Mit Einrichtung der Giftinformationszentren in der zweiten Hälfte des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts konnten Ärzte erstmalig auf der Basis einer evidenzbasierten klinischen Toxikologie beraten werden. Parallel zu anderen medizinischen Fachgesellschaften wurden von den europäischen und nordamerikanischen Fachgesellschaften Empfehlungen bezüglich verschiedener Therapieformen der klinischen Toxikologie erarbeitet. Als Beispiele sind die Maßnahmen der primären und sekundären Giftentfernung und der Einsatz von Antidota zu nennen. Ob Ärzte den Empfehlungen der Giftinformationszentren folgen, ist bisher wenig untersucht worden. In einer prospektiven Untersuchung anhand von 206 Fällen wurde analysiert, ob und in welchem Ausmaß den Empfehlungen des GIZ-Nord gefolgt wurde. Darüber hinaus wurden Daten zu Alter und Geschlecht der Patienten, zum Vergiftungsmodus und zu den eingenommenen Noxen erhoben. Es wurden folgende Fragestellungen formuliert: 1. In welchem Ausmaß wird den Empfehlungen des GIZ-Nord gefolgt? 2. Gibt es Einflussfaktoren wie Alter und Geschlecht der Patienten, Vergiftungsmodus, die Noxengruppe sowie sprachliche Verständigungsschwierigkeiten der anrufenden Ärzte? 3. Wie hoch ist die Zufriedenheit der Ärzte mit der Beratung des GIZ-Nord? Die Fragen ließen sich folgendermaßen beantworten: 1. Empfehlungen zu diagnostischen Maßnahmen wurden in 89% der Fälle befolgt, therapeutische Maßnahmen zur primären Giftentfernung und den Einsatz eines Antidots betreffend in 74%, Maßnahmen zur sekundären Giftentfernung in 61% und spezifische therapeutische Maßnahmen in 66% der Fälle. Insgesamt wurde den Empfehlungen des GIZ-Nord in 64% der Fälle vollständig gefolgt. 2. Während das Patientengeschlecht und der Vergiftungsmodus “suizidal” keinen Einfluss auf ärztliche Compliance gegenüber den Empfehlungen des GIZ-Nord aufwiesen, waren Compliance-Unterschiede bezüglich des Patientenalters und der eingenommenen Noxen zu erkennen. Im Vergleich zu anderen Altersgruppen wies die Altersgruppe der 15-19-Jährigen eine mit 41% vergleichsweise niedrige Compliance auf. Ebenfalls wiesen sich Antiepileptika wie Carbamazepin und Barbiturate, die bei Vergiftungen einer komplexeren Behandlung bedürfen, als Noxengruppe mit geringerer ärztlicher Compliance aus. Eine auffällige Compliance-Differenz konnte bei sprachlichen Verständigungsschwierigkeiten ärztlicher Anrufer gesehen werden. Eine lückenlose Befolgung konnte in 70% der Fälle bei uneingeschränkter sprachlicher Kommunikation und in 13% bei sprachlichen Verständigungsschwierigkeiten aufgezeigt werden. 3. Eine hohe Zufriedenheit mit der Beratung durch das GIZ-Nord konnte in 97% der Fälle verzeichnet werden.

ITC/USA 2007 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Third Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2007 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / In a modern ground control network for space communications, secure peer-to-peer TCP/IP network socket connections are typically used to transfer real-time telemetry and command frames between satellite operations centers and remote ground stations. Reliable and timely reconfiguration of data paths for upcoming pass supports becomes rather complex when many spacecraft and ground stations are involved. This paper describes a routing software application that was developed to facilitate switching of telemetry and command data paths between multiple ground stations and spacecraft command and control systems, and to forward telemetry streams to multiple client applications in parallel. Fully automated configuration and monitoring of the data flows is accomplished via a remote control interface that is tied into a pass scheduling system. The software is part of the SatTrack Suite and currently supports multi-mission flight operations, including those of the recently launched THEMIS constellation mission at Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley.

