No description available.

No description available.

In the context of growing concerns regarding global climatic change, developing methods to assess the carbon storage of various ecosystems has become important. This research attempts to develop low or no cost methods to estimate carbon stock in forests using satellite-based data. More specifically, this research explores the utility of spaceborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for forest canopy height and aboveground biomass estimation. High-resolution (sub meter) airborne LiDAR data were collected and validated for a 75 000 ha area near Clearwater, British Columbia. Airborne LiDAR has been widely demonstrated to yield accurate aboveground biomass estimates. 110 temporally coincident Geospatial Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) waveforms from the study site were used in this research. First, I demonstrate that airborne LiDAR can be manipulated to represent waveform curves with a high degree of similarity to GLAS waveform curves. Based on the relationship between the GLAS and simulated waveforms I am able to visualize the ground contribution to GLAS waveforms. Second, I calculate a suite of novel GLAS waveform metrics and develop models of terrain relief, canopy height, and terrain adjusted canopy height. These models compare favourably to other GLAS studies (terrain relief R2=0.76, canopy height R2= 0.75-0.88) and indicate that terrain relief should be included in GLAS derived canopy height models. Third, I attempt to extrapolate the spatially discrete GLAS estimates to spatially continuous estimates using Landsat TM data. Landsat data have been used extensively for AGBM estimation, although they are known to have limitations for studies in high biomass or structurally complex forests. I develop models to predict GLAS AGBM estimates from Landsat bands and indices (R2=0.6). I then use an airborne LiDAR derived AGBM map to generate a map of over and under prediction of AGBM, and evaluate the success of the model in areas of differing forest species and structure. I conclude that GLAS data is appropriate for AGBM estimation in forests over a wide range of biomass values, but that GLAS and Landsat integration for AGBM estimation should only be conducted in forests with less than approximately 120 Mg/ha of AGBM, 60 years of age, or 60% canopy cover.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Submitted by JANAINA RODRIGUES DA SILVA null (janainars_t@yahoo.com) on 2016-11-22T18:37:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Araucaria angustifolia_Janaína Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 2218927 bytes, checksum: 12fa99634d8fc6869bca8b6bedc8a600 (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: No campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” foi informado que seria disponibilizado o texto parcial porém no campo “Data para a disponibilização do texto completo” foi informado que o prazo para disponibilização de texto completo “Não se aplica” por se tratar de texto completo a ser disponibilizado imediatamente. Caso opte pela disponibilização do texto completo selecione no campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” a opção “Texto completo”. Caso queira disponibilizar imediatamente apenas o texto parcial indique no campo “data para disponibilização do texto completo” o tempo em que apenas a versão parcial estará disponível. Esta opção é utilizada caso você tenha planos de publicar seu trabalho em periódicos científicos ou em formato de livro, desse modo somente as páginas pré-textuais, introdução, considerações e referências sejam disponibilizadas. Por favor, corrija esta informação realizando uma nova submissão. on 2016-11-25T16:55:14Z (GMT) / Submitted by JANAINA RODRIGUES DA SILVA null (janainars_t@yahoo.com) on 2016-11-30T18:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Araucaria angustifolia_Janaína Rodrigues da Silva.pdf: 2218927 bytes, checksum: 12fa99634d8fc6869bca8b6bedc8a600 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-02T12:21:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jr_me_ilha.pdf: 2218927 bytes, checksum: 12fa99634d8fc6869bca8b6bedc8a600 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T12:21:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jr_me_ilha.pdf: 2218927 bytes, checksum: 12fa99634d8fc6869bca8b6bedc8a600 (MD5) Previous issue date: 16-08-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em função da importância ecológica, econômica e do alto grau de degradação das Florestas com araucária, informações sobre genética de populações envolvendo a Araucaria angustifolia são essenciais para programas de conservação ex situ e o melhoramento genético. A conservação ex situ de populações na forma de testes de procedências e progênies permite monitorar os níveis de variabilidade genética e verificar a eficácia de estratégia de amostragem utilizadas nas populações. