This qualitative study was designed to explore the perceptions of Aboriginal professionals in various work sectors as they reflect on their educational experiences in high school and the nature of success. Questions guiding this research were: What is Aboriginal student success? What factors affect success? To what or whom do professionals attribute their successfulness? What can make others successful?<p> Prompting this study was the latest statistics about Aboriginal people released on September 24, 2003. The Aboriginal Peoples Survey was compiled by Statistics Canada in 2001. The survey stated that the number of off reserve Canadian Aboriginal students who are dropping out of school is 52%. In comparison to the Non-Aboriginal population, the overall high school dropout rate is 26%. What is alarming is that the drop out rate has not changed since the previous study in 1996.<p> Some of the research conducted has focused on finding barriers to Aboriginal students dropping out of school. Although this research assumed that if barriers can be identified, and removed they have only insignificantly decreased the dropout rate. This study gives voice to aboriginal professionals' success experiences by having them share their stories through in-depth interviews. Rather than focus on barriers, this study emphasizes positive high school experiences of Aboriginal professionals and factors that led to their success.<p> In-depth interviews were conducted initially with professionals in various work sectors that include human service sectors. A second interview was held with these professionals to clarify and further develop ideas emerging from the initial sets of interviews. Descriptive memos and reflective notes were kept throughout the process with the analysis of data following traditions of qualitative methods. The results of the study showed that the nature of success was complex, intricate, and idiosyncratic. Each participant had their own unique definition of success based upon distinct factors including a mindset, cultural orientation, spiritual connections, marginalization, and colonization. The definitions of success varied with changing variables of the participants.<p> Not surprisingly, the study related student success to the biological, social, physical and spiritual factors including Aboriginal spirituality; to external factors including culture, curriculum, instructional approaches, role models, relevant education, and relationships; and to the internal factors attitude, goal setting, motivation and inquiry.<p> In their suggestions of how others can be successful, each participant shared words of wisdom about education, stability, balance and a work ethic. The study offers teachers, parents, and students practical suggestions for increased student success and provides a list of implications produced by the study.

Background: The focus of this study is on how far GPs' perceptions of dementia map onto the components and contributing factors to stigma as described by Link and Phelan (2001; 2006) and Jones et al. (1984). Aim: The study explores GPs' perceptions of dementia as a stigma, develops a specific conceptualization of the stigma of dementia and considers implications for timely diagnosis. Methods: Data from twenty-three GPs in northern England were collected by semistructured telephone interviews. Within the context of a qualitative design, a combined process of grounded theory and framework analysis was adopted to collect and analyse data. Results: The findings reveal that GPs' perceptions of dementia map onto Link and Phelan and Jones' identification of contributing factors and components of stigma and may hinder timely diagnosis. Three themes emerged reflecting a dynamic process of making sense of dementia, relating perceptions to oneself and considering the consequences of dementia. Within those themes, certain categories had particular salience for GPs, namely the characteristics of the attribute, existential anxiety and discrimination. The themes and categories are inter-related and can be considered as parts of a system. Perceived lack of reciprocity could be detected in most categories which suggests that it is influential in the social construction of the stigma of dementia. Conclusion: The data suggest that current conceptualizations of stigma are insufficient to fully account for the stigma of dementia. A specific conceptualization of the stigma of dementia is proposed and the implications of GPs' perceptions for timely diagnosis are discussed.