A Toxicologia tem desempenhado um importante papel na identificação de efeitos nocivos à população, gerando subsídios para a tomada de decisões na prática clínica, auxiliando desta forma no bom prognóstico de pacientes intoxicados. De acordo com a Pan American Health Organization, o sucesso em qualquer intervenção em saúde somente pode ser obtido com a criação e manutenção de um banco de dados confiável, que seja capaz de predizer as diversas particularidades das intoxicações, como a população-alvo e suas suscetibilidades. Assim, recomenda-se que médicos, especialistas, legisladores e administradores em saúde adotem em sua rotina uma coleta de dados sistêmica e integrada para o mapeamento e caracterização das intoxicações. Neste cenário, técnicas de análises multivariadas poderiam ser empregadas para evidenciar possíveis intercorrelações; entretanto, seu uso ainda não é comum na toxicologia clínica. Neste trabalho foram identificados e quantificados agentes exógenos em amostras biológicas (sangue e urina) provenientes do Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da cidade de São Paulo, correlacionando os dados obtidos dessas análises com o perfil clínico e prognóstico dos pacientes. Fármacos benzodiazepínicos, antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes, paracetamol, drogas de abuso e praguicidas foram selecionados de acordo com a incidência reportada por esse centro no período de 2013 a 2014. Do total de amostras analisadas (n = 320), 192 foram positivas para alguma substância, sendo 101 positivas para etanol e 131 positivas para as demais substâncias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de correspondência múltipla e análise hierárquica de cluster. A partir da análise multivariada foi possível agrupar os indivíduos em 3 clusters, o que correspondeu a 66,5% do total de informações. No primeiro eixo houve a separação dos pacientes do gênero feminino, que se intoxicaram ou foram expostos a medicamentos e drogas de abuso, por tentativa de suicídio, dos pacientes do gênero masculino, de idade entre 30 a 39 anos, que se intoxicaram com drogas de abuso. No segundo eixo fatorial foram agrupados os pacientes que se intoxicaram com etanol isoladamente, juntamente com pacientes que se intoxicaram com diazepam. Este trabalho contribuiu para o mapeamento dos casos de intoxicação atendidos pelo CCI-SP e foi um estudo inicial para a criação de um banco de dados que poderá ser alimentado constantemente e assim, oferecer ao sistema de toxicovigilância uma base para políticas educativas. / Toxicology has played an important role in the identification of harmful effects to the population, generating subsidies for decision making in clinical practice, helping in this way the good prognosis of acutely intoxicated patients. According to the Pan American Health Organization, success in any health intervention can only be achieved by creating and maintaining a reliable database that is capable of predicting the various characteristics of intoxications, such as the target population and their susceptibilities. Thus, it is recommended that doctors, specialists, legislators and health administrators adopt in their routine a systemic and integrated data collection for the mapping and characterization of intoxications. In this scenario, multivariate analysis techniques could be used to evidence possible intercorrelations; however, its use is not yet common in clinical toxicology. In this work, were identified and quantified exogenous agents in biological samples (blood and urine) from the Poison Control Center São Paulo city, correlating the data obtained from these analyzes with the clinical and prognostic profile of the patients. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, acetaminophen, drugs of abuse and pesticides were selected according to the incidence reported by this center in the period from 2013 to 2014. Of the total number of samples analyzed (n = 320), 192 samples have shown to be positive for some of the analytes, from these 100 were positive for ethanol and 131 positive for other substances. The data were submitted to multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. From the multivariate analysis it was possible to group the individuals into 3 clusters, which corresponded to 66.5% of the total information. In the first axis, the patients were separated from the female gender, who were intoxicated or were exposed to drugs and suicide attempt of the male patients, aged between 30 and 39 years, who became intoxicated with drugs of abuse. In the second factorial axis were grouped the patients who were intoxicated with ethanol, together with patients who became intoxicated with diazepam. This work contributed to the mapping of intoxication cases attended by the CCI-SP and was a initial study for the creation of a database that could be fed constantly and thus provide the toxicovigilance system with a basis for educational policies.

