The nature of the Republican constitution has been much contested by scholars studying the history of the Roman Republic. In considering the problems of the late Republic, the nature of the constitution is an important question, for if we do not understand what the constitution was, how can we explain Rome’s transition from ‘Republic’ to ‘Empire’? Such a question is particularly pertinent when looking at events at Rome following the assassination of Caesar, as we try to understand why it was that the Republic, as we understand it as a polity without a sole ruler, was not restored. This thesis examines the Roman understanding of the constitution in the aftermath of Caesar’s death and argues that for the Romans the constitution was a contested entity, its proper nature debated and fought over, and that this contest led to conflict on the political stage, becoming a key factor in the failure to restore the Republic and the establishment of the Second Triumvirate. The thesis proposes a new methodology for the examination of the constitution, employing modern critical theories of discourse and the formation of knowledge to establish and analyse the Roman constitution as a discursive entity: interpreted, contested and established through discourse. I argue that the Roman knowledge of the proper nature of the constitution of the res publica had fractured by the time of Caesar’s death and that this fracturing led to multiple understandings of the constitution. In this thesis I describe the state of Rome in 44-43 B.C. to reveal these multiple understandings of the constitution, and undertake an analysis of the discourse of Cicero and Sallust after 44 B.C. in order to describe the way in which different understandings of the constitution were formulated and expressed. Through this examination this thesis shows that the expression and interrelation of these multiple understandings in Roman political discourse made arrival at a unified agreement on a common course of action all but impossible and that this combined with the volatile atmosphere at Rome after Caesar’s death played a major role in Rome’s slide towards civil war and the eventual establishment of a different political system.

Univ., Diss.--Heidelberg, 2004. / Literaturverz. S. 287 - 327.

This is a study of official documents published by and for the Cape colonial Parliament from the mid nineteenth century, when the parliamentary system of government began in South Africa, to the early years of the twentieth century, when the Cape colony was incorporated into the Union of South Africa. The constitutional framework within which government and parliamentary publishing took place is outlined, and the relevance of each type of document to the work of Parliament and the present-day researcher is explained. Emphasis has been placed on the administration of the publishing process from conceptualization through the printing stages to distribution and finally to the disposal of surplus material. The study concludes with an investigation of the current status of Cape parliamentary publications respecting preservation issues and the exploitation of the material for research purposes in libraries and archives, and some remarks on future trends. Particular attention has been given to use of the Dutch language in the predominantly English language Cape Parliament and the hitherto neglected effect this had on official publishing. Copious footnotes and seven appendixes have been supplied to make this study thoroughly comprehensive. / Information Science / M.Info. (Information Science)

The objective of this thesis is to assess the impact and influence of South Africa's Constitutional Court in the first two years of our democracy. To achieve this objective, some of the definitive and controversial cases already decided by the Court have been selected and analysed in an attempt to glean some jurisprudential perspectives of the Court. It focuses on the work of the Court over the past two years. It deals with the evolution of South Africa into a democracy, and analyzes the South African legal system prior to the beginning of the process of transformation. It briefly surveys the evolution of our constitutional system, dating back from the pre-1910 colonial period and provides a broad outline of the legal system in the post-April 1994 period of transformation. It analyzes the Court from the point of view of, inter alia, its composition, jurisdiction and powers. The Court is also contrasted with courts in other jurisdictions which exercise full judicial review. The Court's emerging jurisprudence is examined. A review is made, inter alia, of the Court's understanding of, and approach to, the questions of the values underpinning the post-apartheid society and its constitutional system, and constitutional interpretation. The right against self-incrimination and South African company law and the two relevant Constitutional Court cases are discussed. The collection of evidence by the State and the constitutionality of provisions relating to search and seizure and the taking of fingerprints are looked into. The Court's approach to statutory presumptions and criminal prosecutions; some aspects of our appeals procedures; an accused's right to be assisted by a lawyer at state expense; the question of a fair trial and access to information; capital punishment; corporal punishment; committal to prison for debt; and the certification of constitutions is analyzed. Two of the cases in which the provinces clashed with the national government on the distribution of posers between provinces and the national government are discussed. The conclusion is that the Court has, overall, hitherto acquitted itself well in the handling of particularly the controversial quasi-political questions that arose in the cases it has decided. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / L.L. D. (Law)

