This thesis deals with the construction survey and diagnostics of the New synagogue in Velké Meziříčí. The aim of the work is to perform an inspection, construction survey of the building and evaluation of its current condition using classical survey and diagnostic methods. The work is processed as the final report from the construction and technical survey of the building. It contains its course and results. The main part of the survey is brick masonry, its failures and structural assesment. The thesis includes also survey of foundation structures, the history and description of the building.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of Velodrom-cycling stadium in the locality Brno-Komárov, including connection to the existing sports ground, parking and transport

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Precast concrete has been used for decades in the construction industry, locally as well as internationally. Rapid urban development and the need for shorter construction periods for building and infrastructure projects have however encouraged more use of precast concrete construction. The improved speed of construction, high quality and less labour requirements that precast offers makes it an effective type of construction method for modern development. The utilization of various precast concrete systems has been frequently used in the international construction industry, making it a very popular construction method. It was however found that one of the major drawbacks or concerns with the use of precast concrete is the connections between the precast elements. In-situ construction does not have this problem, because it is designed to a monolithic structure or building. It was identified that if the connections in precast buildings or structures are designed or constructed in an insufficient way, it can lead to severe structural problems and even failure. This highlights the importance the design and construction of precast concrete connections have on the overall stability, strength and robustness of the structure. Precast concrete buildings are not merely separate precast elements, connected together to eventually form the same principals of in-situ construction. Precast concrete and connection design is considered to be a specialist field and requires the sufficient expertise and knowledge to understand the structural system and all its different aspects. The precast connection’s function is not merely to transfer loads, but also to develop continuity and ensure monolithic behaviour of the entire precast concrete structure (Englekirk 2003). The most important or desirable structural functions of precast connections are; (i) direct transfer of loads (load paths and flow or forces), (ii) develop structural continuity and integrity, (iii) distribution of concentrated loads, (iv) allow for movements and unintended restraints and lastly to (v) ensure efficient rigidity and robustness for the connection. It can be seen that there is many factors that contribute to the overall design and construction phases of precast concrete connections. The aim of this study is to identify and investigate aspects that influence the design and construction of precast concrete connections. This study will mainly focus on precast concrete and precast connection preferences of participants in the South African construction industry. During this study, industry participants (contractors and consultants) were asked to identify certain aspects and concerns associated with precast concrete and precast connection construction. These answers were used to develop guidelines and preferences that can be used by industry participants to improvise and effectively manage the precast construction, mainly focussing on the connections between the precast elements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Voorafvervaardigde beton word al vir dekades gebruik in die konstruksiebedryf, plaaslik sowel as internasionaal. Vinnige stedelike ontwikkeling en die behoefte vir korter konstruksie tydperke vir die struktuur en infrastruktuur projekte het egter die gebruik en implementasie van voorafvervaardigde beton konstruksie laat toeneem. Die verbeterde spoed van die konstruksie proses, 'n hoë gehalte produk en minder arbeid vereistes wat voorafvervaardiging bied maak dit dus 'n effektiewe tipe konstruksie metode vir moderne ontwikkelings. Die benutting van verskeie voorafvervaardigde beton sisteme en elemente word reeds herhaaldelik gebruik in die internasionale konstruksiebedryf, wat dit vervolglik ʼn baie populêre en effektiewe sisteem maak. Dit is egter bevind dat een van die groot struikelblokke of probleme met die gebruik van voorafvervaardigde beton is die verbindings tussen die voorafvervaardigde elemente. In-situ beton konstruksie het dus nie hierdie probleem nie, want dit word ontwerp om 'n monolitiese beton struktuur of gebou te vorm. Dit was immers geïdentifiseer dat as die verbindings in ʼn voorafvervaardigde gebou of struktuur, ontwerp word deur ʼn ontoereikende manier, dit kan lei tot ernstige strukturele probleme en selfs strukturele faling. Dit beklemtoon dus die belangrikheid wat die ontwerp en konstruksie proses van voorafvervaardigde beton verbindings het op die algehele