Spelling suggestions: "subject:"constitutional althouth africa."" "subject:"constitutional althouth affrica.""
111 |
A delicate balance : equality, non-discrimination and affirmative action in Namibian constitutional law, as compared to South African and U.S. constitutional lawCassidy, Elizabeth Ann Kandravy 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis examines the constitutional law of equality, non-discrimination and
affirmative action in Namibia, and compares it to that of South Africa and the United
States. Namibian judicial interpretation in these areas seeks to balance the need to
safeguard the internationally recognized human rights that the Namibian Constitution
guarantees with the need to ensure that Namibian constitutional law is seen as
grounded in Namibia's historical experience and culture. This latter imperative
derives from the Namibian Constitution's origins in an international negotiation
process, which has led to some popular criticism of the Constitution as foreign and
imposed. As a result, Namibian courts have been careful to ensure that reliance on
foreign precedent (where there is no local authority) does not diminish the
Constitution's unique character and its suitability to the Namibian situation. To that
end, the Namibian courts have given great weight to the role of current Namibian
societal values in constitutional interpretation. In the areas of equality, nondiscrimination
and affirmative action, Namibian courts have generally followed the
South African approach, except with respect to discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation. The author concludes that the adoption of the South African approach
generally makes sense for Namibia, and specifically criticizes the Namibian courts'
approach to sexual orientation discrimination.
The statutes enacted in Namibia to carry out the Constitution's equality and nondiscrimination
guarantees, including in the area of affirmative action, are also
considered. While these statutes have not yet been subject to judicial interpretation, it
seems likely that future cases presenting issues arising under these statutes will
necessitate the same balancing referred to above.
The thesis begins with an overview of each Constitution's textual treatment of
equality, non-discrimination and affirmative action, and a discussion comparing the
background and basic structure of the three Constitutions. It then focuses on the
judicial and legislative interpretation of the concepts of equality and nondiscrimination
in Namibia, as compared to that in South Africa and the US.
Following that, the author discusses the judicial and legislative interpretation of the
concept of affirmative action in Namibia, also as compared to that in South Africa and
the United States. The thesis ends with the author's conclusions and some predictions
as to how the Namibian courts might rule on certain issues that seem likely to arise in
these areas in the future. / LLM Tesis deur Elizabeth Kandravy Cassidy, '''n Delikate Balans: Gelykheid,
nie-diskrimnasie en gelykberegtiging in Namibiese staatsreg - 'n vergelykende
studie met Suid-Afrikaanse en Amerikaanse Staatsreg" (2002)
Hierdie tesis ondersoek die staatsregtelike beskerming van gelykheid, niediskriminasie
en gelykberegtiging in Namibië in 'n regsvergelykende studie van Suid-
Afrikaanse en Amerikaanse staatsreg. Namibiese geregtelike interpretasie op hierdie
gebied poog om 'n balans te handhaaf tussen die behoefte om internasionaal erkende
menseregte deur die Namibiese grondwet te waarborg en die behoefte om te verseker
dat die grondslag van die Namibiese staatsreg soos gevestig in sy geskiedenis en
kultuur behoue bly. Laasgenoemde beweegrede spruit voort uit die feit dat die
Namibiese grondwet sy oorsprong te danke het aan 'n internasionale
onderhandelingsproses, wat gelei het tot die algemene siening dat die grondwet
vreemd is en nie uit eie geledere afgedwing word nie. Gevolglik steun die Namibiese
howe met omsigtigheid op buitelandse presedente (waar daar geen plaaslike gesag is
nie) met die oog op behoud van die grondwet se unieke karakter en gepastheid binne
die Namibiese konteks. Met hierdie doel voor oë, plaas die Namibiese howe in
grondwetlike interpretasie, groter klem op die rol van kontemporêre
gemeenskapswaardes in Namibië. Op die gebied van gelykheid, nie-diskriminasie en
gelykberegtiging volg die Namibiese howe oor die algemeen die Suid-Afrikaanse
benadering, behalwe in die geval van diskriminasie op grond van seksuele oriëntasie.
Die skrywer kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die toepassing van die Suid-Afrikaanse
benadering in die algemeen sinvol is binne die Namibiese konteks and kritiseer die
Namibiese howe se benadering tot diskriminasie op grond van seksuele orientasie.
