Legal instruments of protection of diplomatic missions and representatives This diploma thesis thematically deals with public international law, namely with the law of diplomatic and consular relations focusing on the legal instruments of the protection of diplomatic missions and representations. It aims to analyze selected international legal instruments and to evaluate the effectiveness of protection provided by them. The first chapter deals with the right of a sovereign state to establish diplomatic relations, i. e. ius legationis. Briefly mentioned are attempts to unofficial codification of the law of diplomatic and consular relations, which preceeded the official codification of the Vienna Convention, which are developed by the International Law Commission. The bulk of the chapter is devoted to the process of creation and adoption of both the Vienna Conventions. In the second chapter are analyzed those provisions of Vienna conventions, which provide preventative protection to diplomatic agents and consular officers as well as to premises of diplomatic missions and representatives. These provisions govern legal institut od diplomatic inviolability and also the special duty to protect diplomatic misssions and representatives provided by the receiving State. The third chapter focuses on selected...

As Catilinárias são compostas por quatro discursos, sendo o primeiro e quarto proferidos no Senado, e o segundo e terceiro, na assembleia popular, entre os dias oito de novembro e cinco de dezembro de 63 a.C., ano do consulado de Cícero. Nosso trabalho se divide em duas partes: a primeira apresenta a tradução completa da obra e a segunda consiste em uma análise retórica, examinando os discursos individualmente por temáticas. No primeiro, tratamos da invectiva no Senado; no segundo, da invectiva a Catilina; no terceiro, da autopromoção ciceroniana e, no quarto, da prudentia no tribunal estabelecido pelo cônsul no Senado. / The Catilinarians are composed of four speeches; the first and fourth were delivered to the Senate, and the second and third were delivered to the popular assembly, between November 8 and December 5 of 63 BC, the year of Cicero\'s consulate. This dissertation is divided into two parts: the first part presents the complete translation into portuguese and the second part consists of a rhetorical analysis, examining the speeches individually by theme. In the first speech, we consider the use of invective in general within the Senate; in the second speech, we concentrate on invective towards Catiline; in the third speech, we observe the Ciceronian self-promotion and, in the fourth speech, we consider the use of prudentia in the \"senate court\" established by the consul.

Esta tese tem por fulcro o estudo dos imigrantes franceses que viveram na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XIX. Apesar de quantitativamente minoritários, se comparados a outras correntes migratórias, como a dos italianos, foram qualitativamente relevantes em um momento no qual a propagação da influência francesa era ali premente. Nos almanaques e jornais abundavam nomes de franceses com suas casas de negócio. Tratou-se de uma imigração espontânea e de cunho individual, voltada, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas. A despeito dos mais conhecidos através da historiografia serem engenheiros, pintores, médicos, enfim, detentores de saberes especializados ou técnicos, a maior parte daqueles que emigraram eram pessoas comuns que improvisavam seus papéis para a sobrevivência diária. Mesmo sem o savoir-faire, era estratégia do imigrante articular-se ao universo cultural francês, tornando-se modista, cozinheiro, cabeleireiro, ourives, alfaiate, ou proprietário dos ramos de hotéis e restaurantes - leque de inserções que a cidade, por conta dos lucros cafeeiros, passava a demandar. Também fez parte desse contexto, desvendar as relações comerciais e consulares entre Brasil e França, na medida em que se formava uma teia de expansão comercial francesa em concorrência aos produtos ingleses e alemães, na qual o cônsul era intermediador: verdadeiro elo dos interesses da França na região. / The core of this thesis was to study the French immigrants living in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their quantitative minority compared with other migratory currents such as that of Italian people, they were qualitatively relevant in a certain moment during which there was a pressing propagation of French influence. Almanacs and newspapers displayed plenty of French people\'s names and commercial business. This reflected an spontaneous immigration wave and its individual trait, which, above all, turned to urban occupations. Although many of the names most known to history have been engineers, painters, medical doctors, all with specialized or technical knowledge, most of the emmigrated were ordinary people who had to improvise the parts they played to attain their daily survival. Even when they did not have the savoir-faire, the strategy of an immigrant was to merge into the French cultural universe, thus becoming a dressmaker, a cook, a hairdresser, a jeweler, a tailor or the owner of a hotel or restaurant - an array of duties that the town was demanding, thanks to the profits brought by the coffee agribusiness. Also within this context we attempted to unveil the commercial and consular relationships between Brazil and France, since an expanding commercial French network was being built to compete with English and German products, in which the French consul acted as mediator and the true link of the French interests inside this area.