Uma das maiores preocupações dos órgãos responsáveis pelo planejamento do trânsito e também da comunidade científica é encontrar soluções que possam reduzir o número de fatalidades e de feridos por acidentes de trânsito. Analisar os acidente e melhor compreender esses eventos pode ajudar a prevenir ou reduzir a sua ocorrência e o seu impacto. Paralelamente, é preciso buscar dados que expressem a realidade brasileira e que permitam a realização de estudos com base nesses dados. Tendo em vista esses aspectos, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo do registro de fatores contribuintes para os acidentes de trânsito urbanos, discutindo a importância deste tipo de registro como complemento as informações para a análise de segurança e o planejamento de intervenções. Inicialmente, o estudo da literatura permitiu reunir uma listagem ampla de fatores contribuintes. Após, as informações coletadas foram processadas, foram eliminadas redundâncias e superposições e foi gerada uma listagem que compõe um formulário de registro de fatores contribuintes. Este formulário foi aplicado em uma pesquisa prática, para avaliar a potencialidade da metodologia proposta. O estudo, envolvendo revisão da literatura, pesquisa aplicada e entrevista com o gerente de fiscalização de empresa municipal de transportes, revelou que: (i) o registro de fatores contribuintes é uma opção considerada relevante para a obtenção de informações referentes a melhoria da segurança viária; (ii) o formulário desenvolvido para registro dos fatores contribuintes atende as questões de abrangência e facilidade de uso; (iii) utilizando o formulário proposto, esse registro pode ser feito por pesquisadores dedicados, agentes de trânsito ou policiais; (iv) do ponto de vista de entendimento da gênese do acidente e do desenvolvimento de medidas mitigadoras, o levantamento de informações sobre os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, de forma direta ou indireta, revela elementos importantes para a promoção da segurança viária. / A major concern of governments and also the scientific community is to find solutions that can reduce the number of fatalities and injuries from traffic accidents. Analyze accidents and better understand these events can help preventing or reducing their occurrence and impact. In parallel, we need to collect data that reflect Brazilian reality and allow studies based on these data. Considering these aspects, this dissertation presents a study of the record of contributing factors for urban traffic accidents, discussing the importance of such information as a complement to safety analysis and intervention planning. Initially, a literature review brought together a broad list of contributing factors. Next, the data were processed, duplication and overlapping were eliminated, and a list that constitutes a contributing factors report form was generated. This report form was applied in a practical research, to evaluate the suitability of the proposed methodology. The study, involving literature review, applied research and interviews with the manager of traffic inspectors of the municipal transport agency, revealed that: (i) the record of contributing factors is a consistent option to obtain relevant information for the improvement of road safety (ii) the form developed for recording the contributing factors meets the questions of coverage and ease of use, (iii) using the proposed form, the record of contributing factors may be carried out by dedicated researchers, traffic agents, or police, (iv) in the point of view of understanding the genesis of the accidents and the development of mitigating measures, collecting information about factors that contribute to the occurrence of accidents, either directly or indirectly, reveals important elements for the promotion of road safety.

Uma das maiores preocupações dos órgãos responsáveis pelo planejamento do trânsito e também da comunidade científica é encontrar soluções que possam reduzir o número de fatalidades e de feridos por acidentes de trânsito. Analisar os acidente e melhor compreender esses eventos pode ajudar a prevenir ou reduzir a sua ocorrência e o seu impacto. Paralelamente, é preciso buscar dados que expressem a realidade brasileira e que permitam a realização de estudos com base nesses dados. Tendo em vista esses aspectos, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo do registro de fatores contribuintes para os acidentes de trânsito urbanos, discutindo a importância deste tipo de registro como complemento as informações para a análise de segurança e o planejamento de intervenções. Inicialmente, o estudo da literatura permitiu reunir uma listagem ampla de fatores contribuintes. Após, as informações coletadas foram processadas, foram eliminadas redundâncias e superposições e foi gerada uma listagem que compõe um formulário de registro de fatores contribuintes. Este formulário foi aplicado em uma pesquisa prática, para avaliar a potencialidade da metodologia proposta. O estudo, envolvendo revisão da literatura, pesquisa aplicada e entrevista com o gerente de fiscalização de empresa municipal de transportes, revelou que: (i) o registro de fatores contribuintes é uma opção considerada relevante para a obtenção de informações referentes a melhoria da segurança viária; (ii) o formulário desenvolvido para registro dos fatores contribuintes atende as questões de abrangência e facilidade de uso; (iii) utilizando o formulário proposto, esse registro pode ser feito por pesquisadores dedicados, agentes de trânsito ou policiais; (iv) do ponto de vista de entendimento da gênese do acidente e do desenvolvimento de medidas mitigadoras, o levantamento de informações sobre os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, de forma direta ou indireta, revela elementos importantes para a promoção da segurança viária. / A major concern of governments and also the scientific community is to find solutions that can reduce the number of fatalities and injuries from traffic accidents. Analyze accidents and better understand these events can help preventing or reducing their occurrence and impact. In parallel, we need to collect data that reflect Brazilian reality and allow studies based on these data. Considering these aspects, this dissertation presents a study of the record of contributing factors for urban traffic accidents, discussing the importance of such information as a complement to safety analysis and intervention planning. Initially, a literature review brought together a broad list of contributing factors. Next, the data were processed, duplication and overlapping were eliminated, and a list that constitutes a contributing factors report form was generated. This report form was applied in a practical research, to evaluate the suitability of the proposed methodology. The study, involving literature review, applied research and interviews with the manager of traffic inspectors of the municipal transport agency, revealed that: (i) the record of contributing factors is a consistent option to obtain relevant information for the improvement of road safety (ii) the form developed for recording the contributing factors meets the questions of coverage and ease of use, (iii) using the proposed form, the record of contributing factors may be carried out by dedicated researchers, traffic agents, or police, (iv) in the point of view of understanding the genesis of the accidents and the development of mitigating measures, collecting information about factors that contribute to the occurrence of accidents, either directly or indirectly, reveals important elements for the promotion of road safety.