stabiliteit, sterkte en robuustheid van die struktuur. Voorafvervaardigde beton geboue en strukture kan nie slegs beskou word as aparte voorafvervaardigde elemente wat met mekaar verbind word om eventueel dieselfde beginsels van insitu konstruksie te vorm nie. Voorafvervaardigde beton en verbinding ontwerp word beskou as 'n spesialis veld en vereis dat die ontwerper die nodige kundigheid en kennis van die strukturele stelsel en al sy verskillende aspekte verstaan. Voorafvervaardigde beton verbindings se funksie is nie net om toegepaste kragte oor te dra nie, maar ook om strukturele kontinuïteit te ontwikkel en te verseker dat monolitiese gedrag gehandhaaf word vir die hele voorafvervaardigde beton struktuur (Englekirk 2003). Die mees belangrike strukturele funksies van voorafvervaardigde beton verbindings sluit die volgende in; (i) verseker direkte oordrag van toegepaste kragte (vloei van kragte), (ii) ontwikkeling van strukturele kontinuïteit en integriteit, (iii) die verspreiding van puntbelastings, (iv) moet voorsiening maak vir die bewegings in die voorafvervaardigde element en konneksie self en laastens (v) verskaf doeltreffende rigiditeit en robuustheid vir die konneksie sone. Dus kan daar afgelei word dat daar baie faktore is wat bydra tot die algehele ontwerp en konstruksie fases van voorafvervaardigde beton verbindings. Die doel van hierdie studie is om aspekte te identifiseer en te ondersoek wat die ontwerp en konstruksie van aspekte beton verbindings wel beïnvloed. Die studie sal hoofsaaklik fokus op voorafvervaardigde beton en verbindings voorkeure van persone in die Suid-Afrikaanse konstruksiebedryf. Tydens die studie was persone in die industrie (kontrakteurs en konsultante) ook gevra om sekere aspekte en kwellings wat verband hou met voorafvervaardigde beton asook die verbindings te identifiseer. Die antwoorde wat verkry was uit die industrie deelnemers kan toepaslik gebruik om word riglyne en voorkeure op te stel wat vervolglik gebruik en toegepas kan word in die konstruksie bedryf van Suid Afrika. Die riglyne kan effektief gebruik word om voorafvervaardigde beton asook die verbindings te verbeter en persone in die konstruksie bedryf in te lig oor voorkeure en toepassings van hierdie metode.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4695.pdf: 3167935 bytes, checksum: a9a3d84d28d9b6ce53525c6fc66b43b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / This work, developed by a partnership between Ergo&Ação ergonomic group from the Federal University of Sao Carlos and an oil refinery from the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, has as its primary focus the dialogue between ergonomics and design in the face of a decoking operator work situation. The origin of this demand is related to the occurrence of accidents that happened in the coking unit of the refinery, specifically during the decoking operation. To contribute to the understanding of the determinants and conditioning factors and the mechanisms of this operation, we attempted to systematize the actions of the operators and use their perceptions in the development of the design process. The theoretical background for this work was based on the social process of design, on the Ergonomic Workplace Analysis method (EWA), that is aligned with the corporative guidelines and standards of Health, Safety and Environment of the refinery, and on the Future Activity Approach. The results show two distinct rationales that guide designers of the refinery in the development of conceptual design processes of the company. The interaction between ergonomics and design in the conceptual designs favored the collective construction, enabling ergonomics to act as a member that integrates the conflict of values, representing the various actors in this process. / Este trabalho, desenvolvido a partir de uma parceria entre o grupo de pesquisa em ergonomia Ergo&Ação da Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) e uma refinaria de petróleo, localizada no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, apresenta como foco a interlocução entre a ergonomia e projeto diante da situação de trabalho do operador de descoqueamento. A origem dessa demanda está relacionada à ocorrência de acidentes de trabalho na unidade de coque da refinaria, especificamente na operação de descoqueamento. Visando contribuir para a compreensão dos fatores condicionantes e determinantes e os mecanismos de funcionamento dessa operação, buscou-se sistematizar as ações dos operadores e utilizar a percepção destes no desenvolvimento do processo de projeto. Os pressupostos teóricos foram pautados no processo social de projeto, no método da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET), alinhado às diretrizes e padrões corporativos de Saúde, Meio Ambiente e Segurança (SMS) da refinaria e na Abordagem da Atividade Futura (AAF). Os resultados apontam duas racionalidades distintas que orientam os projetistas da refinaria no desenvolvimento dos processos de projetos de concepção da empresa. A interação entre ergonomia e projeto nos projetos de concepção favoreceu a construção coletiva, possibilitando que a ergonomia trabalhasse como um membro integrador dos conflitos de valores, representando os diferentes atores nesse processo.