La création du Supremo Tribunal Federal est recherché par de facteurs qui ont influencé la chute de la monarchie, l'oeuvre du Gouvernement Provisoire, les discussions à l'Assemblée constituante et les normes de la nouvelle Constitution. L'environnement politique et juridique qui commence à se développer en 1870 explique la force des groupes, des idées politiques et comment les États-Unis sont devenus le modèle de référence pour le Brésilien. Il est le rôle des positivistes, des militaires, des propriétaires fonciers, des intellectuels urbains et la naissante opinion publique des villes qui composent l'environnement pour le remplacement de l'ancien système politique. Ces éléments sont présentés afin de vérifier comment était la division de la pensée politique au Brésil et les effets de cette division dans les normes constitutionnelles républicaines. Même qui bien documenté l'histoire de la cour suprême après leur activité, ces moments de création aident a donner un aperçu des origines de la cour et les raisons de sa conception institutionnelle. La compréhension de ces moments permettent d'expliquer les conflits qui pourraient surgir lorsqu'un tribunal avec de telles compétences ont agi pendant décennies dans un contexte peu enclins à accepter les interventions et les limites aux décisions politiques. / A criação do Supremo Tribunal Federal é pesquisada por meio dos fatores que influíram na queda da coroa, implantação do Governo Provisório, discussões na Assembleia Constituinte e as normas da nova Constituição. O ambiente político e jurídico que começa a se desenvolver em 1870 explica a força dos grupos e ideias políticas e como os Estados Unidos da América passaram a ser o modelo de referência para os brasileiros. É o papel dos positivistas, militares, proprietários rurais, intelectuais urbanos e a nascente opinião pública das cidades que formam o ambiente para a substituição do antigo sistema político. Esses elementos são apresentados para verificar como se dividiam as correntes de pensamento político no Brasil e os efeitos dessa divisão nas normas constitucionais republicanas. Apesar de estar bem documentada a trajetória do Supremo Tribunal Federal após a sua atividade, esses momentos de criação ajudam a dar uma perspectiva das origens da corte e os motivos de seu desenho institucional. Compreender esses momentos ajuda a explicar os conflitos que seriam gerados quando uma corte com tais competências fosse atuar por décadas em um contexto pouco propenso a aceitar intervenções e limitações de decisões políticas. / The creation of the Supremo Tribunal Federal is researched considering the factors that influenced the fall of the monarchy, beginning of the Interim Government, discussions in the Constituent Assembly and the norms of the new Constitution. The political and legal environment that begins to develop in 1870 explains the role of groups, political ideas and how the United States became the reference model for the Brazilian. It is the role of the positivists, military, landowners, urban intellectuals and the rising public opinion in the cities that make up the environment for the replacement of the old political system. These elements are presented to verify how divided the currents of political thought were in Brazil and the effects of this division in the Republican constitutional norms. Although the history of the supreme court after its activity is well documented, these moments of creation help to give a fuller perspective of the court origins and the reasons for its institutional design. Understanding these moments helps to explain the conflicts that would arise when a court with such ample legal attributions were operating for decades in a context disinclined to accept interventions and limitations of policy decisions. / La creación de lo Supremo Tribunal Federal es investigada por medio de los factores que influyeron en la caída de la corona, la implementación del Gobierno Provisional, los debates en la Asamblea Constituyente y las reglas de la nueva Constitución. El entorno político y legal que comienza a desarrollarse en 1870 explica la fuerza de los grupos, las ideas políticas y cómo el Estados Unidos se convirtió en el modelo de referencia para los brasileños. Es el papel de los positivistas, militares, propietarios de tierras, intelectuales urbanos y la naciente opinión pública en las ciudades que conforman el entorno para la sustitución del antiguo sistema político. Estos elementos se presentan para se verificar cómo eran divididas las corrientes del pensamiento político en Brasil y los efectos de esta división en las normas constitucionales republicanas. Aunque bien documentada la historia de lo Supremo Tribunal Federal después de su actividad, estos momentos de la creación ayudan a dar una visión de los orígenes de la corte y las razones de su diseño institucional. La comprensión de estos momentos ayuda a explicar los conflictos que surgen cuando un tribunal con tales habilidades estuviera actuando por décadas en un contexto poco dispuesto a aceptar las intervenciones y las limitaciones en las decisiones políticas.