Uma das maiores preocupações dos órgãos responsáveis pelo planejamento do trânsito e também da comunidade científica é encontrar soluções que possam reduzir o número de fatalidades e de feridos por acidentes de trânsito. Analisar os acidente e melhor compreender esses eventos pode ajudar a prevenir ou reduzir a sua ocorrência e o seu impacto. Paralelamente, é preciso buscar dados que expressem a realidade brasileira e que permitam a realização de estudos com base nesses dados. Tendo em vista esses aspectos, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo do registro de fatores contribuintes para os acidentes de trânsito urbanos, discutindo a importância deste tipo de registro como complemento as informações para a análise de segurança e o planejamento de intervenções. Inicialmente, o estudo da literatura permitiu reunir uma listagem ampla de fatores contribuintes. Após, as informações coletadas foram processadas, foram eliminadas redundâncias e superposições e foi gerada uma listagem que compõe um formulário de registro de fatores contribuintes. Este formulário foi aplicado em uma pesquisa prática, para avaliar a potencialidade da metodologia proposta. O estudo, envolvendo revisão da literatura, pesquisa aplicada e entrevista com o gerente de fiscalização de empresa municipal de transportes, revelou que: (i) o registro de fatores contribuintes é uma opção considerada relevante para a obtenção de informações referentes a melhoria da segurança viária; (ii) o formulário desenvolvido para registro dos fatores contribuintes atende as questões de abrangência e facilidade de uso; (iii) utilizando o formulário proposto, esse registro pode ser feito por pesquisadores dedicados, agentes de trânsito ou policiais; (iv) do ponto de vista de entendimento da gênese do acidente e do desenvolvimento de medidas mitigadoras, o levantamento de informações sobre os fatores que contribuem para a ocorrência dos acidentes, de forma direta ou indireta, revela elementos importantes para a promoção da segurança viária. / A major concern of governments and also the scientific community is to find solutions that can reduce the number of fatalities and injuries from traffic accidents. Analyze accidents and better understand these events can help preventing or reducing their occurrence and impact. In parallel, we need to collect data that reflect Brazilian reality and allow studies based on these data. Considering these aspects, this dissertation presents a study of the record of contributing factors for urban traffic accidents, discussing the importance of such information as a complement to safety analysis and intervention planning. Initially, a literature review brought together a broad list of contributing factors. Next, the data were processed, duplication and overlapping were eliminated, and a list that constitutes a contributing factors report form was generated. This report form was applied in a practical research, to evaluate the suitability of the proposed methodology. The study, involving literature review, applied research and interviews with the manager of traffic inspectors of the municipal transport agency, revealed that: (i) the record of contributing factors is a consistent option to obtain relevant information for the improvement of road safety (ii) the form developed for recording the contributing factors meets the questions of coverage and ease of use, (iii) using the proposed form, the record of contributing factors may be carried out by dedicated researchers, traffic agents, or police, (iv) in the point of view of understanding the genesis of the accidents and the development of mitigating measures, collecting information about factors that contribute to the occurrence of accidents, either directly or indirectly, reveals important elements for the promotion of road safety.

Background: Dispensing medication is a chain of multiple stages, and any error during the dispensing process may cause potential or actual risk for the patient. Few research studies have investigated the nature and contributory factors associated with dispensing errors in hospital pharmacies. Aim: To determine the nature and severity of dispensing errors reported in the hospital pharmacies at King Saud Medical City (KSMC) hospital in Saudi Arabia, and at Luton and Dunstable University Hospital (L&D) NHS Foundation Trust in the UK; and to explore the pharmacy staff perceptions of contributory factors to dispensing errors and strategies to reduce these errors. Materials and Methods: A mixed method approach was used and encompassed two phases. Phase I: A retrospective review of dispensing error reports for an 18-month period at the two hospitals. The potential clinical significance of unprevented dispensing errors was assessed. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics in SPSS and A Fisher's test was used to compare the findings. Phase II: Self-administered qualitative questionnaires (open-ended questions) were distributed to the dispensary teams in KSMC and L&D hospitals. Content analysis was applied to the qualitative data using NVivo qualitative analysis software. Result: Dispensing the wrong medicine or the incorrect strength were the most common dispensing error types in both hospitals. Labelling errors were also common at the L&D pharmacy dispensary. The majority of the unprevented dispensing errors were assessed to have minor or moderate potential harm to patients. Look-alike/sound-alike medicines, high workload, lack of staff experience, fatigue and loss of concentration during work, hurrying through tasks and distraction in the dispensary were the most common contributory factors suggested. Ambiguity of the prescriptions was a specified factor in the L&D pharmacy, while poor pharmacy design and unstructured dispensing process were specified contributory factors in the KSMC pharmacy. Conclusions: Decreasing distractions and enhancing the pharmacy design and the dispensing workflow are necessary to reduce dispensing errors. Furthermore, monitoring and reporting errors and educating the dispensary team about these errors is also needed. Automation and e-prescribing systems may improve dispensing efficiency and safety. The findings of this study reemphasise the fact that dispensing errors are prevalent in hospital pharmacies. Efficient interventions need to be implemented to mitigate these errors.