Orientador: Samuel Alves Soares / Banca: Teresa Maria Malatian / Banca: Marisa Saenz Leme / Banca: José Flávio Sombra Saraiva / Banca: Roquinaldo Amaral Ferreira / Resumo: O propósito deste trabalho é investigar as relações políticas dos dois grandes centros de exportação e de importação de escravos africanos na primeira metade do século XIX: a colônia portuguesa de Angola, na África, e o recém-independente Império do Brasil, na América. Para tanto, o objeto de análise aqui privilegiado é o Consulado Brasileiro em Luanda. Criado em 31 de outubro de 1826, através da nomeação de Ruy Germack Possolo, a representação consular brasileira em Angola foi fechada em meados de 1828 após a expulsão do cônsul pelas autoridades coloniais. Disso resultaram anos de negociações entre os Governos do Rio de Janeiro e de Lisboa para a sua reabertura, o que, apesar de ter sido consentido em 1854, só foi efetivamente concretizado em 1858, com a chegada de Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira à capital angolana. Pretende-se com este estudo compreender os sucessivos esforços da diplomacia imperial em (re)abrir aquela representação como parte integrante de uma política internacional maior desenvolvida em prol da defesa da soberania e da autonomia brasileira no concerto atlântico-africano, perante a ingerência de outros agentes internacionais, sobretudo a Grã-Bretanha e o próprio Portugal, na questão da supressão do tráfico negreiro, assunto que, até finais da década de 1840 e princípios da de 1850, estadistas e diplomatas brasileiros insistiam em tratar como competência legítima e exclusiva do foro político nacional e não do foro político internacional. / Abstract: The purpose of this study is investigate the political relations of the two Great centers of export and import of African slaves in the first half of Nineteenth Century: the Portuguese colony of Angola, on Africa, and the newly independent Empire of Brazil, in America. Indeed, here the privileged object of analysis is the Brazilian Consulate in Luanda. Created on October 31, 1826, by appointing Ruy Germack Possolo, the Brazilian consular representation in Angola it was closed in mid-1828 after the expulsion of the consul Germack Possolo by the colonial rulers. This fact resulted years of negotiations between the Governments of Rio de Janeiro and Lisbon for its reopening, which despite having been agreed in 1854, was only effectively implemented in 1858, with the arrival of Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira to capital Angolan. The aim of this study was to understand the successive efforts of the imperial diplomacy (re)open that representation as part of an international policy developed for the defense of sovereignty and the Brazilian autonomy in the Atlantic-African concert in front of the interference of others international agents, especially Great-Britain and Portugal, in the question of the abolition of the slave trade, a subject that until the late 1840s and early 1850s Brazilian statesmen and diplomats insisted on treating as legitimate and exclusive jurisdiction of the national political and not the international political forum. / Resume: Le but de cette travaux ést d'étudier les relations politiques des deux grands centres d'exportation et d'importation d'esclaves africains au cours de la première moitié du XIXe siècle: la colonie portugaise de l'Angola en Afrique, et l'nouvellement indépendant Empire du Brésil en Amérique. Ainsi, ici l'objet privilégié de l'analyse est le Consulat du Brésil à Luanda. Créé le 31 Octobre 1826, avec la nomination de Ruy Germack Possolo, la représentation consulaire du Brésil en Angola a été fermé à la mi- 1828 après l'expulsion du consul par les autorités coloniales. Il en est resulte des annés de négociations entre les gouvernements de Rio de Janeiro et Lisbonne pour as réouverture, qui bien qu'ayant été convenu en 1854, n'a été effectivement mis en oeuvre en 1858, avec l'arrivée de Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira dans la capitale angolaise. Il est prévu, par consequente, de comprendre les efforts successifs de la diplamatie impériale en (ré)ouvrir cette représentation dans le cadre d'une politique internationale plus large développé pour la défense de la souveraineté et de l'autonomie brésilienne dans le concert africain-atlantique avant l'intervention des autres les acteus internationaux, em particulier la Grande-Bretagne et le Portugal lui-même, la question de l'abolition de la traite des esclaves, um sujet qui, jusqu'à la fin des années 1840 et au début des années 1850 les hommes d'Etat et des diplomates brésiliens ont insisté sur le traitement de la compétence légitime et exclusif du fórum politique national et non pas les fórum politique international. / Doutor

