androgen metabolism and synthesis, respectively, explained some of the interindividual variability of genital phenotype in CAH females bearing similar CYP21A2 mutations. Differences in the expression of genes involved in the peripheral androgen action did not corroborate for the variability of genital phenotype in CAH

No description available.