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo foi realizar a caracterização genética e estimar o ganho com a seleção em três testes de procedências e progênies de A. angustifolia em Colombo-PR visando a produção de madeira e de sementes. Essas áreas experimentais foram estabelecidas sob delineamento experimental em blocos de progênies compactadas. O número de progênies e repetições em cada área variou da seguinte forma: 25, 110 e 50 progênies e 16, 2 e 6 repetições, nas áreas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os caracteres avaliados foram: o diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), altura total (ALT), volume total (VOL), diâmetro médio de copa (DMC) e espessura da casca (ESP) aos 30, 32 e 33 anos de idade e os caracteres de produção de pinhão. Os parâmetros genéticos e componentes de variância foram obtidos pelo procedimento REML/BLUP. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram concluir que há variação genética significativa entre procedências e progênies para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados. Verificou-se que a maior parte da variação genética encontra-se entre progênies para 67% dos caracteres avaliados e 33% entre procedências. O diâmetro a altura do peito aos 32 anos foi o mais indicado para a seleção dos indivíduos nas áreas experimentais. As correlações fenotípicas e genéticas entre os caracteres silviculturais foram moderadas a altas, positivas e significativas, variou de 0,95 a 0,98. As procedências Telêmaco Borba-PR e Irati- PR apresentam melhor desempenho em DAP 32. A correlação entre as distâncias genotípicas e geográficas foram positivas em todas as áreas experimentais, confirmando que a variabilidade genética está estruturada no espaço. Com base na distância de Mahalanobis, os acessos de araucária foram separados em grupos distintos. Esses foram formados, principalmente, pelas procedências geograficamente mais próximas. Com a análise descritiva das pinhas e pinhões obteve-se ligeira superioridade na capacidade produtiva das árvores matrizes da área 1 comparada as árvores matrizes da área 2. Correlações fenotípicas moderadas negativa a moderadas positiva foram observadas para os caracteres de crescimento associados aos da produção de pinhão. Com base no diâmetro à altura do peito aos 32 anos foram simuladas duas intensidades de seleção em nível individual. A intensidade de seleção de 41%, 38% e 27% foi a mais adequada visto que proporcionaram ganhos por seleção de 8,27% 7,63% e 7,59% nas áreas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Esta estratégia evitará a perda excessiva de variabilidade genética e ganhos genéticos modestos. / Due to both ecological and economic importance, as well as the high degree of degradation of Araucarian Forests, it can be important to obtain genetic information about genetic of Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) population is essential to ex situ conservation programs and genetic improvement. The ex situ population conservation, in the configuration of provenance and progeny tests allow monitoring the genetic variability levels and checking the efficiency of sampling strategies used in population. In this context, the aim of this work was to perform the genetic characterization and estimate gain with selection in three provenance and progeny tests of A. angustifolia in Colombo-PR, Brazil, more specifically, and analysis will focus on its wood and seed production. Those trial areas were established by experimental design in compacted blocks of progeny. The number of replicates and progenies in each area varied as follows: 25, 110 and 50 progenies and 16, 2 and 6 replicates, respectively, in the areas 1, 2 and 3. The evaluated traits were: diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (ALT), total volume (VOL), average crown diameter (DMC) and bark thickness (ESP) at 30, 32 and 33 years old beyond the traits related to pine nut production. Genetic parameters and variance components were obtained by REML/BLUP procedure. The results of this study indicated a significant genetic variation among provenances and progenies for the majority of evaluated traits. It was determined that most of the genetic variation was found among progenies up to 67% of the analysed traits and 33% among of provenances. The DBH at age 32 was the most suitable for the selection of individuals in the experimental areas. Phenotypic and genetic correlations between growth traits were observed from moderate to high, positive and significant, varying from 0,95 to 0,98. Provenances Telêmaco Borba-PR and Irati-PR presented best performances for the trait for DBH 32. The correlation between genotypic and geographical distances were positive in all experimental areas, confirming that genetic variability is structured in space. Based on the Mahalanobis distances, the araucaria accesses were separated into different groups. These were clustered, especially by the geographically closest provenances. With the descriptive analysis of pine cones and pine nuts, it gave a slight superiority in the productive capacity of trees in the Area 1 compared to trees of Area 2. Moderate negative to moderate positive phenotpic correlation were observed for growth traits associated to variables of pine nut production. Based on DBH trait at 32 years old were simulated two selection intensities at individual level. The selection intensity of 41%, 38% and 27%, leads genetic gains 8.27%, 7.63% and 7.59% in areas 1, 2 and 3, respectively. This strategy will avoid an excessive loss of genetic variability and modest genetic gains.

