Abstract Problem: Food consumption represents the largest contributor to climate change in Sweden, with activities that contribute to excess waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Although studies indicate positive attitudes towards green purchasing behavior among young Swedish consumers, inconsistency between green purchasing intent and actual behavior have been noticed.   Purpose: The purpose of this qualitative research paper was to understand and identify underlying enablers and inhibitor to green purchasing behavior amongst young Swedish adults. Furthermore, the authors sought to understand the inconsistency between purchasing intent and actual purchasing behavior, of young Swedish consumers.   Method: To answer the research question a qualitative research was conducted with a deductive approach. Focus groups with semi-open interview questions were used to collect empirical data. The target group for this research were young Swedish adults between the ages of 20-26.   Conclusion: This research identified knowledge as the main inhibitor and enhancer of green purchasing behavior, as well as other factors that can be traced back to the amount and accessibility of knowledge. It was also concluded that companies have failed in delivering their green marketing strategies, as young consumers display confusion and mistrust towards green products.

<p>Either it is because of some significant active trends in the business world, or the attractive cut of cost and increase in profit, companies now days are focusing on sales promotion activities. But in reality, most of companies that are introducing new products are not getting what they intend to get. They are facing loses. One of the reasons is lack of understanding which specific sales promotion is preferable at that stage.</p><p>As the authors described on the background of the study, a lot of studies have been done to indicate preferable sales promotional tools for consumer’s goods. Even though those studies have found significant results, there is still a gap which needs further investigation. According to those studies, the result that indicates the more preferable sales promotional tool have to be tested under different discount magnitude range and variety of products.</p><p>Based on the above gap the study has been undertaken with the purpose of comparing two dominant sales promotional tools: price and non-price sales promotion. This comparison has been done on three new different consumer goods that have different characteristics. The authors believe that this will contribute to fill the gap on the findings of previous researches on the area of sales promotion.</p><p>To fulfill the purpose of the study, descriptive and comparative type of study has been conducted by using controlled field experiment. Data has been collected by using structured questionnaire from three undergraduate classes of Umea University, Umea, which are (i.e., classes) selected using judgmental sampling. Collected data has been analyzed using SPSS-descriptive statistics.</p><p>The result reveals that, consumers of newly introduced consumer good will use the price of the product as a cue for a quality and prefer to have cash discount rather than gift offers. More ever, marketing stimuli (i.e. sales promotion) can have impact on the occurrence of the impulse buying behavior. Therefore, companies that are introducing a new consumer product and using price sales promotion as a strategy are more likely to attract new consumers and create impulse buying behavior, which result in an increase in sales.</p>

Either it is because of some significant active trends in the business world, or the attractive cut of cost and increase in profit, companies now days are focusing on sales promotion activities. But in reality, most of companies that are introducing new products are not getting what they intend to get. They are facing loses. One of the reasons is lack of understanding which specific sales promotion is preferable at that stage. As the authors described on the background of the study, a lot of studies have been done to indicate preferable sales promotional tools for consumer’s goods. Even though those studies have found significant results, there is still a gap which needs further investigation. According to those studies, the result that indicates the more preferable sales promotional tool have to be tested under different discount magnitude range and variety of products. Based on the above gap the study has been undertaken with the purpose of comparing two dominant sales promotional tools: price and non-price sales promotion. This comparison has been done on three new different consumer goods that have different characteristics. The authors believe that this will contribute to fill the gap on the findings of previous researches on the area of sales promotion. To fulfill the purpose of the study, descriptive and comparative type of study has been conducted by using controlled field experiment. Data has been collected by using structured questionnaire from three undergraduate classes of Umea University, Umea, which are (i.e., classes) selected using judgmental sampling. Collected data has been analyzed using SPSS-descriptive statistics. The result reveals that, consumers of newly introduced consumer good will use the price of the product as a cue for a quality and prefer to have cash discount rather than gift offers. More ever, marketing stimuli (i.e. sales promotion) can have impact on the occurrence of the impulse buying behavior. Therefore, companies that are introducing a new consumer product and using price sales promotion as a strategy are more likely to attract new consumers and create impulse buying behavior, which result in an increase in sales.

