Current attempts to answer the questions of how learning can be nurtured within projects; and, how it can be shared within the supply chain make a conscious stance in support of one of two seemingly conflicting perspectives. These are; a first generation knowledge management systems perspective, or a second generation socialisation perspective. This study shrewdly identifies that to categorically anchor to simply one perspective is fundamentally flawed. It is a strategy which regards each as mutually exclusive and therefore negates the advantages of its opposition. Each perspective is suited to differing needs. A first generation perspective satisfies the desire of organisations to create a tangible representation of their knowledge base. However, purely focusing on this need ignores the requirement of socialisation, which is essential for effective tacit knowledge transfer. This has astutely been identified as causing cycles of disillusionment due to its inevitable inability to perform effective knowledge sharing. In comparison, a purely second generation approach fails to satisfy the desire to produce a tangible resource base, which thus reduces the incentives for organisations to provide vital socialisation opportunities. It has been widely acknowledged that learning within projects is needed to make strides towards continuous improvement. If this is not the case, the industry will continue to repeat flawed practices or continuously reinvent solutions unnecessarily. This is resulting in significant inefficiencies within the industry, reduced quality outputs and supplying reduced value. Furthermore, it is not simply the case that learning within individual phases of the construction lifecycle, or within organisations will realise these benefits. For true efficiency benefits to be realised, knowledge and learning from projects has to be shared throughout the supply chain. This research s contribution has been established through the development of a feedback framework predominantly between construction and design teams throughout a project s lifecycle. The framework provides the capability to transfer lessons to not only individual organisations, but across organisational boundaries also. It seeks to improve internal knowledge management through incorporating critical facets such as live capture, multimedia formats and the ability to network with other knowledge owners/seekers. Accordingly, this project has made a significant theoretical contribution through identifying the ability and need to combine first and second generation knowledge management perspectives.

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Licentiatavhandling Stockholm : Kungliga tekniska högskolan, 2005.

An error analysis that may appear in the process of a design of problems solved by geometrical constructions is shis diplomas subject. The design of the geometrical construction is described as a cardinal part of searching for ideal solving strategy. In the theoretical part of the thesis there are characterized crucial terms related to the subject (geometrical construction, design of a consruction and error in the design), various ways of their defining and diverse approaches to these terms. An experiment exploring errors in a design of a geometrical construction made by second grade pupils of a grammar school with eight-year study program was designed. Construction designs errors were analysed by sorting according to their features and their possible causes were described. Suggestions of error applications in following geometry lessons arise from this analysis. Keywords: construction problems, geometrical construction, design of a construction, error in the design, causes of errors

Os critérios atualmente empregados para a definição da configuração do separador central em rodovias levam em consideração principalmente a massa de exposição ao risco. Para isso, analisam a largura do canteiro central e o VDM (volume diário médio). No entanto, para implantação de rodovias em pista dupla ou para a duplicação de rodovias existentes, a definição da largura do canteiro central bem como do possível emprego de dispositivos de contenção central muitas vezes não é uma tarefa simples, pois depende da análise conjunta de alguns fatores como os custos da movimentação de terra, da desapropriação, das soluções possíveis para drenagem, do atendimento à distância de visibilidade de parada, entre outros. Além disso, deve ser avaliado qual o impacto da configuração proposta para a separação central da rodovia na redução do custo social dos acidentes. Essa ultima avaliação é mais delicada e de difícil mensuração. Este texto apresenta a revisão bibliográfica dos principais critérios existentes nacionais e internacionais com relação ao separador físico central e aborda a questão das características dos acidentes que envolvem saída de pista. Através do estudo de caso de uma rodovia hipotética, foram analisados conjuntamente os custos de implantação da rodovia, a distância de visibilidade disponível e os custos dos acidentes para diferentes configurações de canteiro central. Por fim, foi apresentada uma análise benefício / custo incremental que, após avaliação mais precisa dos custos sociais dos acidentes, poderá ser empregada para tomada inicial de decisão quanto ao separador físico central da rodovia a ser empregado. / Criteria currently used to choose median or median barriers configurations on divided highways take into account mainly the risk exposure mass. For this, median width and ADTV (average daily traffic volumes) are analyzed. However, for deployment of divided highways or duplication of existing ones, the definition of median width as well as the potential use of median barrier is not always a simple task, because it depends on the joint analysis of factors such as earthmoving costs, land acquisition costs, drainage possible solutions, stop sight distance, among others. Furthermore, the impact of the proposed median configuration in reducing the social cost of accidents should also be estimated. This thesis presents a literature review of existing national and international median solution criteria and address the characteristics of run off the road accidents. Through a case study of a hypothetical highway, were analyzed jointly highway construction costs, available sight distance and accident costs for different widths of median. Finally, an analyze cost / benefit incremental, that could be used for making the initial decision about the central physical separator highway after proper calibration of social costs of accidents is presented.

