Les calculs de processus représentent les systèmes concurrents par des processus qui s'exécutent en parallèle et s'échangent des messages. Les calculs avec passivation dispose d'un opérateur spécial qui permet de stopper un processus en cours d'exécution. Le processus suspendu peut ensuite être modifié ou transmis avant d'être réactivé. La passivation rend possible la modélisation de défaillances et d'opérations de reconfiguration dynamique. Nous nous intéressons aux équivalences comportementales dans ces calculs. Le comportement d'un processus est donné par un système de transitions étiquetées, qui exhibe les interactions d'un processus avec son environnement. Des relations, appelées bisimilarités, permettent ensuite d'identifier les processus qui ont le même comportement en comparant leurs interactions. Les bisimilarités définies jusqu'ici dans les calculs avec passivation restent trop complexes pour être utilisée en pratique. En outre il n'existe pas de bisimilarité correcte et complète dans le cas faible, c'est-à-dire lorsque les actions internes aux processus ne sont pas observables. Nous étudions ces deux problèmes dans cette thèse. Nous montrons d'abord qu'il est possible de définir une bisimilarité simple à manipuler pour un calcul avec passivation mais sans restriction. En revanche, nous donnons des contre-exemples qui laissent penser qu'il n'est pas possible de faire de même dans les calculs avec passivation et restriction. Nous définissons également un nouveau type de système de transitions étiquetées, qui permet de caractériser la congruence barbue dans le cas faible. Nous appliquons notre technique à différents calculs dont le Kell.

L'ensemble de toutes les congruences d'une algèbre, ordonné par inclusion, est un treillis algébrique (Birkhoff), ses éléments compacts sont les congruences finiment engendrées ; elles forment un demi-treillis. Un demi-treillis est relevable dans une variété V s'il est isomorphe au demi-treillis des congruences compactes d'une algébre de V. Les travaux de Wehrung sur CLP, ainsi que ceux de Ploščica, illustrent que même pour une variété d'algèbres facile à décrire, comme la variété de tous les treillis, ou une variété finiment engendrée, la caractérisation des demi-treillis relevables est difficile. Le point critique entre deux variétés V et W est le plus petit cardinal d'un demi-treillis relevable dans V mais pas dans W.<br /><br />Nous introduisons un outil, de nature catégorique, donnant des liens entre les relèvements de diagrammes de demi-treillis et les relèvements de demi-treillis dans une variété donnée. Nous montrons que si V et W sont des variétés finiment engendrées de treillis telles que W ne relève pas tous les demi-treillis relevés par V, alors le point critique entre V et W est soit fini, soit un aleph d'indice fini. Nous trouvons deux variétés finiment engendrées de treillis modulaires dont le point critique est aleph un, ce qui infirme une conjecture posée par Tůma et Wehrung.<br /><br />Nous prouvons, en utilisant la théorie des anneaux réguliers de von Neumann et la théorie du monoïde de dimension d'un treillis, que le point critique entre des variétés engendrées par des treillis de sous-espaces vectoriels d'espaces vectoriels de même dimension finie sur des corps finis est au moins aleph 2. Nous prouvons l'égalité pour les dimensions 2 et 3.

This paper examines how internal branding can be integrated into the management control system to overcome the challenges faced by divisionalised companies regarding goal congruence and suboptimisation. A theoretical synthesis pointing out the similarities between management control and internal branding has been used together with the obtained information from interviews to create a new model on how to integrate internal branding into the management control system. Four organisations were included in the empirical research, namley SAS, Länsförsäkringar, Handelsbanken and LiU, which all have divisionalised structures. All of the organisations are in some way using internal branding, implicitly or explicitly, to control behaviour. Our results show that internal branding on its own is not sufficient to control the behaviour within the organisation. However, integrated in the management control system and combined with the general informal control, internal branding is a rather inexpensive and effective way of coordinating divisional behaviour. We argue that a deeper understanding for behavioural control is needed and that internal branding should be given more importance within the management control area.