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Esta tese tem por fulcro o estudo dos imigrantes franceses que viveram na cidade de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XIX. Apesar de quantitativamente minoritários, se comparados a outras correntes migratórias, como a dos italianos, foram qualitativamente relevantes em um momento no qual a propagação da influência francesa era ali premente. Nos almanaques e jornais abundavam nomes de franceses com suas casas de negócio. Tratou-se de uma imigração espontânea e de cunho individual, voltada, sobretudo, a ocupações urbanas. A despeito dos mais conhecidos através da historiografia serem engenheiros, pintores, médicos, enfim, detentores de saberes especializados ou técnicos, a maior parte daqueles que emigraram eram pessoas comuns que improvisavam seus papéis para a sobrevivência diária. Mesmo sem o savoir-faire, era estratégia do imigrante articular-se ao universo cultural francês, tornando-se modista, cozinheiro, cabeleireiro, ourives, alfaiate, ou proprietário dos ramos de hotéis e restaurantes - leque de inserções que a cidade, por conta dos lucros cafeeiros, passava a demandar. Também fez parte desse contexto, desvendar as relações comerciais e consulares entre Brasil e França, na medida em que se formava uma teia de expansão comercial francesa em concorrência aos produtos ingleses e alemães, na qual o cônsul era intermediador: verdadeiro elo dos interesses da França na região. / The core of this thesis was to study the French immigrants living in the city of São Paulo during the second half of the nineteenth century. Notwithstanding their quantitative minority compared with other migratory currents such as that of Italian people, they were qualitatively relevant in a certain moment during which there was a pressing propagation of French influence. Almanacs and newspapers displayed plenty of French people\'s names and commercial business. This reflected an spontaneous immigration wave and its individual trait, which, above all, turned to urban occupations. Although many of the names most known to history have been engineers, painters, medical doctors, all with specialized or technical knowledge, most of the emmigrated were ordinary people who had to improvise the parts they played to attain their daily survival. Even when they did not have the savoir-faire, the strategy of an immigrant was to merge into the French cultural universe, thus becoming a dressmaker, a cook, a hairdresser, a jeweler, a tailor or the owner of a hotel or restaurant - an array of duties that the town was demanding, thanks to the profits brought by the coffee agribusiness. Also within this context we attempted to unveil the commercial and consular relationships between Brazil and France, since an expanding commercial French network was being built to compete with English and German products, in which the French consul acted as mediator and the true link of the French interests inside this area.

The thesis deals with the present functions of the honorary consuls and their importance to the business diplomacy and international trade. The general part is focused on the historical development of the consular representation, the codification of the international law related to the consular relations and business diplomacy. The practical part analyzes the results obtained by questionnaire from the Czech honorary consuls.