Die wetgewing wat in Namibië uitgevaardig is om die grondwetlik gewaarborgde
gelykheid en nie-diskriminasie, insluitend gelykberegtiging te verseker word ook
ondersoek. Alhoewel hierdie wetgewing nog nie aan geregtelike interpretasie
onderwerp is nie, blyk dit dat toekomstige uitsprake waar die wetgewing ter sprake
kom ook die balansering van hierdie belange sal noodsaak.
Die tesis begin met 'n oorsigtelike bespreking van die benadering tot gelykheid, niediskriminasie
en gelykberegtiging van die onderskeie grondwette en 'n
regsvergelykende bespreking van die agtergrond en basiese struktuur van die drie
grondwette. Vervolgens fokus die tesis op die geregtelike interpretasie van die
beginsels van gelykheid en nie-diskriminasie in Namibië, in vergelyking met Suid-
Afrika en die Verenigde State. Daarna bepreek die skrywer die geregtelike en
wetgewende interpretasie van die beginsel van gelykgeregtiging in Namibië, ook in 'n
regsvergelyking met die Suid-Afrikaanse en Amerikaanse posisie. Die tesis sluit af
met die skrywer se gevolgtrekkings en 'n paar voorspellings oor die moontlike
benadering wat die Namibiese howe in die toekoms sal volg tot sekere regskwessies
wat in hierdie vakgebied kan voorkom.
|
112 |
The prevention of HIV transmission from mother-to-child : the obligations of the South African government in terms of national and international lawsMpaka, M. 01 1900 (has links)
Women and children are often the most affected by pandemics which have swept through the world, and in this regard the HIV/AIDS pandemics is not an exception. The most common route of HIV infection in HIV positive children under 5 years of age is through Mother-To-Child Transmission (MTCT). In spite of the seriousness of this pandemic, the Constitutional Court has found that the measures taken by the South African government with regard to the Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission (PMTCT) has fallen short of what the Constitution requires. This dissertation critically reviews the management of the South African PMTCT programme, and discusses the relevant Court decisions. The study finally clarifies the obligations of the South Africa government in the context of PMTCT under the 1996 Constitution and in terms of international law. / Constitutional,International and Indigenous Law / LL.M. (Legal aspects of HIV/AIDS)
|
113 |
Lewensverhoudings : enkele juridiese aspekteBeukes, Hendrik Gerhardus Johannes 31 May 2006 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans. / Die definisie van 'n huwelik tref 'n onderskeid tussen heteroseksuele en homoseksuele lewensmetgeselle ten opsigte van die bevoegdheid om te trou. Hierdie onderskeid op grond van seksuele georiënteerdheid mag moontlik ongrondwetlik wees. Voorts is daar 'n menigte regte en verpligtinge wat outomaties uit huweliksluiting spruit, maar nie outomaties op lewensverhoudings van toepassing is nie. Hierdie onderskeid op grond van huwelikstaat mag eweneens moontlik teen die bepalings van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika, 1996 indruis. Hierdie studie is gevolglik daarop toegespits om ondersoek in te stel na die grondwetlikheid van hierdie twee onderskeide. Die ondersoek word geloods met verwysing na relevante wetgewing en regspraak. 'n Bondige oorsig van fundamentele regte word as agtergrond verskaf. Na afhandeling van die ondersoek word daar aandag geskenk aan die huidige en voorgestelde toekomstige erkenning en regulering van lewensverhoudings in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg, waarna die bevindings saamgevat en krities beoordeel word.
SUMMARY
The definition of marriage differentiates between heterosexual and homosexual life partners with regard to the capacity to marry. This differentiation on account of sexual orientation may possibly be unconstitutional. Furthermore there are a multitude of rights and obligations that automatically flow from marriage, which are not automatically applicable to life partnerships. This differentiation on account of marital status may also violate the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Accordingly this study is aimed at investigating the constitutionality of these two differentiations. The investigation is conducted with reference to relevant legislation and case law. A concise overview of fundamental rights is provided as background. In conclusion of the investigation, attention is paid to the present recognition and regulation of domestic partnerships in South African law, after which the findings are summarised and evaluated critically. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.
|
114 |
A critical appraisal of the legal implications of South Africa’s withdrawal from the ICC in the context of its international and regional human rights obligationsSuckling, Brian Charles 29 November 2018 (has links)
This study involves a critical appraisal of the legal implications of South Africa’s withdrawal from the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the context of its international and regional human rights obligations.
The dissertation also investigates the history and formation of the ICC, South Africa’s involvement and its role as a guardian of international and regional human rights obligations in Africa.
The study reviews the circumstances leading to South Africa’s notice of withdrawal from the ICC, including the legal implications and international human rights obligations.