Theses ( MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Background: Maternal mortality is a significant public health problem worldwide, and is a vital indicator of the functioning of a health system. The South African maternal mortality ratio is higher than other countries with same economic growth, despite people having free access to maternal health. How to develop relevant policies and programmes to reduce maternal mortality factors contributing to maternal mortality was investigated. Aims of the Study: To investigate the factors contributing to maternal mortality in public health institutions in the Sekhukhune District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Methods: A quantitative, retrospective study was undertaken where 138 medical records of maternal mortality cases reported between 2013 to 2017 were reviewed. A simple random sampling method was used to select files that met the selection criteria from seven hospitals in the Sekhukhune District, Information was collected on maternal demographics and health service-related characteristics, including age, marital status, parity, antenatal care utilisation of services and delivery type. Inferential data were analysed using the student t-test and SPSS version 25. Results: The mean age of the women involved in this study was 30 years, with a standard deviation of 5.7. All the women who participated in the study were black African. The majority of maternal mortality occurred in hospital. The women in the majority of maternal mortality cases were unemployed, at 93.5%, while most of the maternal mortality cases involved single women (71%).The women involved in these maternal mortality cases booked their ANC care and the major health provider was a professional nurse (58.0%), while 57.2% of the participants attended their ANC at primary healthcare facilities. Most of the maternal deaths occurred after delivery (58.7%) and, in most deliveries, the Partogram was not used (66%). HIV testing occurred in 99% of the maternal mortality cases. The causes of maternal mortality were both direct (71.0%) and indirect (23.9%) causes. The leading cause of maternal mortality was direct haemorrhage (33%), followed by eclampsia (27%) and infection (16%). The leading indirect cause was respiratory causes (22%) and retro viral disease (RVD) (9%). The personal factor that contributed most to maternal mortality was delay in seeking help (62%). v Conclusion and Recommendations: The personal factor, delay in seeking medical help by the women, contributed to maternal mortality and it was further concluded that the majority of maternal mortality cases did not occur as a result of any complications in ANC and delivery. It is recommended that the training of healthcare providers in the utilisation of the Partogram be implemented to improve skills in the management of haemorrhage and eclampsia. Furthermore, the management of complications needs to be strengthened through a multi-sectorial approach. / SAMRC

Background: Compassion fatigue is a phenomenon described as emotional exhaustion. Healthcare professionals are a high-risk group susceptible to compassion fatigue. It manifests as the objectification of the patient, with a focus on medical technology, leading to a loss of the caring relationship. Compassion is rooted in abilities such as empathy and sympathy, representing an ideal approach expected of nurses. Quality nursing is built on respect, interpersonal interaction, and effective communication, all falling within the responsibility of nurses to fulfill. Aim: The purpose was to highlight factors leading to compassion fatigue among nurses in hospital-based care. Method: The chosen method was a literature study involving the collection of qualitative research, with a total of 10 scientific articles. Results: The results are presented in three themes: personal factors, care-related factors, and workrelated factors. Seven subthemes were identified: meeting patients' needs, not accepting the uncontrollable, managing demands and attitudes of relatives, internal negative thoughts and feelings, the mutual impact of personal and professional life, the challenging work environment, and insufficient support from colleagues and management. Conclusion: The factors behind compassion fatigue encompass various dimensions of nurses' professional lives but also extend into their personal lives. To counteract compassion fatigue, more knowledge and research on the phenomenon are needed. / Denna litteraturstudie har undersökt empatitrötthet hos sjuksköterskor och mer specifikt om vilka de bakomliggande faktorerna var till att sjuksköterskor drabbas av empatitrötthet. Empatitrötthet är ett tillstånd när sjuksköterskor inte längre känner empati och medlidande för sina patienter. Syftet var att belysa faktorer som leder till empatitrötthet hos sjuksköterskor inom sjukhusbaserad omvårdnad. Denna studie har därför genom att läsa den vetenskap som idag existerar om empatitrötthet, kunnat sammanställa olika anledningar till vad som orsakar empatitrötthet. Studiens resultat består av tre teman samt sju subteman. Det första temat var vårdrelaterade faktorer med subteman att möta patienters behov, att inte acceptera det opåverkbara och att hantera anhörigas krav och attityder. Där framkom det bland annat att kommunikationen mellan sjuksköterskor, patienter och deras anhöriga, i vissa fall kunde kännas väldigt krävande. Det kunde leda till att sjuksköterskor började ta avstånd eller började tvivla på sig själva och deras egentliga kunskap. Nästa tema var personliga faktorer med subteman, inre negativa tankar och känslor, samt privatlivet och arbetslivets ömsesidiga påverkan.Framför allt handlade det om att sjuksköterskor i sitt yrke möter mycket lidande och genom deras medlidande kände de också ett eget lidande. Detta gjorde att sjuksköterskor till slut behövde ta avstånd för att klara av att fortsätta arbeta. Många sjuksköterskor vittnade om att det påverkade deras privatliv, de drömde mardrömmar och fick kroppsliga symptom som förhöjt blodtryck. Det tredje temat var arbetsrelaterade faktorer med subteman, det hårda arbetsklimatet, och att stödet brister från kollegor och ledning. Där lyftes arbetsbelastningen och arbetsmiljöns påverkan på sjuksköterskor. Arbetsbelastningen kunde ofta vara mycket hög och det utvecklade en stress hos sjuksköterskorna som mynnade till slut ut i en empatitrötthet.Slutligen kom forskningen fram till att de behövs mer kunskap om empatitrötthet.