A Toxicologia tem desempenhado um importante papel na identificação de efeitos nocivos à população, gerando subsídios para a tomada de decisões na prática clínica, auxiliando desta forma no bom prognóstico de pacientes intoxicados. De acordo com a Pan American Health Organization, o sucesso em qualquer intervenção em saúde somente pode ser obtido com a criação e manutenção de um banco de dados confiável, que seja capaz de predizer as diversas particularidades das intoxicações, como a população-alvo e suas suscetibilidades. Assim, recomenda-se que médicos, especialistas, legisladores e administradores em saúde adotem em sua rotina uma coleta de dados sistêmica e integrada para o mapeamento e caracterização das intoxicações. Neste cenário, técnicas de análises multivariadas poderiam ser empregadas para evidenciar possíveis intercorrelações; entretanto, seu uso ainda não é comum na toxicologia clínica. Neste trabalho foram identificados e quantificados agentes exógenos em amostras biológicas (sangue e urina) provenientes do Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da cidade de São Paulo, correlacionando os dados obtidos dessas análises com o perfil clínico e prognóstico dos pacientes. Fármacos benzodiazepínicos, antidepressivos, anticonvulsivantes, paracetamol, drogas de abuso e praguicidas foram selecionados de acordo com a incidência reportada por esse centro no período de 2013 a 2014. Do total de amostras analisadas (n = 320), 192 foram positivas para alguma substância, sendo 101 positivas para etanol e 131 positivas para as demais substâncias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de correspondência múltipla e análise hierárquica de cluster. A partir da análise multivariada foi possível agrupar os indivíduos em 3 clusters, o que correspondeu a 66,5% do total de informações. No primeiro eixo houve a separação dos pacientes do gênero feminino, que se intoxicaram ou foram expostos a medicamentos e drogas de abuso, por tentativa de suicídio, dos pacientes do gênero masculino, de idade entre 30 a 39 anos, que se intoxicaram com drogas de abuso. No segundo eixo fatorial foram agrupados os pacientes que se intoxicaram com etanol isoladamente, juntamente com pacientes que se intoxicaram com diazepam. Este trabalho contribuiu para o mapeamento dos casos de intoxicação atendidos pelo CCI-SP e foi um estudo inicial para a criação de um banco de dados que poderá ser alimentado constantemente e assim, oferecer ao sistema de toxicovigilância uma base para políticas educativas. / Toxicology has played an important role in the identification of harmful effects to the population, generating subsidies for decision making in clinical practice, helping in this way the good prognosis of acutely intoxicated patients. According to the Pan American Health Organization, success in any health intervention can only be achieved by creating and maintaining a reliable database that is capable of predicting the various characteristics of intoxications, such as the target population and their susceptibilities. Thus, it is recommended that doctors, specialists, legislators and health administrators adopt in their routine a systemic and integrated data collection for the mapping and characterization of intoxications. In this scenario, multivariate analysis techniques could be used to evidence possible intercorrelations; however, its use is not yet common in clinical toxicology. In this work, were identified and quantified exogenous agents in biological samples (blood and urine) from the Poison Control Center São Paulo city, correlating the data obtained from these analyzes with the clinical and prognostic profile of the patients. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, acetaminophen, drugs of abuse and pesticides were selected according to the incidence reported by this center in the period from 2013 to 2014. Of the total number of samples analyzed (n = 320), 192 samples have shown to be positive for some of the analytes, from these 100 were positive for ethanol and 131 positive for other substances. The data were submitted to multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. From the multivariate analysis it was possible to group the individuals into 3 clusters, which corresponded to 66.5% of the total information. In the first axis, the patients were separated from the female gender, who were intoxicated or were exposed to drugs and suicide attempt of the male patients, aged between 30 and 39 years, who became intoxicated with drugs of abuse. In the second factorial axis were grouped the patients who were intoxicated with ethanol, together with patients who became intoxicated with diazepam. This work contributed to the mapping of intoxication cases attended by the CCI-SP and was a initial study for the creation of a database that could be fed constantly and thus provide the toxicovigilance system with a basis for educational policies.