Os critérios atualmente empregados para a definição da configuração do separador central em rodovias levam em consideração principalmente a massa de exposição ao risco. Para isso, analisam a largura do canteiro central e o VDM (volume diário médio). No entanto, para implantação de rodovias em pista dupla ou para a duplicação de rodovias existentes, a definição da largura do canteiro central bem como do possível emprego de dispositivos de contenção central muitas vezes não é uma tarefa simples, pois depende da análise conjunta de alguns fatores como os custos da movimentação de terra, da desapropriação, das soluções possíveis para drenagem, do atendimento à distância de visibilidade de parada, entre outros. Além disso, deve ser avaliado qual o impacto da configuração proposta para a separação central da rodovia na redução do custo social dos acidentes. Essa ultima avaliação é mais delicada e de difícil mensuração. Este texto apresenta a revisão bibliográfica dos principais critérios existentes nacionais e internacionais com relação ao separador físico central e aborda a questão das características dos acidentes que envolvem saída de pista. Através do estudo de caso de uma rodovia hipotética, foram analisados conjuntamente os custos de implantação da rodovia, a distância de visibilidade disponível e os custos dos acidentes para diferentes configurações de canteiro central. Por fim, foi apresentada uma análise benefício / custo incremental que, após avaliação mais precisa dos custos sociais dos acidentes, poderá ser empregada para tomada inicial de decisão quanto ao separador físico central da rodovia a ser empregado. / Criteria currently used to choose median or median barriers configurations on divided highways take into account mainly the risk exposure mass. For this, median width and ADTV (average daily traffic volumes) are analyzed. However, for deployment of divided highways or duplication of existing ones, the definition of median width as well as the potential use of median barrier is not always a simple task, because it depends on the joint analysis of factors such as earthmoving costs, land acquisition costs, drainage possible solutions, stop sight distance, among others. Furthermore, the impact of the proposed median configuration in reducing the social cost of accidents should also be estimated. This thesis presents a literature review of existing national and international median solution criteria and address the characteristics of run off the road accidents. Through a case study of a hypothetical highway, were analyzed jointly highway construction costs, available sight distance and accident costs for different widths of median. Finally, an analyze cost / benefit incremental, that could be used for making the initial decision about the central physical separator highway after proper calibration of social costs of accidents is presented.

M.S.

Master of Science / Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science / Bill Zhang / Vibration has been a consideration in many types of structures, and as the advancement of technology has allowed steel and concrete sections to become lighter, vibration has become more of a consideration in the design of structures. This report focuses on occupant induced vibration of steel framed floors due to running as the vibration source. The history of vibration analysis and criteria in structures is discussed. However, lack of research and experimentation on running as the source of vibration exists; therefore, the history section focuses on walking as the source of vibration. The current design criteria for vibration of steel framed floors in the United States of America is the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Design Guide 11: Vibrations of Steel Framed Structural Systems Due to Human Activity. This design guide discusses vibration due to walking, running, and rhythmic activities as well as gives design criteria for sensitive occupancies and sensitive equipment. In order to apply the Design Guide 11 analysis procedure for running as the source of vibration, the Kansas State University Chester E. Peters Recreation Complex is used as a case study. The recreation complex includes a 1/5-mile running track that is supported by a composite steel framed floor. Based on the Design Guide 11 criterion, the running track is deemed acceptable. Lastly, this report discusses remedial procedures in the case of annoying floor vibration specific to floors that have running as a source of vibration. In addition, areas of further research are suggested where running is a source of vibration on steel framed floors.