La crise du disque liée aux avancées technologiques et au téléchargement illégal de la musique a eu une répercussion conséquente sur les revenus des artistes. Leur baisse est notable, c'est pourquoi les artistes se tournent plus volontiers vers la multiplication des concerts, source de revenu importante pour eux. Dans ce contexte, le placement de produits durant les concerts est une pratique qui peut être synonyme de rentabilité et qui, donc, tend à se développer. Dans ce contexte, le placement de produits durant les concerts est une pratique qui tend à se développer. Ce constat nous a conduits à formuler la problématique de recherche suivante : quelles sont les opportunités de placement de produits dans les concerts de musique (technique où le public n'a pas forcément conscience de la tentative de persuasion) et quel est l'impact du placement de produits sur l'image de marque ? La revue de la littérature présente trois processus de persuasion expliquant l'efficacité du placement : le concept de congruence entre l'artiste et la marque (Russell, 1998), l'intéressement perçu de l'artiste (Friestad et Wright, 1994) et l'endossement de personnalité (Mac Cracken, 1989). De plus, le cadre théorique de la servuction (Eglier et Langeard, 1987) a mis en lumière l'importance des interactions entre le personnel en contact et le consommateur, ce qui nous a permis de proposer une typologie du placement de produits (selon le niveau de participation de l'artiste et du public). La méthodologie de cette recherche se décline en trois phases. La première est de nature qualitative par le biais d'entretiens semi-directifs. Ceux-ci auprès d'artistes de renoms, d'organisateurs de concerts et de responsables d'agences de communication, ont permis d'analyser les pratiques de placement de produits d'une part et d'évaluer les motivations et les freins des professionnels vis-à-vis de cette technique, d'autre part. La deuxième phase est de nature quantitative. En effet, l'efficacité de quatre techniques de placement sur l'image de marque a été comparée au moyen d'une expérimentation qui a consisté en quatre concerts organisés dans des conditions aussi proches que possible de la réalité. Les résultats démontrent la supériorité du placement interactif (forte participation de l'artiste et du public au placement) en termes d'image de marque. Enfin, la troisième phase a consisté en une étude quantitative ad hoc durant un concert d'un groupe à forte notoriété, utilisant la technique du placement interactif. Les résultats confirment l'influence du placement de produits sur l'image de marque. En synthèse, cette thèse décrit les opportunités offertes par les concerts de musiques en termes de placement de produits. Le dispositif méthodologique permet d'évaluer l'efficacité de quatre techniques de placement sur l'image de marque et démontre l'intérêt du placement interactif. Enfin, elle contribue à mettre en lumière le rôle de l'attitude vis-à-vis de l'artiste et de la congruence entre la marque et l'artiste. Les limites de ce travail et les nombreuses voies de recherches offertes par ce champ encore peu étudié sont présentées en conclusion.

The current study examined the effects of parenting congruence on child outcome behaviors. Participants were 144 African American families with a child between 9 and 12 years old. Mothers and fathers provided self report on their behavior regarding monitoring, positive parenting, and parental beliefs. Children provided self report regarding child problem behavior, and sexual intentions. Results revealed the more congruent parents were on positive parenting behaviors the more boys thought about sex; however, results for girls were not significant. Additionally, moderation trends suggested when both parents are high on monitoring behaviors girls have thought about sex less, whereas boys think about sex less when both parents are low on monitoring behaviors. Another trend suggested the more conservative both parents are regarding attitudes about dating, the less likely boys are to have thought about sex. Thus, the combined behavior of both parents on specific parenting factors can affect boys and girls differently.

This study examines the fit between students’ interests and their academic choices at different stages of their college careers. Using image theory (Beach, 1990) as an integrated theory of person-vocation fit, this investigation focuses on the stability of academic fit during college and the relationship between fit with academic choice and fit with occupational choice. Participants, 257 students in their final year at Rice University, responded to questions about their interests as well as factors that may influence their career choices, such as parental support, work centrality, career efficacy, and employment potential. Results showed that students tend to improve their fit with their academic major during their first four semesters. And, students tend to maintain or improve their fit when they select their first occupation after college. Of the factors considered to influence career choices, work centrality, or the importance one places on work, moderated the relationship between academic and occupational fit.