Assignment (MComm) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: According to Costa and Basommy (1995) ethno-consumerism is the study of consumption from the point of view of a social or cultural group, which is the subject of the study. The purpose of the study was to document and critically analyse the use of modern household technologies by Swazi families and their experiences with them. The focus of analysis was at micro leveL A combined sample (N= 1449), consisting of Swazi females (N=810) and Swazi males (N=639) was requested to complete a questionnaire concerning the research project with issues relating to the adoption of household technologies. To explore the research issues concerning household technologies in Swaziland an ethno consumeristic framework consisting of four elements were developed: The Cultural context, Modernisation in the Swazi Culture, Rising Consumerism in Swaziland and the Technological Context. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Etniese verbruikersgedrag is volgens Costa & Basommy (1995) 'n studie van verbruiking vanuit die oogpunt van 'n kulturele of sosiale groep wat die onderwerp van die studie vorm. Die doel van die studie was om die gebruik van huishoudelike tegnologie deur Swazi families en hulle ondervinding daarmee te dokumenteer en analiseer. Die fokus van analise was op mikro vlak. 'n Gekombineerde steekproef (N=1449) was saamgestel uit Swazi dames (N=810) en Swazi mans (N=639). Die Swazi families het die navorsings projek van inligting voorsien oor kwessies wat verband hou met die aanvaarding van huishoudelike tegnologie. Om die navorsings kwessies aangaande huishoudelike tegnologie te ondersoek was 'n etniese verbruikersraamwerk saamgestel wat uit die volgende vier elemente bestaan het naamlik: Die Swazi se Kulturele Konteks, Modernisering in die Swazi Konteks, Toenemende Verbruikersorientasie en die Tegnologiese Konteks.

Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-06T14:50:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LOPES_Karine Fasolin_2015.pdf: 7001137 bytes, checksum: e08df43645b4a8a2c78fc5aa9bcab779 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-06T14:50:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LOPES_Karine Fasolin_2015.pdf: 7001137 bytes, checksum: e08df43645b4a8a2c78fc5aa9bcab779 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-06T14:50:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LOPES_Karine Fasolin_2015.pdf: 7001137 bytes, checksum: e08df43645b4a8a2c78fc5aa9bcab779 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-06T14:50:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LOPES_Karine Fasolin_2015.pdf: 7001137 bytes, checksum: e08df43645b4a8a2c78fc5aa9bcab779 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-16 / Não recebi financiamento / Companies in the distribution sector of non-durable consumer goods in Brazil suffer with the sales' concentration at the end of the marketing period, i.e., when a large amount of deliveries to customers occur in the last days of the month. This phenomenon can directly affect the company's costs as well as the level of service for lack of available products. Quite common scenarios that happen in distribution centers (DC) in this period are vehicles waiting to unload and the lack of products for delivery orders – it can also happen that the missing products are queued on hold in the trucks, waiting to be received. Considering the operations in distribution centers during this period is focused on the outbound of products, just some docks are available for unload. Based on this, the key issue is to determine which trucks must enter first at the docks to unload considering the necessity of products for the shipping operations and also the costs involved in this choice. Hence, the main objective of this study is firstly to propose a Mathematical Programming model to assists in prioritizing incoming vehicles, i.e., to determine which trucks must unload only considering the lack of product. Also, evaluate an extension of this model to minimize the costs of prioritization of vehicles, considering the lack of products, extra hours and demurrage per vehicle not received. The model is based on problems of vehicles assignation such as the gate assignments in airports and ships allocation in ports. Nevertheless, taking into consideration a distribution center of a company on the non-durable Consumer Goods Sector. The model was solved using the commercial package GAMS/CPLEX and the results were compared with the plans practiced by the company obtaining an average improvement for minimizing the lack of products of 37.1 % and 31% of minimizing costs. Furthermore, in order to verify the model fitness, some random instances were also performed. The model results generated adequate solutions to the problem, showing that the model is a viable tool for the inbound prioritizing of products. / As empresas do setor de bens de consumo não duráveis no Brasil sofrem com uma grande concentração das