Background The focus of this study is on how far GPs¿ perceptions of dementia map onto the components and contributing factors to stigma as described by Link and Phelan (2001; 2006) and Jones et al. (1984). Aim The study explores GPs¿ perceptions of dementia as a stigma, develops a specific conceptualization of the stigma of dementia and considers implications for timely diagnosis. Methods Data from twenty-three GPs in northern England were collected by semistructured telephone interviews. Within the context of a qualitative design, a combined process of grounded theory and framework analysis was adopted to collect and analyse data. Results The findings reveal that GPs¿ perceptions of dementia map onto Link and Phelan and Jones¿ identification of contributing factors and components of stigma and may hinder timely diagnosis. Three themes emerged reflecting a dynamic process of making sense of dementia, relating perceptions to oneself and considering the consequences of dementia. Within those themes, certain categories had particular salience for GPs, namely the characteristics of the attribute, existential anxiety and discrimination. The themes and categories are inter-related and can be considered as parts of a system. Perceived lack of reciprocity could be detected in most categories which suggests that it is influential in the social construction of the stigma of dementia. Conclusion The data suggest that current conceptualizations of stigma are insufficient to fully account for the stigma of dementia. A specific conceptualization of the stigma of dementia is proposed and the implications of GPs¿ perceptions for timely diagnosis are discussed.

Syftet med denna studie var att få en djupare förståelse om professionellas upplevelser av nätmobbning bland ungdomar 14-16 år. För att besvara syftet har sex halvstrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med professionella som arbetar i nära kontakt med ungdomar inom skolväsendet och socialt arbete. För att analysera resultatet har symbolisk interaktionism använts samt begreppen attityder och normer. Resultatet påvisade att ungdomar som utsätts för nätmobbning kan uppvisa depressiva symtom, självskadebeteende samt, i vissa fall, har självmordsförsök utförts. En bidragande faktor till varför nätmobbning förekommer i den utsträckning som det gör är att ungdomar kan vara anonyma på internet. Anonymiteten bidrar till att ungdomar kan vara elaka mot varandra utan att ta ansvar för sitt handlande. Genom att informera och upplysa ungdomar om följderna av att utsätta någon för nätmobbning ansågs vara det effektivaste verktyget för att förebygga att nätmobbning förekommer enligt intervjupersonerna. / The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the professionals experiences of cyber bullying among teenagers of the age 14-16. To answer the purpose of the study six semi-structured interviews were performed with professionals who work in close contact with teenagers within the school system and social work. To analyze the results symbolic interactionism is used as well as concepts of attitude and norms. The results demonstrated that teenagers that have experienced cyber bullying can exhibit symptom of depression, self harming behavior and in certain cases performed suicide attempts. One contributing factor to why cyber bullying present to the extent it does is because teenagers are able to be anonymous on the internet. Being anonymous contributes to teenagers being able to act cruel towards each other with little repercussion. By informing teenagers and drawing attention to the impact cyber bullying have on a person is considered the most effective way to prevent cyber bullying to present itself according to interviewed people.