This study focuses on aspects of cult experiences, given by deconverted former members of closed religious movements. Their testimonies were published in books or interviews. The aims of the study were to understand the interaction between the religious group and its members, living in high tension towards mainstream society and their testimonies of altered self-esteem during attraction, membership, deconversion and defection. The purpose was to understand how a person´s self-esteem is affected by inner mechanisms of closed religious movements and how these experiences affects a persons identity. Another aspect was whether there might be differences in altered self-esteem, between those who enlisted as adults, and those who were born into the closed religious contexts. Social Identity Theory, Sigmund Freud´s and Carl Rogers models of personal ego were used as models of interpretations. Qualitative methods have been used for analysis of data. The defectors´ testimonies could be interpretated in terms of altered social identity. During attraction and membership, the members perceived him or herself as an in-group member, which boosted their self-esteem. Their perceived selves existed in congruence with group norms. Being a former member lead to a reversed process of socialisation and self perception, during which the out-group became a new in-group in order to enhance self-esteem. Those, who enlisted as adults, reformed back to their former identity and thereby enhanced their self-esteem by integrating their cult experiences with their former self. Those, who were born into the religious movements, had troubles to adapt to mainstream society, as they did not have any alternative personal identity outside the group, and therefore experienced difficulties to enhance self-esteem.

In the past few years we have seen the near collapse of the world financial system, and we still have yet to find solutions for world poverty or the food crisis. People have started looking for new solutions in order to solve these problems and are considering new employment options besides the traditional for-profit business sector. Employees are increasingly looking for work in organizations that have a more sustainable approach to business. One organization type that fits these criteria is a social business. Most of the research in social entrepreneurship and social businesses, however, has concentrated on the social entrepreneur and the entrepreneurial process so far. Only few studies have explored the employee side. Similarly, research on perceived employee motivation has mainly concentrated on the traditional for-profit businesses and on non-profit organizations. Although employee motivation is considered as crucial to the success of any business, perceived employee motivation in established social businesses has scarcely been researched yet. The purpose of this thesis is to understand why people choose to work in a social business, and what motivates them to work there. This research was conducted as a single case study following Stake (1995). It was carried out in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Reuse Centre Ltd in Finland. In order to achieve our goal, we have found it helpful to combine relevant motivation theories such as intrinsic motivation, task significance, prosocial motivation, value congruence, and meaningfulness, with current social business theories. As a result of our research, we have developed a model that elaborates how employees make their decision on employment and what influences their perceived motivation. Our findings suggest that both, the distinct business model and the mission of a social business have a great impact on people’s choice of employment. Moreover, the company values, which are partly derived from the mission of a social business, also influence prospective employees’ choice of employment. In addition, the employees’ educational background impacts their choice as their values reflect their education. They are also looking for such work, whose content fits their education. In our study we have tried to point out that perceived employee motivation in a social business is also strongly influenced by value congruence. Moreover, the perceived meaningfulness that derives from the social business’ mission has an impact on the perceived employee motivation. The employees feel that their work is positively affecting people, society, and the environment, which results in task significance and prosocial motivation. Finally, the flexibility of the work, the ability to influence the work content, and the work atmosphere, are also shown to exercise a great influence on perceived employee motivation.

This study aimed to investigate the influence of the brand-image congruence on consumers¡¦ attitudes toward the sponsor, the advertisement, and the sports website, and it also examined the moderating effect of sports involvement. An experimental design was used to measure the attitudes of 1,063 Internet users. The results of this study showed that higher level of brand-image congruence resulted in more positive attitudes toward the sponsor, the advertisement, and the sports website, whereas the moderating effect of sports involvement was not significant. This study provides brand management implications for both sponsors and sports websites, and suggestions for future research were outlined.

<p>This paper examines how internal branding can be integrated into the management control system to overcome the challenges faced by divisionalised companies regarding goal congruence and suboptimisation. A theoretical synthesis pointing out the similarities between management control and internal branding has been used together with the obtained information from interviews to create a new model on how to integrate internal branding into the management control system. Four organisations were included in the empirical research, namley SAS, Länsförsäkringar, Handelsbanken and LiU, which all have divisionalised structures. All of the organisations are in some way using internal branding, implicitly or explicitly, to control behaviour.</p><p>Our results show that internal branding on its own is not sufficient to control the behaviour within the organisation. However, integrated in the management control system and combined with the general informal control, internal branding is a rather inexpensive and effective way of coordinating divisional behaviour. We argue that a deeper understanding for behavioural control is needed and that internal branding should be given more importance within the management control area.</p>