vendas no final do período de comercialização, isto é, uma grande quantidade de entregas para clientes ocorre nos últimos dias do mês. Este fenômeno pode intervir diretamente nos custos da empresa, assim como no nível de serviço por falta de produtos disponíveis. Situações bastante comuns que ocorrem em Centros de Distribuição (CD) neste período são veículos aguardando para descarregar e a falta de produtos para entrega de pedidos, sendo que pode acontecer de os produtos faltantes estarem na fila de espera, em veículos, aguardando para serem recebidos. Como as operações nos centros de distribuição neste período trabalham focadas na expedição de produtos, apenas algumas docas estão disponíveis para descarregar. Desta forma, a questão chave é determinar quais carretas devem entrar nas docas para descarregar considerando a necessidade de produto para a operação de expedição, o que interfere diretamente no nível de serviço aos clientes e também nos custos envolvidos nesta escolha, por exemplo, custos relacionados à perda de vendas e neste caso, pode envolver a decisão de pagamentos de docas extras. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é, primeiramente, propor um modelo de programação matemática para auxiliar na priorização de recebimento de veículos, ou seja, determinar quais veículos devem descarregar considerando apenas a falta de produto e, avaliar uma extensão deste modelo para minimizar os custos da priorização de veículos, considerando a falta dos produtos, as horas extras e a taxa de estadia cobrada por veículo não descarregado. Os modelos são baseados em problemas de alocação de veículos, tais como alocação de portões em aeroportos e alocação de navios em portos, mas considera o problema de recebimento em um centro de distribuição de uma empresa do setor de bens de consumo não duráveis. Os modelos foram resolvidos utilizando o pacote comercial GAMS/CPLEX e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os planos praticados pela empresa obtendo uma melhora média para a minimização da falta de 37,1% e minimização de custos de 31%. Além disso, a fim de verificar a adequação do modelo, algumas instâncias aleatórias também foram executadas. Os resultados do modelo geraram soluções adequadas para o problema, mostrando que o modelo é uma ferramenta viável para a priorização de recebimento de produtos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:03:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1290857 bytes, checksum: 6b4382336943af0efeff12790e037360 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Breastfeeding is a complex process that transcends the biological level, is always embedded in social and cultural about the unique role of women as being essential to the success of this practice. It is recommended exclusive breastfeeding until six months and its maintenance up to two years or more, along with the addition of complementary foods. In most countries, especially those less developed economically, it is great income inequality and poverty level. There is a strong relationship between income and health. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between family income, possession of consumer goods, body mass index and breastfeeding practices among children under the age of sixty months. Epidemiological cross-sectional population-based study was held in five Health District of the municipality of João Pessoa/PB, Brazil, trough household survey. We evaluated 91 children aged zero to sixty months of age, divided into two age groups (0-24 months and 25-60 months) of both genders and different socioeconomic conditions. The procedures for the selection of the sample had a sequence of steps to obtain a rigorous random, stratified, proportionality and representation of the population. We collected data on aspects of socioeconomic, demographic, anthropometric and food. Anthropometric measurements (weight, length / height and age) were measured to classify the nutritional status of individuals. The age was obtained by means of book of children's health. We used the chi-square test or Fisher exact test, in order to observe the relationship between the number of consumer goods, income, and current weight, current height and body mass index, and Student t test for the hypothesis correlation and zero for the hypothesis of equality of variances was held Levene's F test and normality of data was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk. There was no significant difference for the median consumer goods distributed by age group between the two age groups. The same behavior occurred with income, but also in relation to nutritional status and age, however, there was a higher frequency of males in the sample selected. There was a prevalence of overweight and obesity of 30,8%. Income was associated with the current weight and Body Mass Index in children aged twenty-five to sixty months. There was a correlation between possession of consumer goods, current weight and Body Mass Index, and statistically