Business Intelligence, BI, is a tool for collecting, analysing and transforming data into useful information, information which is supposed to help making decisions and controlling a business’s operations. Business Intelligence leads to increased efficiency and optimizing the decision making within the organisation or its functions. It is designed to support the operator so that decisions are made quickly and accurately. The purpose of this study is to deliver a specification of requirements of value-adding information in a decision support system used by traffic coordinators at SJ. In order to reach the purpose, the qualitative study was designed in three steps, identification, prioritization and information analysis. The project was defined only to take one specific process in consideration: error-searching caused by vehicle damage. The study was initiated with interviews, observations and workshops and ended with an analysis of XOD, the current base of information. The study resulted in a specification of requirements, containing 21 different types of important information. Out of the 21 types of information currently existing in XOD, only about 52 % was considered value adding for the specific process. Besides that, the traffic coordinators experienced missing information, which was added in the specification of requirements. The heavy amounts of information was shown to be too much to take in consideration at once, which led to the conclusion that the business intelligence needs to be automated in order to optimize the decision making process. / Ett beslutsstöd är ett verktyg som samlar in, analyserar och omvandlar data till värdefull och agerbar information. Informationen utgör i sin tur en grund för beslutsfattning och styrning av en verksamhet. Ett beslutsstöd leder till effektivisering och optimering av beslutsfattandet inom organisationen och dess funktioner. Det finns i största mån till för att stötta medarbetaren i beslutsprocessen så att beslut fattas snabbt och korrekt. Syftet med denna studie är att leverera en kravlista på vilken information som är värdeskapande i ett beslutsstöd anpassat för rollen Trafiksamordnare på SJs Trafikledning. För att besvara syftet delades den kvalitativa studien upp i tre delar, nämligen identifiering, prioritering och informationsanalys. Projektet avgränsades till störningar orsakade av fordonsskador och den specifika process som initieras med felsökning av Driftstöd. Studien inleddes med intervjuer, observationer samt workshops och avslutades med en analys av XOD, det beslutsunderlag som medarbetarna har tillgång till idag. Resultatet som erhölls var en kravlista med 21 informationssegment, lika många som XOD innehöll vid studiens början. Av de inledande 21 informationssegmenten klassades dock enbart 52 % som värdeskapande samtidigt som det visade sig att medarbetarna upplevde att de saknade information. Mängden information som bedömts värdeskapande i den specifika processen är för stor för användaren att hantera på ett optimalt fungerande sätt. Projektets slutsats innebar därför att beslutsstödet helt eller delvis måste automatiseras för att underlätta beslutsprocessen för användaren.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California / Universal acceptance of the Windows NT operating system has made utilization of the personal computer (PC) platform for critical space operations a reality. The software attributes of the operating system allow PC products to attain the reliability necessary for secure control of on-orbit assets. Not only is the software more reliable, it supports better networking interfaces at higher speeds. The software upgrades that the Microsoft Corporation generates on a regular basis allow PCs to offer capabilities previously available only with UNIX-based solutions. As technology matures, PCs will operate faster, offer more graphical user interfaces, and give customers a lower cost versus performance choice. These reasons, and others to be discussed further, clearly demonstrate that PCs will soon take their place at the forefront of mission-critical ground station applications.