Routines for the checking process of construction documents differ and a common standard is not used broadly in the construction business. Problems in the checking process can be solved differently between projects. Today the organization BEAst has developed a standard for the checking process. The standard is being used by large construction companies but not yet broadly among consultancies.This investigation has been carried out together with Sweco Sweden who today are working with implementing BEAsts standard in their business. Sweco has their own version which mostly is based on BEAsts standard. The purpose of this investigation is to present a more efficient way of working with the checking process. The investigation examines if its temporally and economically profitable to continue work with the application of the standard within Sweco.The investigation is based on interviews, a poll and a workshop. The result creates a bigger understanding of BEAsts standard and purpose and also how it is used in practice. The results show that preferences differ greatly in how the checking process should be conducted. At the same time, the results also show that awareness of BEAst's standard in Sweco is low. But the standard is well received by those who used it in their work.The standard solves many problems within checking processes such as communication and documentation and shows the way for a more digital construction industry, but there are also problems. One conclusion is that there is a risk with the version creating additional work to develop, implement and manage. Additional work that can possibly be avoided by using BEAsts standard directly. / Rutiner för granskning av bygghandlingar ser olika ut och en gemensam standard används inte brett i byggbranschen. Problem som dokumentation av processer, kvalitetssäkringar och kommunikation hanteras på olika sätt och kan vara annorlunda för varje projekt. Idag har branschorganisationen BEAst en standard för hur processer i granskning ska gå till. Standarden används av stora byggentreprenörer men ännu inte brett på konsultföretag. Denna utredning har genomförts tillsammans med Sweco Sverige som idag arbetar med att tillämpa BEAsts standard i sin verksamhet. Sweco har en egen variant som till stor del är baserad på BEAsts standard. Syftet med denna utredning är att uppmärksamma ett effektivare arbetssätt inom granskning och ge återkoppling på Swecos variant av standarden. Utredningen undersöker om det ur tids- och ekonomiska perspektiv är lönsamt att fortsätta med detta arbete som berör tillämpningen av standarden. Utredningen är baserad på metoderna enkät, intervju och workshop. Enkäten har besvarats av ett urval anställda på Sweco Sverige. De intervjuade är eller har varit verksamma som projektörer eller projekteringsledare i byggbranschen. En intervju har också genomförts med BEAsts ordförande. Workshopen genomfördes tillsammans med handledare som arbetar med att utveckla Swecos variant. Resultatet ger en större förståelse över BEAst standard och syfte och hur den används i praktiken. Resultatet visar att preferenser skiljer sig stort kring hur granskning ska utföras. Samtidigt visar resultatet också att kännedom om BEAsts standard inom Sweco är låg. Men standarden är väl mottagen av de som använt den i sitt arbete. Standarden löser många problem inom granskning som kommunikation och dokumentation och banar vägen för en mer digital byggbransch. Men det framkommer också problem, för vissa är standarden en stor omställning som kan skapa motstånd. Swecos egna variant är under utveckling och skulle vara svår att implementera i verksamheten då företaget är konsultbaserat. En slutsats är att det finns risk att varianten skapar merarbete för att utveckla, implementera och förvalta. Merarbete som eventuellt kan undvikas genom att använda BEAsts standard direkt.

The aim of this diploma thesis is design of the boring machine for longitudinal and transverse drilling of holes, which is primary intended for manufacture of furniture from wood materials. Concept of this machine is defined as last segment of production line, which is terminated by stacking container for transport dose. The aim of this thesis is create a variants of machine design and manipulating device and justify the choice of the optimal option. For own design is necessary to create a construction calculations.

Im Jahr 1862 veröffentlichten die Ingenieure Moll und Reuleaux eines der ersten Konstruktionsbücher, in dem Konstrukteuren der Zeit das richtige Konstruieren nahegebracht wurde. Neben umfangreichen Hinweisen auf die Auslegung von Maschinenelementen und der erstmaligen Nennung eines Sicherheitskoeffizienten, der seither als Sicherheitszahl immer noch gebräuchlich ist, fällt vor allem die Forderung nach einer formschönen Gestaltung auf. [... aus dem Text]

