The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are. Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad. This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are. Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad. This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Thesis (M.S.W.)--Smith College School for Social Work, Northampton, Mass., 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-138).

Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 1996. / Typescript (Photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-203).

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia Southern University, 2006. / "A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts" ETD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-140) and appendices.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / En la presente memoria se analizan las Relaciones Diplomáticas y Consulares a la luz de las Convenciones de Viena sobre Relaciones Diplomáticas de 1961 y la Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Consulares de 1963, su evolución, sus características, privilegios e inmunidades, terminaciones de estas y como a nivel nacional fue evolucionando y adecuándose a los tiempos actuales considerando las necesidades que la globalización exige, fundamentalmente con países de Latinoamérica, y en este estudio con Colombia, los que bajo el marco de la Alianza del Pacífico, han logrado fomentar los lazos de amistad y cooperación en materia diplomática y consular. Se comienza haciendo un estudio sobre la historia, evolución y las características de la Diplomacia. Para luego continuar con una breve reseña de otras formas de diplomacia. Luego se trata sobre las Oficinas Consulares su concepto histórico y evolución, rescatando las características fundamentales que nos brinda la Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Consulares de 1963. Prosigue el análisis con una reseña de lo que es la Alianza del Pacífico, como un organismo de integración regional y plataforma sobre la cual se han firmado Memorándum de Entendimientos entre los Estados Partes que a su vez han servido de antecedente, como es el caso de Colombia, para la posterior suscripción de Acuerdos Específicos en los cuales se han compartido parte de las Instalaciones de las Misiones tanto de Colombia como las de nuestro país en terceros Estados, para la apertura de nuevas Misiones Diplomáticas y/o Consulares. Finalmente, este trabajo culmina, con el estudio de un Acuerdo Interinstitucional que involucra a todos los países miembros de la Alianza del Pacifico como un proceso evolutivo de cooperación y asistencia consular que demuestra el dinamismo del Derecho Diplomático y Consular.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social, 2007. / Submitted by Fabrícia da Silva Costa Feitosa (fabriciascf@gmail.com) on 2009-12-07T13:52:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcelTaminato.PDF: 6992821 bytes, checksum: d95083cd9290d9ffb7e77765a0243320 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucila Saraiva(lucilasaraiva1@gmail.com) on 2009-12-07T15:50:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcelTaminato.PDF: 6992821 bytes, checksum: d95083cd9290d9ffb7e77765a0243320 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-12-07T15:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_MarcelTaminato.PDF: 6992821 bytes, checksum: d95083cd9290d9ffb7e77765a0243320 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-27 / A tríade elementar, Realeza, Budismo e o sentimento de pertencimento à Nação, marcou profundamente o período em que morei em Bangkok. Esta tríade em conjunto estabelecia na vida dos tailandeses as marcas definidoras do seu processo de identificação, correspondentes a cada cor da bandeira nacional: azul, branco e vermelho. Trazidos pela memória como pilares de estruturação de uma totalidade vivenciada com os tailandeses, esta dissertação buscou transformar minha experiência passada de vida em horizontes de uma pesquisa etnográfica - pesquisa com o objetivo de compreender como a combinação destas três cores eram vividas pelos tailandeses na Embaixada Real da Tailândia no Brasil e quais os tons que essas cores ganhavam neste outro contexto. As cores da bandeira, enquanto expressões semânticas de unidade e continuidade histórica do único país não colonizado do Sudeste Asiático se transformaram em índice etnográfico na sua dimensão pragmática. Foi esta possibilidade de fazer uma composição da estrutura verbal ou sequência textual por meio das cores que definiu a "função poética" desta dissertação. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The triad, Royalty, Buddhism and the feeling of being part of the Thai Nation, marked deeply my life in Bangkok. These three paradigms, in set, established the defining marks in the thai identification process. They are also correspondent to each color of the thai national flag: blue, white and red. This dissertation looks toward to put my past experience into horizons of an ethnographic research. As the main objective I tried to understand the combination of these three colors in the life of thai people in the Royal Thai Embassy in Brazil. The colors of the flag, while semantic expressions of unit and historical continuity of the only country in Southeast Asia which was not colonized, are transformed into an ethnographic index in its pragmatic dimension. It was this possibility to make a composition of the verbal structure or literal sequence through the colors that the “poetic function” of this dissertation is defined.