La création du Supremo Tribunal Federal est recherché par de facteurs qui ont influencé la chute de la monarchie, l'oeuvre du Gouvernement Provisoire, les discussions à l'Assemblée constituante et les normes de la nouvelle Constitution. L'environnement politique et juridique qui commence à se développer en 1870 explique la force des groupes, des idées politiques et comment les États-Unis sont devenus le modèle de référence pour le Brésilien. Il est le rôle des positivistes, des militaires, des propriétaires fonciers, des intellectuels urbains et la naissante opinion publique des villes qui composent l'environnement pour le remplacement de l'ancien système politique. Ces éléments sont présentés afin de vérifier comment était la division de la pensée politique au Brésil et les effets de cette division dans les normes constitutionnelles républicaines. Même qui bien documenté l'histoire de la cour suprême après leur activité, ces moments de création aident a donner un aperçu des origines de la cour et les raisons de sa conception institutionnelle. La compréhension de ces moments permettent d'expliquer les conflits qui pourraient surgir lorsqu'un tribunal avec de telles compétences ont agi pendant décennies dans un contexte peu enclins à accepter les interventions et les limites aux décisions politiques. / A criação do Supremo Tribunal Federal é pesquisada por meio dos fatores que influíram na queda da coroa, implantação do Governo Provisório, discussões na Assembleia Constituinte e as normas da nova Constituição. O ambiente político e jurídico que começa a se desenvolver em 1870 explica a força dos grupos e ideias políticas e como os Estados Unidos da América passaram a ser o modelo de referência para os brasileiros. É o papel dos positivistas, militares, proprietários rurais, intelectuais urbanos e a nascente opinião pública das cidades que formam o ambiente para a substituição do antigo sistema político. Esses elementos são apresentados para verificar como se dividiam as correntes de pensamento político no Brasil e os efeitos dessa divisão nas normas constitucionais republicanas. Apesar de estar bem documentada a trajetória do Supremo Tribunal Federal após a sua atividade, esses momentos de criação ajudam a dar uma perspectiva das origens da corte e os motivos de seu desenho institucional. Compreender esses momentos ajuda a explicar os conflitos que seriam gerados quando uma corte com tais competências fosse atuar por décadas em um contexto pouco propenso a aceitar intervenções e limitações de decisões políticas. / The creation of the Supremo Tribunal Federal is researched considering the factors that influenced the fall of the monarchy, beginning of the Interim Government, discussions in the Constituent Assembly and the norms of the new Constitution. The political and legal environment that begins to develop in 1870 explains the role of groups, political ideas and how the United States became the reference model for the Brazilian. It is the role of the positivists, military, landowners, urban intellectuals and the rising public opinion in the cities that make up the environment for the replacement of the old political system. These elements are presented to verify how divided the currents of political thought were in Brazil and the effects of this division in the Republican constitutional norms. Although the history of the supreme court after its activity is well documented, these moments of creation help to give a fuller perspective of the court origins and the reasons for its institutional design. Understanding these moments helps to explain the conflicts that would arise when a court with such ample legal attributions were operating for decades in a context disinclined to accept interventions and limitations of policy decisions. / La creación de lo Supremo Tribunal Federal es investigada por medio de los factores que influyeron en la caída de la corona, la implementación del Gobierno Provisional, los debates en la Asamblea Constituyente y las reglas de la nueva Constitución. El entorno político y legal que comienza a desarrollarse en 1870 explica la fuerza de los grupos, las ideas políticas y cómo el Estados Unidos se convirtió en el modelo de referencia para los brasileños. Es el papel de los positivistas, militares, propietarios de tierras, intelectuales urbanos y la naciente opinión pública en las ciudades que conforman el entorno para la sustitución del antiguo sistema político. Estos elementos se presentan para se verificar cómo eran divididas las corrientes del pensamiento político en Brasil y los efectos de esta división en las normas constitucionales republicanas. Aunque bien documentada la historia de lo Supremo Tribunal Federal después de su actividad, estos momentos de la creación ayudan a dar una visión de los orígenes de la corte y las razones de su diseño institucional. La comprensión de estos momentos ayuda a explicar los conflictos que surgen cuando un tribunal con tales habilidades estuviera actuando por décadas en un contexto poco dispuesto a aceptar las intervenciones y las limitaciones en las decisiones políticas.