Derzeitige Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Antriebstechnik sind einerseits geprägt durch stetig steigende Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit technischer Erzeugnisse und andererseits durch eine zunehmende Verkürzung der Entwicklungs- und Produktlebenszyklen. Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde (FKV) bieten in diesem Zusammenhang aufgrund ihrer herausragenden mechanischen Eigenschaften bei gleichzeitig hoher Flexibilität ein außergewöhnliches Potential für den Einsatz in Antriebswellen. Im Bereich der Lasteinleitungssysteme für Antriebswellen in Metall/Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund-Bauweise werden umfassende Untersuchungen zum Schädigungs- und Versagensverhalten bei Torsionsbelastung vorangetrieben. Eine praxistaugliche Methode zur effizienten Gestaltung und Auslegung derartiger hybrider Antriebswellen in Metall/Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund-Bauweise ist derzeit jedoch nicht verfügbar. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine Vorgehensweise zur Erarbeitung praxistauglicher und werkstoffgerechter Gestaltungs- und Auslegungshinweise für hybride Antriebswellen in Metall/Faser-Kunststoff-Verbund-Bauweise am Beispiel der Pinverbindung erarbeitet. Dafür werden an der Pinverbindung die auftretenden Schädigungs- und Versagensphänomene bei der Einleitung von mechanischen Lasten identifiziert und modellhaft-experimentell untersucht. Basierend auf den dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnissen werden im Ingenieuralltag einsetzbare Gestaltungs- und Auslegungshinweise abgeleitet.:1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Zielstellung und Vorgehensweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Literaturübersicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 Struktur und Schädigungsverhalten der Pinverbindung unter Torsionslast 11 2.1 Die Pinverbindung als Lasteinleitung in Faserverbund-Antriebswellen . 11 2.2 Fertigungstechnologie und Verbundstruktur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.3 Verformungs- und Schädigungsvorgänge im Lasteinleitungsbereich . . . 23 3 Numerische Beanspruchungsanalyse der Gesamtverbindung 29 3.1 Modellbeschreibung und Simulationsplanung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3.2 Ergebnisdarstellung und -interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.3 Zusammenfassende Betrachtungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4 Experimentelle Schädigungsanalyse und Kennwertermittlung 46 4.1 Planung und Spezifikation der Strukturversuche . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.2 Prüfkörperfertigung und Versuchsdurchführung . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.3 Verhalten der Pinverbindung unter Torsionslast . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.4 Ermittlung technologiespezifischer Kenngrößen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.5 Zusammenfassende Betrachtungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 5 Numerische Versagensanalyse 67 5.1 Makroskopische Versagensanalyse der metallischen Lasteinleitung . . . 67 5.1.1 Werkstoffmodellierung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.1.2 Modellierung der Gesamtstruktur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 5.1.3 Schädigungsanalyse der metallischen Lasteinleitung . . . . . . . 72 5.1.4 Parametervariation und -analyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 5.2 Mesoskopische Versagensanalyse der Faserverbund-Welle . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.1 Skalenübergreifendes FE-Modell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 5.2.2 Anstrengungen des Laminates im Pineinflussbereich und im freien Wellenbereich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 5.3 Ergebnisinterpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6 Schädigungs- und Versagensbedingungen und Interaktionsanalyse 90 6.1 Relevante Schädigungs- und Versagensmoden und korrelierende Parameter 90 6.2 Formulierung der Versagensbedingungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 6.3 Parameterinteraktionsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7 Praxisgerechte Gestaltungs- und Auslegungshinweise 97 7.1 Gestaltungs- und Auslegungsprozess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.1.1 Phase 1: Gestaltung und Auslegung der Welle . . . . . . . . . . 99 7.1.2 Phase 2: Gestaltung und Auslegung der Nabe . . . . . . . . . . 102 7.1.3 Phase 3: Auslegung der Pins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 7.2 Exemplarische Vorgehensweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 8 Zusammenfassung 121 Literaturverzeichnis 123 A Anhang 137 A.1 Experimentelle Schädigungsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 A.2 Numerische Schädigungsanalyse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 A.3 Ergänzungen zur exemplarischen Vorgehensweise . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 A.4 Ingenieurschaubilder und -tabellen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

En estos tiempos de acelerado desarrollo de la tecnología es inadmisible que el sector de la construcción en el Perú continúe como en el pasado: sumando baja productividad, enormes pérdidas de dinero, clientes (públicos o privados) descontentos y usuarios finales disgustados. La ventaja que representa el tener el proyecto totalmente modelado antes de ni siquiera haber empezado no tiene precedentes en la industria de la construcción, en el mundo entero. Además, el costo comparativo de obtener este resultado versus lo que cuesta implementarlo es totalmente mínimo, casi inexistente, comparado con los montos de inversión de un proyecto. Esta metodología de diseño y construcción virtual VDC, consiste en la unión moderna de diseño, construcción y operación desde las etapas iniciales de un proyecto, y este se apuntala en el modelado BIM. La intención de esta metodología es definir, alinear y alcanzar fines y metas, así como contribuir al descenso de recursos innecesarios (tiempo, capacidad, inventarios, costos) durante el proceso de elaboración. La base teórica de esta metodología incluye: Métodos de modelado de ingeniería: producto, organización y proceso. Métodos de análisis y diseño basado en modelos: cantidades, cronogramas, costos, riesgos de procesos. Todas estas son las herramientas de modelado de información de construcción (BIM). Métodos de visualización de la información. Métricas de negocios y un enfoque