As cidades, notadamente aquelas identificadas como de porte médio, acabam absorvendo mudanças de qualidade e passam a centralizar atividades econômicas. Se, por um lado, a urbanização traz oportunidades para o desenvolvimento social e econômico, de outro, resulta em significativa perda nas funcionalidades básicas e exerce pressão sobre as infraestruturas e recursos naturais. As Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) surgem como aliadas no enfrentamento a estes desafios. Baseadas no uso das TIC, iniciativas de Cidades Inteligentes exploram a instrumentalização das infraestruturas da cidade. Na tentativa de unificar a gestão dos diversos aspectos das cidades, por meio do monitoramento e análise em tempo real de dados públicos, diversas capitais estaduais do Brasil já contam com o suporte de centros de controle integrados. Dado o exposto, o presente trabalho propõe um modelo para a estruturação de Centros de Controle Integrados (CCI), compatíveis com a realidade de municípios de médio porte. Para tanto, por meio da revisão da literatura e de uma entrevista junto ao Centro Integrado de Comando da Cidade de Porto Alegre (CEIC), realizou-se o levantamento das melhores práticas a respeito da implantação de centros de controle. Complementarmente, entrevistaram-se os responsáveis de quatro prefeituras municipais para a determinação dos modelos de controle instituídos em cidades de médio porte. Para fins de validação, deu-se a avaliação do modelo por três especialistas da área de estudo. O modelo proposto – composto pelas dimensões de (i) coordenação, (ii) design, (iii) gerenciamento, (iv) comunicação, (v) práticas e rotinas de trabalho e (vi) processamento e gerenciamento de evidências, resulta do cruzamento destas informações e contribui, como ferramenta de gestão, para o desenvolvimento estruturado das cidades de médio porte. / The cities, especially those identified as medium-sized cities, end up absorbing quality changes and begin to centralize economic activities. If, on the one hand, urbanization brings opportunities for social and economic development, on the other hand, it results in a significant loss of basic functionalities, jeopardizing infrastructure and natural resources. In this way, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) emerge as an alliy in face of these challenges. Based on the use of ICT, Smart Cities initiatives explore the instrumentalization of the city's infrastructures. In an attempt to unify the management of the various aspects of cities through real-time monitoring and analysis of public data, several state capitals in Brazil already rely on the support of Integrated Control Centers. Thus, the present work proposes a model for structuring the Integrated Control Centers (ICC), compatible with the reality of medium-sized municipalities. Through a literature review and an interview with the Centro Integrado de Comando of Porto Alegre (CEIC), the best practices regarding the implementation of control centers were surveyed. Complementarily, the heads of four city halls were interviewed to determine the control models established in medium-sized cities. Furthermore, the model was also assessed by three specialists in the study area. The proposed model - composed by the dimensions of (i) coordination, (ii) design, (iii) management, (iv) communication, (v) practices and work routines and (vi) processing and management of evidence, results from the cross-referencing of this information and contributes as a management tool to the structured development of medium-sized cities.

Due to the varieties in knowledge advancements nowadays, the concepts of control room have been created in different directions. These concepts have been implemented in various fields of business to increase advantages over competitors. Meanwhile, an individual company has its own experiences and strategies, the results in the actual implementation are different to the conceptual plan. Most of them were not qualified to the actual specification and expectation. These exposures lead this research to find out and discuss about the proper criteria to improve the control centers’ performance. The viewpoints used in this study are discussed based on the perspectives of control system designers, operators, and researchers to create validity for the analysis and conclusion. The final result of this research can be used to generate realization in the necessities of improving control centers to support the operators’ performances to create competitive advantages for business sectors. In conclusion, this research aspires to be used as a guideline for the control centers design and improvement strategies to increase their performance and productivities.

A power system is typically one small part of a larger interconnected network and is affected to a varying degree, by contingencies external to itself as well as by the reaction of external network to its own contingencies. Thus, the accuracy of a complete interconnected network model would affect the results of many transmission level analyses. In an interconnected power system, the real-time network security and power transfer capability analyses require a ¡§real-time¡¨ complete network base case solution. In order to accurately assess the system security and the inter-area transfer capability, it is highly desirable that any available information from all areas is used. With the advent of communications among operations control center computers, real-time telemetered data can be exchanged for complete network modeling. Measurement time skew should be considered in the complete network modeling when combining large area data received via a data communication network. In this dissertation, several suggestions aiming toward the improvement of complete network modeling are offered. A discrete event simulation technique is used to assess the performance of a data exchange scheme that uses Internet interface to the SCADA system. Performance modeling of data exchange on the Internet is established and a quantitative analysis of the data exchange delay is presented. With the prediction mechanisms, the effect of time skew of interchanged data among utilities can be minimized, and consequently, state estimation (SE) could provide the accurate real-time complete network models of the interconnected network for security and available transfer capability analyses. In order to accommodate the effects of randomly varying arrival of measurement data and setup a base case for more accurate analyses of network security and transfer capability, an implementation of a stochastic Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm is proposed to provide optimal estimates of interconnected network states for systems in which some or all measurements are delayed. To have an accurate state estimation of a complete network, it is essential to have the capability of detecting bad data in the model. An efficient information debugging methodology based on the stochastic EKF algorithm is used for the detection, diagnosis and elimination of bad data.