Les juges de la Cour Suprême des États-Unis et la notion de constitution vivante.Une constitution écrite peut-elle évoluer au cours du temps et s’adapter aux besoins et aux valeurs évolutives de la société, sans pour autant être révisée formellement ? Et si oui, qu’en est-il du texte constitutionnel ? Devant ces interrogations, la notion de constitution vivante vise à résoudre le paradoxe du changement matériel de la Constitution sans modification du texte. Elle est sans aucun doute un topos – qui ne manque pas de susciter des critiques,notamment celle de la théorie dite « originaliste » - de la pensée constitutionnelle américaine, un concept mobilisé, en l’occurrence, pour justifier la cause de la réforme juridique et sociale. Elle a été développée,durant le XXe siècle, principalement par des juges de la Cour Suprême américaine qui ont fourni une approche stimulante et fertile de la nature de la Constitution. La notion de constitution vivante exprime donc une conception évolutive de la Loi suprême, qui saurait, par sa flexibilité et sa fonctionnalité,s’adapter au changement de circonstances. Dans ce cadre, elle a été instrumentalisée afin de surmonter la rigidité de la procédure de révision formelle prescrite par l’article V de la Constitution. Cette notion est dès lors porteuse de la tension entre la permanence du texte et l’évolution du droit constitutionnel positif. Pour justifier ce décalage entre la forme et le fond, les juges défenseurs de la constitution vivante ont toujours traité le texte comme un « document vivant », qui doit être lu à la lumière des valeurs évolutives et des idéaux partagés par le peuple américain. / The Justices of the United States Supreme Court and the notion of the livingConstitutionCan a written constitution evolve over time and adapt itself to the changingneeds and values of society, without being formally amended? If yes, thenwhat about the text? The notion of the living constitution tries to solve theparadox of constitutional change without modification of the text. It is acommon place notion – though subject to fierce criticism, notably byoriginalism - of U.S. constitutional thought, a concept invoked on manydifferent occasions in order to promote constitutional and social change. It hasbeen primarily elaborated by certain Justices of the Supreme Court of theUnited States during the 20th century, who have offered a stimulatingapproach of the nature of the U.S. Constitution. From their point of view, thenotion of the living constitution is based on the idea that the Constitutionevolves over time adapting itself to the ever changing circumstances. It thusleads to a theory of interpretation which treats the constitutional provisionsthat allocate powers or guarantee individual rights as flexible and vital.Furthermore, the notion of the living constitution has been used as a means ofovercoming the barrier of the amendment procedure as prescribed by Article Vof the U.S. Constitution. Therefore, it is marked by the tension between thepermanence of the text and the evolution of constitutional law. In order tojustify this evolution, the Justices who defend the notion of the livingConstitution, have always treated the text as a living document, which mustbe read in light of the aspirations and the high ideals of the American people.

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)

This thesis is a study of British colonial policy in southern Afiica in the 1 gill centwy. More specifically it looks at how British imperial policy, in the period 1875 to 1881, played itself out in two British colonies in southern Africa, Wlder the direction of a British imperial agent, William Owen Lanyon. It sets Lanyon in the context of the frontiers and attempts to link the histories of the people who lived there, the Africans, Boers and British settlers on the one han~ and the histories of colonial policy on the other. In doing so it also unravels the relationship between Lanyon and his superiors in London and those in southern Africa. In 1875 Owen Lanyon arrived in Griqualand West, where his brief was to help promote a confederation policy in southern Africa. Because of the discovery of diamonds some years earlier, Lanyon's administration had to take account of the rising mining industry and the aggressive new capitalist economy. He also had to deal with Griqua and Tlhaping resistance to colonialism. Lanyon was transferred to the Transvaal in 1879, where he was confronted by another community that was dissatisfied with British rule: the Transvaal Boers. Indeed, in Pretoria he was faced with an extremely difficult situation, which he handled very poorly. Boer resistance to imperial rule eventually came to a head when war broke out and Lanyon and his officials were among those besieged in Pretoria. In February 1881 imperial troops suffered defeat at the hands of Boer commandos at Majuba and Lanyon was recalled to Britain. In both colonies Lanyon was caught up in the struggle between the imperial power and the local people and, seen in a larger context, in the conflict for white control over the land and labour of Africans and that between the old pre-mineral South Africa and the new capitalist order. He made a crucial contribution to developments in the sub-continent and it is remarkable that his role in southern Africa has thus far been neglected. / History / D.Litt. et Phil. (History)

Mozambique is undergoing intensive socio-economic reforms to reconstruct war damages and develop the nation. The reforms consist of economic liberalisation through structural adjustment and monetarist economic stabilisation, e.g. government withdrawal from economic activities, privatisation, deregulation, reduction of tariff levels on imports and tax on investments, cuts of expenditure on social services, restrictive credit system, focus on monetarism, increased taxation on individual income, etc. The nature of these reforms, on the surface, leads to morally questionable conditions. There is social chaos and disintegration, high indices of corruption, subtle recolonisation, decline of civil services, etc. At the bottom lie the market ethics and fundamentalist theological discourse by dint of which the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund deny historical consciousness, lack institutional memory, vest themselves with unquestionable international authority, dictate and impose policies without accountability for the social consequences. If there is any hope for Mozambicans, it lies in development ethics which relies heavily on the liberation motif, historical consciousness, and African Heritage. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M. Th. (Theological Ethics)