En el presente informe se analiza el fallo de la Corte Internacional de Justicia del 31 de marzo de 2004 en el denominado caso Avena y Otros Nacionales Mexicanos, tercera ocasión en la que Estados Unidos de América es demandado ante dicho Tribunal, esta vez por los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, por el incumplimiento de sus obligaciones bajo el artículo 36 de la Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Consulares. El caso, para cuya resolución la Corte se pronuncia sobre la naturaleza, interpretación y aplicación de normas contenidas en dicha Convención, tiene en común con sus antecesores – Breard (1998) y LaGrand (2001)- que involucra a nacionales extranjeros que habían sido condenados a muerte sin que el Estado demandado hubiera cumplido con su obligación de notificarles su derecho al acceso consular. Motivado por su experiencia en el ejercicio de funciones consulares, en su análisis, el autor identifica cuatro problemas jurídicos sobre la base de la relevancia de las instituciones jurídicas involucradas y su importancia en la resolución del caso, siendo éstos: 1) lo referido a la competencia de la Corte, 2) cómo entender la obligación de informar “sin demora”, 3) la naturaleza de la reclamación y 4) la determinación de la “reparación adecuada”. De las conclusiones a las que se arriba, destacan, de un lado, que pese a lo señalado por la Corte, el caso reúne las condiciones para erigirse como uno de protección diplomática, y, de otro, que lo que determinado por dicho Tribunal como reparación debida, no escapa de los alcances de la restitutio in integrum.

L’officier de l’état civil est l’autorité désignée par la loi pour constater, enregistrer, conserver et exploiter, en la forme authentique, les actes constitutifs de l’individu et de la famille. Le maire, avec ses adjoints, est l’officier de l’état civil par excellence. En sa qualité de représentant de l’État à l’échelon communal, il assure l’administration d’un service accessible et proche des administrés. Le dédoublement fonctionnel qu’induit cette charge tend à satisfaire des besoins tant nationaux qu’individuels. À la fois organe exécutif de la commune et autorité publique déconcentrée, le maire est un acteur original en droit des personnes et de la famille qui lui vaut souvent d’être comparé à un notaire ou à un greffier. Si sa position hybride, à la frontière entre le droit privé et le droit public, présente un intérêt certain au regard des impératifs d’organisation sociale, elle n’en est pas moins perfectible. / The Officer of Civil Status is the authority designated by law to observe, register, keepand exploit, in their authentic form, the constituting acts of individuals and families. The mayor, with his assistants, is the Officer of Civil Status par excellence. As a State's representative at municipal level, he ensures the administration of a service which is accessible and close to the citizens. The two-fold responsibility arising from this function tends to meet both State and individual needs. As an executive municipal body and a decentralized public authority, the mayor plays a unique role in the law of persons and the family law. Therefore, he is often compared to a notary or a registrar. On the borderline between private law and public law, his hybrid position which has a definite interest with regard to the requirements of social organisation, could nevertheless be improved.

L’objectif de ma thèse est de réaliser une étude de relations internationales, qui comporte aussi une dimension d’histoire sociale à travers le recrutement de ces élites de la société civile – les consuls honoraires – qui assurent le relais entre cette dernière et la grande diplomatie de carrière. Je me propose de rechercher l’activité consulaire roumaine dans les quatre grandes puissances ouest européennes – choisies, pour équilibrer, parmi deux Etats révisionnistes, donc désireux de transformer les équilibres mis en place lors des traités concluant la Première Guerre mondiale, et deux Etats satisfaits par ces traités – à tous les niveaux : économique, politique, administratif et culturel. La problématique de ma thèse articule donc diplomatie consulaire et grande diplomatie et consiste à évaluer leur convergence politique en faveur des grands vainqueurs français et britannique ou, à l’inverse, le contrepoids que cette diplomatie « mineure » pourrait exercer au bénéfice des frustrés allemand et italien. Cette dernière option est d’autant plus intéressante qu’Allemagne et Italie étaient les principaux partenaires commerciaux de la Roumanie avant 1914. / The aim of my thesis is to realise an international relations study, which also includes a dimension of social history through the recruitment of these elites of civil society - the honorary consuls - who ensure the relay between the latter and the great career diplomacy. I propose to research the Romanian consular activity in the four great Western European powers - chosen, to balance, among two revisionist states, so eager to transform the balances put in place during the treaties concluding the First World War, and two states satisfied by these treaties - at all levels: economic, political, administrative and cultural. The rationale of my thesis articulates therefore consular diplomacy and great diplomacy and consists of evaluating their political convergence in favor of the great winners French and British or, conversely, the counterweight that this "minor" diplomacy could exert for the benefit of the frustrated German and Italian. The latter option is all the more interesting because Germany and Italy were Romania's main trading partners before 1914.