毒品的存在由來已久，近年在生活壓力漸增下，毒品濫用的問題愈演愈烈，此可見諸於我國吸毒入監人數以及毒品吸食的再犯率屢創新高。在這樣的發展趨勢下，政府為了抑制社會毒品濫用的問題，減少犯罪與社會危害，遂推動地方毒品危害防制中心的政策措施，希望能結合政府與民間的資源與力量，共同進行反毒作戰。此一新的反毒政策創新成為本研究的主要焦點，在該政策預期達到的政策目的上，實質蘊含了政策網絡的組織連結概念，因此本研究運用政策網絡的概念分析工具與觀察架構，以現有反毒文獻較缺乏的政策執行過程面向切入，意圖深入了解地方毒品危害防制中心的實際運作。 本研究主要採取深度訪談法與次級資料分析法，從縱貫面的觀察架構輔以橫切面的要素分析，企圖了解地方毒品危害防制中心的實際運作內涵。研究發現該政策主要是植基於應急式的反毒政策推動，為了因應漸趨嚴重的毒品問題，政府採取運用現有的組織資源方式來做政策推動，在此資源侷限下，主責單位僅能以建立網絡、遊說與政策指導、尋找資源的策略來加以因應，實際產生的政策變革有限，組織間的連結也為初步形成的弱連結型態。除此之外，中心組織運作所抱持的反毒醫療、輔導觀點在實質運作中也遭遇吸毒犯心理依賴強烈與病識感不足的困境，實質進展有限。因此，本研究建議應在中央政府成立專責的反毒機構，擺脫現有反毒資源不足的困境；對於民間而言，更應擴大其政策參與的角色；而就現有的政府機關協調問題上，應指派專門的政務委員進行部門間的政策協調工作，讓毒品政策的組織衝突能獲得解決；最後，在現有的社區輔導成效有限下，應回歸監獄輔導與職訓功能的強化。 / Drug has existed for a long time. Recently, due to the escalating life stress, drug abuse problem becomes much more serious in the society. The growing number of people sent to jail for drug abuse and high percentage of retaking drugs are evidences in this trend. In order to tackle this problem, our government set up the local drug prevention and control center. Through this organization, they hoped that it can put government and non-governmental organizations together to prevent drug abuse and crimes. This research focuses on this innovative organization. By using policy network analysis, the research tries to understand the policy implementation of local drug prevention and control center. This research adopts in-depth interview and secondary data analysis to investigate the implementation of local drug prevention and control center. The research findings reveal several things. First, the government set up local drug prevention and control center to solve drug problem. However, because drug policy had long been neglected and drug users had strong psychological dependence, the resources that anti-drug actors can use were always scarce. Under this circumstance, the local drug prevention and control center took the form of task force but had few resources available. Second, network-building, persuading, policy guidance and resource-seeking were the strategies that actors used in policy implementation. In fact, the policy transformation did happen, but limited. Policy network formation was one of the changes worth noting, even though the networks were primary type and weak-tied. Last, lack of sick awareness in drug user group made policy implementation even more difficult. Based on these findings, the research suggests that it should set up a specialized, dedicated organization responsible for drug policy in the central government; drug policy planning and implementation must include more non-governmental actors; the government should designate one minister of state in charge of drug policy coordination; finally, the drug policy implementation ought to focus on the counseling and job training in the jail, rather than in the community.