O foco desta tese é a relação comercial entre três pólos principais: Brasil, Portugal e Hamburgo. Em dois momentos distintos, antes da abertura dos portos, quando o Brasil é uma colônia portuguesa e, posteriormente, quando se torna um país autônomo. O fluxo comercial de Hamburgo com o Brasil, através de Portugal, é intenso a partir de 1796, ano em que as balanças de comércio o registram regularmente. Sendo mesmo Hamburgo, ao contrário do que se costuma pensar, o principal importador de efeitos coloniais brasileiros e, por decorrência, seu principal consumidor e distribuidor na Europa do Norte e Oriental. Depois da abertura dos portos, o movimento se retraiu, mas se recuperou nos anos seguintes a paz na Europa após a queda de Napoleão, voltando a ter papel significativo com a proclamação da Independência brasileira em relação a Portugal. Os principais produtos nesse estratégico comércio e importação hamburguesa era, sobretudo, o açúcar, couros e algodão. As fontes para o estudo foram as Balanças Gerais de Comércio de Portugal com seus Domínios e Nações Estrangeiras, as Balanças Comerciais de Hamburgo e os relatórios e as cartas consulares. / The present work focus on the commercial relationship among the tree key poles Brazil, Portugal and Hamburg in two distinct moments: before the opening of the ports, when Brazil was a Portuguese colony, and afterwards, when Brazil became an independent country. The commercial flow from Hamburg to Brazil, through Portugal, is intense from 1796, the year when the trade balance started to register it regularly. In fact, contrary to what one may think, it was Hamburg the main importer of the effects from Brazil colony and therefore its major consumer and distributor along Northern and Oriental Europe. After the opening of the ports, the flow had retread but the peace recovered it on the following years, especially after Napoleons fall when the flow had played a major role with the proclamation of the Brazilian Independence from Portugal. Sugar, leather and cotton were, above all, the principal products in this strategic trade and in the Hamburguese importation. The source of the study was the General Balance of Trade between Portugal and his Colonies and Nations, Hamburgs Balance of Trade, reports and consular letters.

This dissertation examines the concept of Other Diplomacies and argues for a human-centric approach to studying diplomacies. / The academic field of Diplomatic Studies has long been insulated from critical interventions in the broader discipline of International Relations. While critical discussions surrounding gender, race, and class have been in ascendance in International Relations, Diplomatic Studies has managed to police its traditional disciplinary boundaries by centring scholarship around states and their accredited agents. The state-centric focus of the field has resulted in scholarship privileging the interests of states, which are abstract entities, over those of actual living communities; therefore, engage with issues primarily important to masculine, Eurocentric, and elite actors. This dissertation intervenes in the academic field of Diplomatic Studies to decentre the state and reorient the field’s focus towards human-centric issues. It argues that societal non-state actors engage in Other Diplomacies as they interact with each other across boundaries of perceived differences. Thereby the dissertation contributes to the literature on Other Diplomacies by showing how Sri Lankan migrant workers engage in Other Diplomacies as they interact with their interlocutors in South Korea. It shows how Sri Lankan migrant workers utilise diplomatic skills to understand and navigate their gendered, racialised, and classist identities. This dissertation also contributes to the literature on consular affairs by arguing that it constitutes a part of Diplomatic Studies rather than a separate field of study. I sustain the human-centric focus of Other Diplomacies and shows that societal non-state actors provide and receive consular assistance from each other due to inadequate levels of assistance from their state. I propose that Other Diplomacies scholarship sustain a human-centric focus to uncover the gendered, racialised, and classist power hierarchies that societal actors must negotiate across as they interact with other actors, both state and non-state. Thereby this dissertation contributes to the critically inclined scholarship of Diplomatic Studies in particular and International Relations in general. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / The academic study of diplomacy has focused on states and their accredited agents. This has resulted in scholarly work that mostly limits itself to issues, interests, and solutions relevant to states and their leaders. While these concerns are important and relevant, the scholarship has neglected to take the concerns of ordinary people and communities into account. The implications of this have been the excluding of issues related to race, class, and gender, among other distinctions from the scholarship. This dissertation argues that scholars studying diplomacy should also place humans at the centre of concern, rather than only states. It does so by examining how Sri Lankan migrant workers in South Korea engage in diplomacy through the functions of representation, communication, and negotiation. Therefore, the dissertation contributes by centring ordinary people and communities in the study of diplomacy and international relations and showing how they matter.

[pt] Este trabalho discute a aplicação e limites da defesa dos direitos do indivíduo, enquadrada na proteção diplomática e sustentada no exercício de interpretar e fazer cumprir a Convenção de Viena sobre Relações Consulares de 1963. A discussão focará situações onde migrantes são condenados a penas severas, até mesmo a pena de morte, como no caso de milhares de mexicanos nos Estados Unidos da América. Com este objetivo, serão discutidos os casos emblemáticos LaGrand, de 2001, e Avena, de 2003, apresentados à Corte Internacional de Justiça pela Alemanha e México, respectivamente. / [en] This paper discusses the application and limits of the defense of the rights of the individual, framed in diplomatic protection and sustained in the exercise of interpreting and enforcing the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. The discussion will focus on situations where migrants are sentenced to severe penalties, even the death penalty, as in the case of thousands of Mexicans in the United States of America. To this end, the emblematic cases LaGrand, from 2001, and Avena, from 2003, brought before the International Court of Justice by Germany and Mexico, respectively, will be discussed.