Orientador: Ananda Virginia de Aguiar / Resumo: Em função da importância ecológica, econômica e do alto grau de degradação das Florestas com araucária, informações sobre genética de populações envolvendo a Araucaria angustifolia são essenciais para programas de conservação ex situ e o melhoramento genético. A conservação ex situ de populações na forma de testes de procedências e progênies permite monitorar os níveis de variabilidade genética e verificar a eficácia de estratégia de amostragem utilizadas nas populações. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo foi realizar a caracterização genética e estimar o ganho com a seleção em três testes de procedências e progênies de A. angustifolia em Colombo-PR visando a produção de madeira e de sementes. Essas áreas experimentais foram estabelecidas sob delineamento experimental em blocos de progênies compactadas. O número de progênies e repetições em cada área variou da seguinte forma: 25, 110 e 50 progênies e 16, 2 e 6 repetições, nas áreas 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Os caracteres avaliados foram: o diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), altura total (ALT), volume total (VOL), diâmetro médio de copa (DMC) e espessura da casca (ESP) aos 30, 32 e 33 anos de idade e os caracteres de produção de pinhão. Os parâmetros genéticos e componentes de variância foram obtidos pelo procedimento REML/BLUP. Os resultados deste trabalho permitiram concluir que há variação genética significativa entre procedências e progênies para a maioria dos caracteres avaliados. Verificou-se que a maior parte da variaçã... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Les écosystèmes forestiers constituent le principal réservoir à long terme de carbone. Toutefois, les dynamiques saisonnières de productions de cette biomasse ligneuse, en relation avec l'assimilation du carbone par l'écosystème et les déterminants environnementaux, restent peu étudiées, limitant notre compréhension du cycle du carbone et particulièrement sa sensibilité aux changements actuels du climat. Cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre les relations entre le processus de séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation, la physiologie de l’arbre, l’assimilation du carbone par le peuplement, et les conditions environnementales du site. L’étude porte sur trois sites instrumentés d’une tour à flux avec un peuplement constitué principalement par, respectivement l’épicéa à Tharandt en 2016, le hêtre à Hesse en 2015-2017, et le chêne à Barbeau en 2016. La formation du bois a été suivis par prélèvement hebdomadaire de microcarottes contenant, le phloème, le cambium et le xylème en formation sur des arbres dominants sélectionnés dans l’empreinte de mesure de la tour. La productivité primaire brute a été estimée par Eddy-Covariance, et les variables climatiques mesurés grâce aux dispositifs de la tour. En premier, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle approche histologique, plus rapide et plus précise que la méthode précédemment publiée sur les résineux, pour quantifier la dynamique intra-annuelle de la séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation, basée sur des mesures répétées de la densité apparente du xylème, et applicable également aux angiospermes. Dans le 2nd chapitre, nous avons montré que l’occurrence en même temps du développement de la canopée et de la reprise de l’activité cambiale pouvait ralentir la croissance radiale du xylème, et favoriser la formation d’un xylème à porosité élevée mais rapidement fonctionnel. Dans le 3ème chapitre, nous avons démontré que le plan ligneux détermine la coordination temporelle entre la croissance en taille et en biomasse du tronc au cours de la saison de végétation, la séquestration du carbone dans le bois en formation étant toujours décalée derrière la croissance radiale du tronc due aux processus internes de la xylogenèse, avec une tendance croissance du décalage temporel pour l’épicéa et le hêtre, mais une tendance décroissante chez le chêne. Le 4ème chapitre démontre que indépendamment du peuplement, la dynamique d'assimilation du carbone présentait une courbe en cloche symétrique culminant en Juin, tandis que la dynamique saisonnière de la séquestration du carbone variait entre les 3 espèces. Le peuplement de hêtres a concentré la séquestration du carbone dans le tronc en Mai-Juillet, tandis que les peuplements d'épicéa et de chênes ont plutôt culminé en Juin-Août et ont concentré cette séquestration vers la 2ème partie de la saison de végétation. Dans le 5ème chapitre, grâce à un suivi de trois ans des flux de carbone, de la croissance des arbres, et des facteurs environnementaux dans le peuplement de hêtres matures, nous avons montré que le classement du bilan de carbone annuel n'était pas maintenu d'une année à l'autre, avec l’assimilation de carbone annuel la plus élevée en 2017, mais la production de biomasse ligneuse la plus élevée en 2016. Cela suggère que l'allocation du carbone de l'assimilation à la séquestration dans la tige ne suit pas une simple règle d’allométrie. Enfin, nous avons observé que, parallèlement à la formation d'un nouveau xylème, la teneur en amidon augmentait également durant la formation du bois. Cela suggère que le stockage de carbone et la croissance du tronc étaient étroitement liés, avec une proportion plus importante chez le chêne que chez l’épicéa et le hêtre. Ainsi, cette thèse a permis d'améliorer