This inquiry considers South Africa’s proposed withdrawal from the ICC which is supported by points of departure and a comprehensive literature review.
The decision to withdraw from the ICC is considered to be a political one. However, this study raises questions about the executive’s withdrawal in regard to its domestic, regional and international human rights obligations, irrespective of whether it is a member of the ICC.
The study surveys the background to South Africa’s participation in the ICC, its membership of the African Union and the implications of ICC membership including the obligations imposed on member states. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. M.
|
115 |
A critical evaluation of the independence of the Office of the Chief Justice and its role in promoting judicial transformation in South AfricaPhatshwane, Rebaone Jeremia 07 1900 (has links)
The legislative supremacy of Parliament has dominated the constitutional law of South Africa for a very long time. In the pre-constitutional era, the judiciary had no power to question the deeds of Parliament. Despite the need for the judiciary to be independent from the two other governmental branches to execute its function effectively, it was surely dependent on them. However, the creation of the Office of the Chief Justice (OCJ) as a separate governmental department by the Constitutional Seventeenth Amendment Act, read together with Superior Court Act, mandated by the requirements of a supreme Constitution (and not Parliament), changed things so that the judiciary is no longer dependent on government for its day-to-day administration. This thesis examines the independence of the OCJ and its role in promoting judicial transformation in the new South Africa. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M. (Human Rights Law)
|
116 |
'n Funksionele en strukturele ontleding van die 1993- en 1996-grondwet met spesiale verwysing na die trias politica-leerstukLabuschagne, P.(Pieter) 30 July 2007 (has links)
Text in Afrikaans / The broad focus of the thesis is an analysis of the meaning and the modern development of the doctrine of the separation of power (trias politica) and the application thereof in the constitutional development in South Africa. The first chapter outlines the historical restrictions that were placed on governmental authority by the trias politica doctrine. In the following chapter the application of the trias politica doctrine in different governmental systems (parliamentary, presidential and semipresidential) are analysed. In the third chapter an analysis is made of the constitutions of the former Boer republics, chronologically followed by an analysis of the 1909, 1961 and 1983 Constitutions, to establish to which extent the trias politica doctrine was incorporated in the respective constitutions. In the subsequent chapters, the focus shifts to the constitutions in the post democratic era, namely the 1993 interim Constitution and the 1996 (final) Constitution. It is evident that the new supreme Constitution and an independent judiciary yielded to a stronger adherence to the separation of power principle. It is also evident that the retainment of the parliamentary system, with a fused legislature and executive authority, inhibited a stronger separation of power. The inclusion of sosioeconomic rights in the Constitution resulted in a more direct involvement in governmental policy. However, the Constitutional Court managed to maintain a fine balance between reviewing policy and the formulation of policy. In the closing chapter a short summary is provided, followed by comments on possible alternatives to the existing system to ensure a stronger separation of powers. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D. (Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law)
|
117 |
International law in the post-1994 South African constitutions : terminology and applicationLamprecht, Andries Albertus 01 January 2002 (has links)
An important change wrought by the post-1994 South African Constitutions is the attempt to
have South Africa recognised as a democratic and sovereign state in the "family of nations."
The new Constitutions make extensive reference to the state's international obligations and
represent an endeavour to [re]define the status of international law vis-a-vis national law.
Some provisions utilise international law in the interpretation and formulation of national
jurisprudence and represent an [albeit not totally successful] endeavour to attain greater
harmonisation between international and national law.
This is an attempt to systematize the various criticisms levelled against these provisions to
date, and to highlight certain interpretational difficulties and problems that present themselves
in the process. The distinction between the various terminologies and branches of
international law is also taken to task. Lastly, this paper attempts to determine the extent to which international law is applied at national level under the post-1994 constitutions. / Jurisprudence / LL. M.
|
118 |
Rights and constitutionalism - a bias towards offenders?Makiwane, Peterson Nkosimntu 11 1900 (has links)
The South African Constitution, with its Bill of Rights, represents a decisive break with the past and a great advance by South Africans in reclaiming their human dignity and fundamental freedoms. Before 1993 punishment of crime was defined by the social order which had been designed under the apartheid government; prisoners were generally subjected to cruel and degrading treatment while criminal suspects could be detained indefinitely and without trial. The penal system was to some extent directed at controlling and regulating the conduct of Blacks. The constitutional dispensation has resulted in a re-look at our penal policy and has placed great emphasis on the rights of prisoners. These rights flow from the rights to equality, dignity and liberty. The Constitution has entrenched certain rights of criminal suspects, including the right to a fair trial. Legislation has been introduced to ensure compliance with the constitutional imperatives.
