The general conditions of contract play a very important role in the dynamics of the construction phase. The general conditions of contract outline the roles, rights, and obligations of the contracting parties during the construction phase of a project. The American Institute of Architects General Conditions of Contract for Construction (AIA A201) is considered the most widely used standard form of contracts in the U.S. construction industry. Standard contracts, like AIA A201, are being periodically revised and are becoming more cumbersome over time. The purpose and expectations of the revisions of the contract are not always clearly defined in literature or in practice. Changes to the general conditions have been made, which do not advance the performance goals for a successful project, but rather react to negative experiences. Oftentimes, there are conflicts between the parties' interpretation of the general conditions and between the required administrative practices obligatory by the general conditions during the construction phase, thus impacting the contractual relationships between owners, architect/design professionals, and general contractors. The increasing complexity and size of projects, the multiple-contract interfaces, and the changing times have transformed construction practices and contractual relationships. No longer simply following the lead of the AIA, owners seem to be questioning the value of the design professional, and the tone and path of the AIA A201. The three-phase methodology of this dissertation research set out to advance the understanding of change in the AIA A201 and the impact change has had on the value-added benefit of the design professional during the construction phase and contract administration on a project. The results of this research revealed the following primary conclusions: changes to various provisions pertaining to the key provisions have resulted in the Architect assuming less responsibility during the construction phase of a project; changes to the AIA A201 provision concerning the key provisions have not increased the value of the Architect's performance of contract administration services during the construction phase of a project; with regard to the key provisions, Owners or Owners' representatives perceive the value of the Architect's contract administration services during construction have decreased in recent years. In Phase I, this research identified the key contract provisions, which influence the function of the design professional performed in contract administration during construction. This investigation identified that change exists in key provisions over time and that change may have an influence on the function performed by the design professional during construction and contract administration. Subsequently, in Phase II, this research investigated the effect that change has had on the function performed by the design professional. The respective substantive changes to each provision that may have had a material effect on the function of the design professional were identified and these key provisions were thus studied further. Then, whether or not changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 have had a material effect on the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase and contract administration was examined in Phase III. Ultimately, the research led to an enhanced knowledge of the owner-perceived value-added benefit by the design professional during the construction phase of a project. The practical use of the AIA A201 and its future editions has an influence on improved performance and better working relationships, which ultimately leads to improved constructed projects. The conclusions to this research study have demonstrated that changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 from 1951 to 1997 have diminished the role of the architect. Changes to key provisions have had a material effect on the construction phase, contract administration, and the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase of a project. Before one can make effective changes to improve contractual and working relationships, the change must be identified for the purpose of supporting the industry's efforts to reduce adversarial relations, balance risk, and control schedule and cost, impact the contractual relationships and the value-added benefit of the contractual parties. This dissertation research successfully provided an understanding of the process used and the impact of change in the general conditions of contracts. As such, the knowledge gained from this research illuminated the necessary considerations of change and its impacts on the future development of contracts and their revisions in efforts to create better documents, not to just create bigger documents. / Ph. D.

Denna rapport grundar sig i en genomgång av ett antal tunnelanläggningars ansökningar till Mark- och miljödomstolen vid Nacka Tingsrätt gällande bortledning av grundvatten, samt deras slutgiltiga domstolsbeslut i Stockholmsområdet. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka faktorer i ansökan som domstolen lägger störst vikt vid inför domstolsbeslutet, samt hitta eventuella likheter eller skillnader mellan de fyra olika tunnelanläggningarna som beaktats. Vidare undersöks anledningarna bakom uppdelningen av en tunnel i olika delsträckor och hur dessa i sin tur påverkar de inläckagenivåer som ansökan yrkar på. Rapporten behandlar följande tunnelanläggningar: Nya Avloppstunneln, E4 Förbifart Stockholm, City Link etapp 2 samt Nya Tunnelbanan. Sammanfattningsvis blev resultatet av denna studie följande: de olika domstolsbesluten tar alla hänsyn till ungefär samma faktorer där yttranden från Länsstyrelsen och genomförandet av fältundersökningar anses betydande. Tunnelsträckornas indelning baseras på de olika geologiska förhållandena i området samt vart vattendelare och inströmningsområden är lokaliserade. Slutligen är det även tydligt att domstolen tar hänsyn till tidigare projekts domstolsbeslut, både gällande de inläckagevillkor som beviljas samt den tekniska lösningens utformning. / The following report analyses a number of tunnel-constructions applications to the Land and Environmental Court (Mark- och miljödomstolen), at Nacka district court in Stockholm regarding groundwater drainage. The study also covers the court decisions for each of the tunnel-constructions. The purpose of this study is to find common denominators in the court decisions in order to draw conclusions about which denominators are of more importance than others, when the court makes its final decision. Furthermore, the study also aims to find clarity in the decision-making behind the division of the tunnel into sections and how those impact the levels of groundwater-leakage requested in the application. The following tunnel- constructions have been analysed: Nya Avloppstunneln, E4 Förbifart Stockholm, City Link etapp 2 as well as Nya Tunnelbanan. The result showed that the different court decisions all regard some factors more important than others, where the claimant from the supervisory authority Country Administrative Board (Länsstyrelsen) and the implementation of field studies are deemed two of the most important factors. The division of the tunnels is based on the geological prerequisites and the location of the watersheds and inflow areas. Lastly, it is also clear that the court takes previous projects court decisions into account regarding the leakage-levels as well as the technical solution.