significant relationship between the practice of breastfeeding in children under two years of age and income. It was concluded that the income was associated with the practice of breastfeeding, current weight and Body Mass Index and the possession of consumer goods was correlated with current weight and body mass index among children of twenty-five to sixty months of age, showing thus a further option to use this variable in developing countries when studying social inequality and health. / A amamentação é um processo complexo que, transcende o plano biológico, sendo sempre incorporado a valores sociais e culturais relativos ao papel singular da mulher, como ser imprescindível para o êxito desta prática. Recomenda-se o aleitamento materno exclusivo até os seis meses e a sua manutenção, pelo menos, até dois anos de idade ou mais, juntamente com a adição de alimentos complementares. Na maioria dos países, principalmente naqueles menos desenvolvidos economicamente, é grande a desigualdade de renda e nível de pobreza. Observa-se forte relação entre renda e saúde. Este estudo objetivou analisar a relação entre renda familiar, posse de bens de consumo, índice de massa corporal e práticas de aleitamento materno em crianças menores de sessenta meses de idade. Estudo epidemiológico transversal, de base populacional, realizado nos cinco distritos sanitários do município de João Pessoa/PB, Brasil, por meio de inquérito domiciliar. Foram avaliadas 91 crianças com idade entre zero e sessenta meses, distribuídas em dois grupos etários (0 a 24 meses e 25 a 60 meses), de ambos os gêneros e diferentes condições socioeconômicas. Os procedimentos para a seleção da amostra tiveram uma seqüência de etapas visando obter uma rigorosa aleatoriedade, estratificação, proporcionalidade e representatividade. Coletaram-se dados sobre os aspectos socioeconômico, demográfico, antropométrico e alimentar. Medidas antropométricas (peso e comprimento/altura) foram aferidas para classificar a situação nutricional dos indivíduos. A idade foi obtida por meio da caderneta de saúde da criança. Utilizou-se os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher, a fim de se observar relação entre número de bens de consumo e renda com peso atual, altura atual e índice de massa corporal, além de teste t-Student para a hipótese de correlação nula e, para a hipótese de igualdade de variâncias, realizou-se teste F de Levene e a de normalidade dos dados foi verificada por meio de teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Não foi observada diferença significativa para a mediana de bens de consumo distribuída por faixa etária entre os dois grupos etários. O mesmo comportamento ocorreu com a renda, como também em relação ao estado nutricional e a faixa etária. No entanto, houve maior freqüência do gênero masculino na casuística selecionada. Observou-se uma prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade de 30,8%. A renda apresentou associação com o peso atual e Índice de Massa Corporal em crianças com idade de vinte e cinco a sessenta meses. Houve correlação entre posse de bens de consumo, peso atual e Índice de Massa Corporal, além de relação estatisticamente significativa entre a prática de aleitamento materno em crianças menores de dois anos de idade e renda. Concluiu-se que a renda associou-se à prática do aleitamento materno, peso atual e índice de massa corporal e a posse de bens de consumo correlacionou-se com peso atual e índice de massa corporal entre crianças de vinte e cinco e sessenta meses de idade, demonstrando, dessa forma, mais uma opção de uso desta variável em países em desenvolvimento ao se estudar desigualdade social e saúde.

This diploma thesis focuses on the topic of "Sale of consumer goods - rights arising from a defective performance". This topic is coherently and comprehensibly explained, with an emphasis on a comparison between the former legal regulation governing exercising of rights arising from a defective performance under the sale of consumer goods (under Act No. 40/1964 Coll., Civil Code) and current legal regulation governing this area (under Act No. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code), especially with regard to changes in the position of a buyer. Formally, the thesis is divided into six chapters, which are further split into individual subchapters. The first chapter introduces the legislation containing provisions concerning rights arising from a defective performance under the sale of consumer goods. The second chapter deals with the term "sale of consumer goods", with the scope of application of this special area and its purpose. The third chapter describes the procedure of the proper exercise of a right arising from a defective performance, mainly reasons for which this juridical act can be made, what form, content or other elements it must have, who is actually entitled to this act and against whom. This chapter also presents a deadline for exercising of this right, along with arguments for and against...