nos connaissances sur la dynamique de l'allocation du carbone dans l'arbre, de l'assimilation au niveau des feuilles à la séquestration à long terme dans le bois, et d'explorer leur sensibilité respective aux conditions climatiques. / Forest ecosystems are the major and most perennial terrestrial carbon pool. However, the seasonal dynamics of production of this woody biomass, in relation to the ecosystem carbon uptake remain poorly studied, limiting our understanding of the carbon cycle and particularly its sensitivity to current climate changes. This thesis aimed to better understand the underlying process of carbon sequestration within forming wood, as related to tree physiology, stand carbon assimilation and site environmental conditions. The study was conducted on three instrumented site with a flux tower, the stand is dominated respectively by spruce in Tharandt in 2016, by beech in Hesse in 2015-2017, and by oak in Barbeau in 2016. To monitor wood formation, wood samples containing phloem, cambial zone, and developing xylem were collected weekly on dominant trees within the tower footprint. Flux tower measurements were used to estimate the daily GPP of the stand, and record the climatic conditions. In the 1st chapter, we developed a novel histologic approach, to quantify the intra-annual dynamics of carbon sequestration in spruce forming wood. This approach, based on repeated measurements of xylem apparent density, is easier, faster, and more accurate than the previously available method, and is applicable also to angiosperm species. In the 2nd chapter, we showed that simultaneous occurrence of the canopy development and the resumption of cambial activity slowed down xylem radial growth, and might entail the formation of xylem with high porosity but functional at early growing season. In the 3rd chapter, we demonstrated that the tree-ring structure determined the temporal coordination between stem growth in size and in biomass along the growing season, with carbon sequestration in forming wood always lagging behind stem radial growth due to inner processes of xylogenesis. Indeed, we showed an increasing timelag ranging from ten days to nearly one month for spruce and beech, but a decreasing timelag from nearly three to one week for oak trees. In the 4th chapter, we observed that regardless of the stand, carbon assimilation followed a large and symmetric bell curve peaking in June, while seasonal dynamics of carbon sequestration differed among the three species. The beech trees concentrated carbon sequestration in stem in May-July, while the spruce and oak trees rather peaked in June-August, and completed stem growth towards the second part of the growing season. In the 5th chapter, based on a three-year monitoring of carbon fluxes, trees growth and environmental factors in the mature beech stand, we showed that ranking of annual carbon balance was not maintained from one year to another, with higher carbon assimilation during the hottest year, but higher woody biomass production in the wettest year. This suggests that allocation of carbon from assimilation to sequestration in stem is not following a simple allometric rule. In the last chapter, we observed that parallel to formation of a new xylem, starch content also increased in forming wood, suggesting that storage and stem growth were tightly connected along the growing season, with higher allocation to storage for sessile oak, compared to spruce and beech. This thesis has improved our knowledge about the dynamics of carbon allocation in the tree, from assimilation at the leaf level to long-term sequestration into the wood, and allowed to explore their respective sensitivity to climate conditions. A better quantification of the shift between stem growth in size and in biomass will require to disentangle the kinetics of cellulose and lignin deposition. However, our work contributed to a better understanding of the intra-annual dynamics of stem radial growth and carbon sequestration, which could help to improve modelling of forests net primary productivity, in the context of current global warming.

No description available.

No description available.

The late Paleozoic deposits of the Czech Republic are famous for their rich occurence of silicified stems. Despite the fact they have been often described and are well-known among scientists and collectors, their modern evaluation is lacking. This work summarizes results of recent anatomical and paleoenvironmental studies of silicified stems of the Intra Sudetic and Krkonoše Piedmont basins, where are these fossils found very frequently. Based on field research and review of public and private collections, the presence of silicified remnants was proved in several stratigraphic units. Firstly, this work deals with silicified stems of calamitaleans, which are known from the Ploužnice Horizon of the Krkonoše Piedmont Basin, and some gymnosperms. Based on anatomical studies of the secondary xylem and other related features there were found two species of calamitaleans: Arthropitys cf. bistriata and Calamitea striata. Secondly, the more abundant Agathoxylon - type of wood was divided into two groups, which are assigned to cordaitaleans, and conifers. The palaeoenvironmental conditions were partly reconstructed according to sedimentary structures and also according to cordaitaleans - conifers ratio in each wood-bearing layer. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)