The construction industry remains one of the least digitalised sectors in the world resulting in inefficiencies such as low productivity, cost overruns, project delays and quality deficiencies. Addressing these issues is crucial not only for economic efficiency but also for promoting sustainability and adapting to demographic change. Although there are studies on digitalisation barriers in the construction industry, there is a lack of literature that investigates the causes of these barriers. Therefore, this thesis addresses the research question: "What are major intra-and inter- organisational barriers to digitalisation in the pre-construction phase of construction projects and why do they arise?”. The study is based on the Industrial Network Approach (INA) and applies the Actors, Resources, Activities (ARA) model by Håkansson and Snehota (1995) to analyse the findings. This is done in order to identify how the structure of the industry influences the barriers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with interviewees from the client company, its subcontractors and a user of the buildings. The study shows that at the industry level, the different levels of maturity of companies, regulatory uncertainty, the lack of standards and uncertain return on investment discourage investment in digital tools. Due to the project-based nature of the industry, personal exchange is favoured. Compatibility and data exchange issues as well as practical problems such as language barriers and internet access hinder digital collaboration at the project level. The client's failure to create a proactive framework for digitalisation also inhibits the other players in the industry. Internal barriers such as a lack of technical expertise and the resulting scepticism prevent effective internal digital transformation. To drive change, companies need to expand their technical knowledge resources, align their internal structure to support digitalisation and use their influence to drive industry-wide change and address productivity issues and future challenges. / Byggbranschen är fortfarande en av de minst digitaliserade sektorerna i världen, vilket leder till låg produktivitet, kostnadsöverskridanden, projektförseningar och kvalitetsbrister. Att ta itu med dessa frågor är avgörande inte bara för den ekonomiska effektiviteten, utan också för att främja hållbarhet och anpassa sig till demografiska förändringar. Även om det finns studier om hinder för digitalisering i byggbranschen, råder det brist på studier som undersöker orsakerna till dessa hinder. Därför behandlar denna uppsats forskningsfrågan: ”Vilka är de intra- och interorganisatoriska hindren för digitalisering i de tidiga skedena i byggprojekt?”. Studien baseras på industriell nätverksteori (INA) och tillämpar ARA-modellen (Actors-Resources-Activities) av Håkansson och Snehota (1995) för att analysera resultaten. Detta görs för att identifiera hur branschens struktur påverkar barriärerna. Intervjuer genomfördes med respondenter från kundföretaget, dess underleverantörer och en användare av byggnaderna. Studien visar att på branschnivå bidrar företagens olika mognadsnivåer, osäkerhet kring regelverk, avsaknaden av tydliga standarder och den osäkra avkastningen på investeringar från att investeringar till att det inte investeras i digitala verktyg. På grund av branschens projektbaserade karaktär gynnas utbyten mellan individer. Kompatibilitets- och datautbytesproblem samt praktiska problem som språkbarriärer och tillgång till internet hindrar digitalt samarbete på projektnivå. Att kunden inte skapar ett proaktivt ramverk för digitalisering hämmar även de andra aktörerna i branschen. Interna barriärer som brist på teknisk expertis och den skepsis som följer av detta förhindrar en effektiv intern digital transformation. För att driva förändring måste företagen utöka sina tekniska kunskapsresurser, anpassa sin interna struktur för att stödja digitalisering och använda sitt inflytande för att driva branschomfattande förändringar och ta itu med produktivitetsfrågor och framtida utmaningar.

This diploma thesis is focused on static analysis, design and check of tank roof. There is design and check of main load-bearing elements of tank roof in this thesis according to ČSN EN 1992.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design of post-tensioned road bridge over the valley. Two preliminary studies have been proposed and one of them was selected for more detailed processing. The selected variant is a box girder with a constant height 2,5 m. The construction id divided into five span and its total lenght is 240 m Span length of construction is 18,0 m. The construction was assessed for ultimate and serviceability limit state acording to standarts and regulation. Drawings and vizualizations ard parts of the diploma thesis.

The diploma thesis deals with the design of a bridge in Most. It bridges the railway line and the river Bílina. Three possible variants have been proposed. One of the variants has been selected and further elaborated. The solved variant was an arc with a suspended pre-stressed bridge beam. The supporting element is a reinforced concrete backbone. The construction is built on a ring. Static analysis partly includes the effect of phased construction. The design was assessed according to EN.

The subject of the thesis is to design and consider steel superstructure of a composite steel-concrete road bridge. It is a continuous beam with seven spans of 36,0 + 57,0 + 75,0 + 90,0 + 75,0 + 57,0 + 36,0 = 426 meters. The superstructure consists of welded I-beams, which pass into closed box girder. The calculations take into account the construction phase.

The thesis deals with a design of a highway bridge with multiple spans. The bridge is constructed for highway D1 and goes across the river Bečva close to the city Přerov. Two different solutions were carried out from which a solution with subsequently prestressed box girder was chosen. Static model and load actions were modelled in program Scia Engineer 2016.0. Design checks were done manually according to corresponding Eurocodes. Load actions from wind, uneven support settling and horizontal actions from transit were neglecte.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the design and the assessment of post-tensioned bridge structure over deep wally, which transfer road D26,5/100 on D1 in Slovakia between Hubová – Ivachnová. Three variants were designed and compared. The most suitable variant of two identical bridges with box cross-section and constant height was further assess in detail.

I deal with the road bridge near Velké Meziříčí in the thesis. The highway bridge overcomes valley 360 m long and 36 m high. For each course there is a separate super-structure. Each of the support structures converts three stripes of road transport. I do calculation of internal forces both manually and in Scia Engineer. In the thesis is drawings, showing the gradual construction, diagram of prestressing and reinforcement.