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters in Management Science: Marketing, Durban University of Technology. Durban. South Africa, 2017. / The role of packaging has changed with the move to self-service retail formats. Marketers have transformed packaging to become one of the major promoting tools of products, which in turn gets the attention of potential customers and communicate the brand value to the target market. Thus, there is a necessity to explore packaging and its elements in more detail, in order to understand which of these elements are the most important factors influencing the consumer’s purchase decision. This study seeks to reveal the influence of visual and verbal packaging elements on international students buying decision of convenience goods specifically fruit juice which is popular among students. A quantitative, non-probability research approach was employed and convenience sampling was used to identify and select study participants constituting 397 students. In the study the visual and verbal elements are both found to influence consumer buying behaviour. The visual elements that influence consumer buying behaviour are colour, graphics and packaging technology. The verbal elements that have an influence on consumer buying behaviour for convenience goods are label information and brand name. The factor analysis shows that the most important factors during buying decisions are label information, brand name, graphics, colour and technology. The regression analysis reveal a significant relationship between consumer buying behaviour and seven predictor variables; colour, graphics, packaging technology, label information, brand name, level of involvement and time-pressure. The results also reveal that when consumers are under time-pressure, they consider visual elements when they make their purchase decisions. On the other hand, the consumers consider verbal elements when they are not under time-pressure. The results also show that consumers regard convenience goods as low involvement products. Thus it is the duty of marketers to utilise packaging as a marketing tool and weapon against competitors. This study recommends that marketers must consider all packaging elements when designing a package because all packaging elements are significant in drawing interest and attention of consumers. If these elements are properly combined the package will be more attractive and attention-grabbing. / M

Magister Commercii - MCom / The concept of brand loyalty highlights the importance of brands in marketing strategy development because it leads to a stream of benefits for the company (lower marketing costs, less price sensitivity, greater market share and greater profits). Questions thus arise about how brand loyalty is achieved, especially for low involvement product categories classified as fast moving consumer goods (FMCGs). Models of how brand loyalty is built have been tested and most agree that brand loyalty is linked to satisfying customer needs. Knowledge about the type of needs (utilitarian and hedonic) is however, not usually determined. How the different types of needs first influence brand trust and brand affect, before affecting consumer satisfaction, also requires investigation. This study therefore tested how brand building efforts for some selected FMCG brands in South Africa impact on brand loyalty, as well as the extent to which utilitarian and hedonic need satisfaction leads to brand trust and brand affect for these low involvement products. The study also examined the extent to which brand trust and affect influence consumer satisfaction, examined as drivers of attitudinal and behavioural brand loyalty. Quantitative research methods were used to collect and analyse the data, appropriate because of the nature of the research (testing relationships between multi-variables), and the fact that standardised instruments were available to test the proven and valid variables. Data was collected from 272 White, Indian, Coloured and Black South Africans living in Cape Town. The respondents were sampled from malls in Nyanga (targeting Black consumers, most of whom represent lower income consumers), Mitchell's Plain (targeting middle income Coloured and Black consumers), and Canal Walk (targeting high income White, Coloured, Indian and Black consumers), all of which either have SPAR, Pick n Pay or Shoprite/Checkers retailers that sell FMCGs. Structural equation modelling was the main data analysis method for this multivariate investigation.

The aim of this thesis is to describe current trends in global retail, the current state of retail in Czech Republic and possible need of bringing innovation to the outburst of Millennials generation economic activity. Introduction is devoted to theoretical description of retail and its meaning. As part of the thesis, there is a significant part containing relations within the worldwide retail and also its current trends and development. Furthermore, part of the thesis is devoted to the development and ongoing evolution of retail in the Czech Republic. Theoretical definition in the third chapter deals with buying behavior as well as the factors which have an impact on it. Millennials are the bearers of the innovation need in the world retail sector. The thesis put emphasis on this generation essential features characteristic, as well as their purchasing behavior. Quantitative research includes evaluation of their behavior and attitudes on the czech market in relation to information about groceries and consumer goods, then to their use of technology (smartphones) in the buying process of groceries and consumer goods, and also evaluation and description of their specific attitudes to purchase behavior and different characteristic aspects resulting from global characteristics of Millennials.