The new dispensation has given rise to debate on many issues, and facilitated a rise of a victims’ movement seeking to promote victim interests. This movement has noted that offenders and alleged offenders enjoy a series of constitutional rights, and that corresponding rights for crime victims need to be introduced. Victims are unlikely to be accorded rights in the literal sense of the word; nevertheless, they need to be accommodated within the criminal justice system. This need has given birth to a charter for crime victims, a document that seeks to empower crime victims. The perception remains, however, that offenders and crime suspects still enjoy too much protection, to the detriment of victim interests. The development of victim rights is hampered by the adversarial nature of the country’s criminal justice system and the perception that victims have no role to play within the criminal process, other than as witnesses.
The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the extent to which our Bill of Rights strikes a balance between the interests of alleged offenders and offenders on the one hand, and crime victims on the other. It also seeks to create awareness about the plight of crime victims and to make suggestions on possible solutions. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LLD (Criminal & Procedural Law)
|
119 |
A constitutional perspective of police powers of search and seizure in the criminal justice systemBasdeo, Vinesh 11 1900 (has links)
Before 1994 criminal procedure was subject to the sovereignty of Parliament and the
untrammelled law enforcement powers of the executive which resulted in the
authoritarian and oppressive criminal justice system of the apartheid era. The
Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 has since created a democratic state based on the
values of the supremacy of the Constitution and the rule of law. The basic principles
of criminal procedure are now constitutionalised in the Bill of Rights. The Bill of
Rights protects the fundamental rights of individuals when they come into contact
with organs of the state which includes the police. The Criminal Procedure Act 51 of
1977 authorises the police to search for and to seize articles, and has long provided
the only legal basis for obtaining warrants to search for and to seize articles and for
performing such actions without a warrant in certain circumstances. Generally the
standard for these measures and actions taken under their purview has been one of
reasonableness. Since the birth of the Constitution there has been additional
constraints on search and seizure powers. Not only are there now constitutionalised
standards by which such legal powers are to be measured, but there is also the
possibility of excluding evidence obtained in course of a violation of a constitutional
right. The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act are now qualified by the
Constitution. Where feasible a system of prior judicial authorisation in the form of a
valid search warrant obtained on sworn information establishing reasonable grounds
is a precondition for a valid search or seizure. Search and seizure without a warrant
is permitted only in exceptional circumstances such as an immediate threat to
person or property. By prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures the
Constitution places important limits on police efforts to detect and investigate crime.
The Constitution appreciates the need for legitimate law enforcement activity. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL.M.
|
120 |
Environmental and developmental rights in the Southern African Development Community with specific reference to the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of South AfricaBindu, Kihangi 02 1900 (has links)
This study examines the effectiveness of environmental and developmental
rights within the SADC region, especially the status of their implementation and
enforcement in the DRC and the RSA. The SADC Treaty recognizes implicitly
the rights to environment and to development. Unfortunately, the unequivocal
commitment to deal with human rights within the region is not translated with
equal force into the normative framework established by the Treaty or into
SADC’s programmed activities. No institution has been established with the
specific mandate to deal with human rights issues, neither are there any
protocols or sectors especially entrusted with human rights protection and
promotion. The SADC member States do not share the same understanding or
agenda on matters pertaining to the respect for, and the promotion, protection
and the fulfilment, of human rights at the regional level. The inception of
environmental and developmental rights within the Constitution of the DRC is
still in its infancy compared to the situation in South Africa. Implementation and
enforcement remain poor and need important support from all organs of state
and from the Congolese citizens. A strong regulatory framework pertaining to
human rights (environmental and developmental rights) remains an urgent issue.
Guidance may be found in the South African model for the implementation and
enforcement of human rights, although the realization of the right to
environment in South Africa is hampered by a number of factors that cause the
degradation of the environment. Against South Africa’s socio-economic and
political background, the constitutionalization of the right to development
remains of critical concern to a sustainable future for all. The Congolese and
South African peoples need to be made aware of their constitutional rights,
especially their environmental and development rights, and the institutions and
the mechanisms available to enforce them. They need to be empowered to demand justice as a right not as an act of charity. It is patently clear that the
authorities will not protect the environment or tackle the development agenda
unless there is a strong people’s movement to challenge the State and other role
players over environmental and development issues and ethics. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.
|
Page generated in 0.4883 seconds