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar influências da NBR 15.575 sobre o processo de projeto de edificações residenciais e, visando ao melhor atendimento dos requisitos introduzidos pela Norma Brasileira de Desempenho, propor ações de melhoria em uma empresa incorporadora e construtora nas áreas e processos relacionados à aplicação dessa mesma Norma. Com esta finalidade foi utilizado primeiramente o método de Estudos de Caso com o objetivo de identificar como as exigências da Norma Brasileira de Desempenho têm encorajado alterações no processo de projeto de seis empresas incorporadoras e construtoras, tidas como contratantes, levantando boas práticas e possíveis dificuldades encontradas neste contexto. Procedeu-se a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas com representantes de escritórios de projeto, empresas fabricantes e um auditor/consultor de Gestão do Sistema de Qualidade, com o intuito de identificar o posicionamento destes outros intervenientes perante a nova realidade. A análise das informações obtidas nos estudos de caso forneceu bases para que, num segundo momento, pudesse ser aplicado o método Pesquisa-ação em uma sétima empresa incorporadora e construtora (R). Analisando os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que a maior parte das empresas entrevistadas na primeira etapa metodológica ainda não conhece o desempenho das edificações que até então projetou ou produziu. Visando atender às exigências apresentadas na NBR 15.575, algumas ações puderam ser identificadas, entretanto, muitas dificuldades vêm sendo encontradas. Por outro lado, na segunda etapa metodológica verificou-se que a aplicação da Pesquisa-ação na empresa R possibilitou aos seus colaboradores uma melhor compreensão do texto e das exigências da norma, favorecendo discussões e a geração de ideias, permitindo consequentemente o planejamento e a implementação de ações de melhoria para o processo de projeto. Concluiu-se que os impactos diretos e as principais influências da NBR 15.575 sobre o processo de projeto constituem-se: (1) na maior evidência que sua exigibilidade proporciona à necessidade de considerar as normas técnicas na elaboração de projetos, no desenvolvimento e na construção de edificações residenciais; (2) no incentivo ao acréscimo de qualidade nas edificações ao relevar as exigências de usuários; e (3) na criação de oportunidades para que ganhos corporativos significativos sejam atingidos, estimulando a comunicação, o trabalho colaborativo e a visão sistêmica dos envolvidos. / This study was carried out in order to identify possible influences of the standard NBR 15.575 on the design process of residential buildings and to propose improvements for processes and departments of a real estate developer and construction company aiming to better meet the requirements introduced by the \"Brazilian Standard for Performance\". First, case studies were conducted in order to identify how the requirements presented in the text of the standard have encouraged changes in the design process of six real estate and construction companies, taken as contractors of design projects. In this context, the best practices and possible obstacles met by these companies were identified. Questionnaires and interviews were also applied to three designers, two manufacturers and one auditor/consultant of Quality Management System to assess their positioning towards the new regulatory environment. The analysis of the information obtained from the case studies has given basis to the application of the method called Action research on a seventh real estate and construction company (R) in a second moment. After analyzing the results, it was found that most of the companies interviewed in the first methodological step do not know about the performance of the buildings that they previously constructed. To meet the demands presented in the text of NBR 15.575, some actions could be identified; however, many difficulties have been encountered. On the other hand, in the second methodological step it was found that the implementation of the Action research in R company has allowed its employees to better understand the text and the requirements presented by the NBR 15.575, promoting discussions and generating ideas. As a result, it has allowed planning and implementation of improvements on the design process. It was concluded that the direct impacts and the main influences of ISO 15.575 on the design process are: (1) the reinforcement to the need of considering technical standards on building design, on development and on construction of residential buildings; (2) the encouragement to increase quality in buildings once considering the users´ demands; and (3) the creation of opportunities to significant gains at the corporate level by stimulating communication, collaborative work and the systemic view to those involved.