en la gestión estratégica. Análisis del impacto económico: modelos del costo y del valor de las inversiones de capital. Beneficia, tanto en el formato virtual como en el físico. En primer lugar, produce una mejora considerable del trabajo colaborativo entre los distintos agentes que intervienen en el proyecto; en segundo lugar, y como resultado del primero, una disminución de los tiempos y los costos al reducir las incompatibilidades en el diseño y proporcionar información más detallada para la toma de decisiones ante posibles imprevistos. / In these times of accelerated technology development, it is inadmissible that the construction sector in Peru continues as in the past: adding low productivity, enormous losses of money, disgruntled owners (public or private) and disgruntled end users. The advantage of having the project fully modeled before it has even started is unprecedented in the construction industry worldwide. Furthermore, the comparative cost of obtaining this result versus the cost of implementing it is totally minimal, almost non-existent, compared to the investment amounts of a project. This virtual VDC design and construction methodology consists of the modern union of design, construction and operation from the initial stages of a project, and this is underpinned by BIM modeling. The intention of this methodology is to define, align and achieve ends and goals, as well as to contribute to the decrease of unnecessary resources (time, capacity, inventories, costs) during the elaboration process. The theoretical basis of this methodology includes: • Engineering modeling methods: product, organization and process. • Methods of analysis and design based on models: quantities, schedules, costs, risks of processes. These are all building information modeling (BIM) tools. • Information visualization methods. • Business metrics and a focus on strategic management. ¡ • Analysis of the economic impact: models of the cost and value of capital investments. It benefits, both in the virtual and physical formats. Firstly, it produces a considerable improvement in collaborative work between the different agents involved in the project; second, and as a result of the first, a decrease in time and costs by reducing design incompatibilities and providing more detailed information for decision-making in the face of possible unforeseen events. / Trabajo de investigación

BIM (Building Information Modeling) är idag ett vedertaget begrepp inom byggprojektering.En viktig styrka med BIM är möjligheten till koordinering mellan samtligaaktörer i projektet. BIM-verktygen bygger på parametrisering vilket innebär att modellensobjekt har en stor uppsättning data kopplad till sig. Objektens egenskaperkan ändras genom att justera parameterdatan. Parametriseringen medför också attdata relativt enkelt kan nås, extraheras och styras av externa program. Det är i dettasyfte som implementeringen av grafisk programmering fyller en viktig funktion. Medhjälp av grafisk programmering kan flera operationer i BIM-arbetet automatiseras.Därmed finns potentialen att spara värdefull tid för byggprojektören. Autodesk Revit är ett av de verktyg som dominerar BIM-marknaden. I Revit kananvändaren designa och dokumentera ett byggprojekt i alla dess faser. Sedan någraår tillbaka finns det ett tillägg till programmet som heter Dynamo. Dynamo tillåteranvändaren att styra Revit med hjälp av skript i en användarvänlig grafisk miljö.I denna uppsats redogörs för Dynamos möjligheter och begränsningar applicerat påväletablerade arbetsmoment inom byggprojektering. Här redogörs för optimeringspotentialenoch lämpliga användningsområden. Slutsatser som dragits grundar sig ihög grad på en empirisk undersökning där ett antal grafiska skript har skapats ochutvärderats. Resultatet visar på att fl era vitala moment i byggprojektörens vardagliga arbetsflödekan effektiviseras med hjälp av införandet av grafisk programmering. Med effektiviseringavses i detta fall primärt tidsbesparingar som bidrar till ökad ekonomiskhållbarhet för byggprojekteringsföretaget. / BIM (Building Information Modeling) is today a proven concept in construction design.An important strength with BIM is the possibility of coordination between allactors in the project. The BIM tools are based on parameterization, which meansthat the model's object has a large set of data attached to it. The properties ofthe objects can be changed by adjusting the parameter data. Parameterization alsomeans that data can be easily accessed, extracted and controlled by external applications.It is for this purpose that the implementation of graphic programming playsan important role. With the help of graphical programming, several operations inthe BIM work can be automated. Thus, there is the potential to save valuable timefor the construction projector. Autodesk Revit is one of the tools that dominates the BIM market. In Revit, theuser can design and document a construction project in all its phases. For a fewyears back, there is an addition to the program called Dynamo. Dynamo allows theuser to control Revit using scripts in a user-friendly graphical environment.This essay explains Dynamo's possibilities and limitations applied to work processesin building design. It describes the optimization potential and appropriate applications.Conclusions are mainly drawn based upon the generation and evaluation ofgraphical scripts. The result shows that several vital moments in the construction projector's dailywork ow can be rationalized through the introduction of graphic programming. Rationalizationmeans time savings that contribute to increased economic sustainabilityfor the construction company.