No / What role do individual member states play in the continuing development of European Union (EU) environmental policy? Are they capable of successful intervention in the process of joint rule making to maintain their preferred national policies? On the basis of a detailed analysis of EU environmental pollution control measures adopted in the period 1972-86, some observers have argued forcefully that the United Kingdom (UK) Government successfully defended its sovereignty by systematically manipulating national and European political arenas in order to maintain its pre-existing policies. However, when other aspects of EU environmental policy are analysed over the full policy cycle, the extent of national control appears much more circumscribed. A comparison of UK Government aims with long-term political outcomes in the sphere of EU biodiversity policy (c.1970-2000) reveals evidence of firm state control in the short-term, but significant unintended consequences in the medium to long-term. These findings raise doubts about the explanatory power of intergovernmental accounts of EU environmental policy making.

Gevangenisbendes in Suid-Afrika het 'n lang geskiedenis. die eerste was gestig onder Swart gevangenes in die Transvaal onmiddellik na die Anglo-Boere oorlog. Die Ninevite bende was ingestel deur Nongoloza Mathebula en het in die Witwatersrand geopereer. "Nongoloza" se bende het bestaan uit agt lede waarvan die 28 bende later ontwikkel het. Die 28 bende is ten gunste van wyfies-verhouding (homoseksuele) onder sy bende lede. "Ngelejani" se bende, waaruit die 26 bende ontwikkel het, was nie ten gunste van die wyfies-verhouding nie. Die ander bende wat in die gevangenis ontstaan het, is die Big 5 bende en die Airforce bende. / Prison gangs in South Africa have a long history. the first were established among Black prisoners in the Transvaal soon after the Anglo-Boer war. The Ninevite gang was introduced by Nongoloza Mathebula and operated in the Witwatersrand. "Nongoloza's" gang consisted of eight members, from which the 28 gang later developed. The 28 gang approved the boy-wives relationship (homo-sexual) among its gang members. "Ngelejani's" gang from which the 26 gang developed, disapproved the boy-wives relationship. Other gangs established in prison, are the Big 5 gang and the Airforce gang. / Sociology / M.A. (Penology)

Dans ce travail, un modèle d'appréciation quantitative des risques microbiens a été développé pour proposer des mesures de maitrise sanitaire et les relier à des métriques du risque. A partir d'observations réalisées dans un hôpital, nous avons pu caractériser le procédé de fabrication et de distribution de deux plats de boeuf en sauce, de manière à prédire l'évolution du danger Clostridium perfringens tout au long de ce procédé en utilisant les outils de la microbiologie prévisionnelle. Dans le modèle d'exposition, nous avons construit un modèle décrivant la germination puis la croissance de Clostri- dium perfringens pendant deux étapes du procédé, et un modèle décrivant la destruction thermique finale des cellules végétatives de Clostridium perfrin- gens. Ensuite, pour estimer un risque de diarrhée lié à la consommation de ces plats, nous avons construit un modèle dose réponse. De manière à pouvoir prédire la gamme des situations possibles, nous avons cherché à décrire, dans chacun des modèles, la variabilité de la réponse biologique modélisée en utilisant des données issues de méta analyse, obtenues dans des conditions variées. L'utilisation de l'inférence bayésienne sur des données issues de méta analyse nous a permis de décrire séparément variabilité et incertitude, suivant les recommandations des instances internationales. Des simulations de Monte Carlo à deux dimensions sur l'ensemble du procédé nous ont ensuite permis d'estimer le risque moyen de maladie lié à la consommation des plats et d'estimer l'incertitude sur ce risque moyen. Ces simulations nous ont aussi permis d'identifier deux étapes importantes pour la maitrise du risque et de proposer, pour chacune de ces étapes, des mesures de maitrise sanitaire, dont nous avons ensuite mesuré l'efficacité. / In this study, a quantitative risk assessment model was developed in order to propose control measures making it possible to reach some `risk based' targets. A survey, carried out in an hospital, made it possible to describe a food chain, from raw material until consumption, of two beef-in-sauce products, such as to predict the evolution of Clostridium perfringens along the whole process using predictive microbiology tools. In the exposure assessment model, we described Clostridium perfringens germination, outgrowth and growth in a first model, applied on two process steps, and final thermal inactivation of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells in a second model. Then, in order to estimate the risk of diarrhea after the consumption of the two products, we established a dose response model. In order to predict in our model the full range of possible outcomes, we aimed at describing, in each proposed model, the variability on the modelled biological response using meta analysis data, obtained on various experimental conditions. Performing Bayesian inference on these published data, we separated variability and uncertainty, according to recommendations of international organizations. Second order Monte Carlo simulations on the whole process made it possible to estimate the mean risk of diarrhea after to the consumption of the products and to estimate the uncertainty on this median risk. Based on these simulations, two key steps for food safety were then identified in the process, leading us to propose, for each step, control measures and to measure their efficacy.

Há praticamente consenso de que o processo de trabalho de controle e prevenção de infecção associada a serviços de saúde (IASS) atualmente hegemônico, pautado em indicadores de resultados, ou seja, eventos de IASS, são limitados para reconhecer as condições reais em que as práticas assistenciais são realizadas. Para tanto, avaliações processuais vêm sendo demandadas, para conhecer o grau de conformidade dessas ocorrências com as recomendações dadas por evidências científicas atualmente disponíveis. Este estudo teve a finalidade de avaliar a conformidade de práticas de controle e prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM), por meio de indicadores clínicos processuais especificamente elaborados. Tais práticas corresponderam a: a) Avaliação da adesão às medidas específicas de prevenção e controle de PAVM: manutenção da cabeceira elevada a 30-45o; atendimento diário de fisioterapia respiratória; utilização de soluções estéreis para nebulizadores e inaladores; material de terapia respiratória em uso respeitando a rotina de troca estabelecida; b) Avaliação da adesão à realização de higiene bucal; c) Avaliação da adesão á higiene das mãos em procedimentos de aspiração orotraqueal, troca de cadarço da cânula orotraqueal e higiene bucal. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa aplicada envolvendo achados sobre o desempenho de práticas e procedimentos, buscando acessar sua qualidade, com delineamentos prospectivo, transversal e analítico. O cenário constituiu da UTI-Adulto de um Hospital Público de Ensino. A casuística correspondeu às oportunidades de avaliação das práticas selecionadas, realizadas por enfermeiros, auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem e fisioterapeutas, nos três turnos de trabalho, em pacientes com intubação orotraqueal. A amostra baseou-se na conformidade esperada de 80%, acarretando 1748 avaliações distribuídas entre as práticas selecionadas, realizadas por meio de observação direta e registros em prontuários. Instrumentos e avaliadores foram submetidos à testes de aferição de concordância. O índice de conformidade geral obtido na adesão às medidas específicas de controle e prevenção de PAVM foi 68,0%, sendo que o turno da tarde apresentou o maior índice (72,4%) e o da manhã, o menor (63,2%). O índice de conformidade geral da prática de higiene bucal foi 60,1%, sendo que o turno da manhã apresentou o melhor índice (72,4%) e noturno, o menor (47,4%). Dentre as modalidades prescritas, a que apresentou maior conformidade foi a aplicação apenas de CHX 0,12%, em todos os turnos, mas somente o da manhã atingiu a conformidade mínima esperada (90%-manhã; 73,7%-noite; 72,9%-tarde). A modalidade menos acatada foi a escovação de dentes e aplicação de CHX 0,12%, em todos os turnos de trabalho (3,6%-noite; 28,6%-tarde; 33,3%-manhã). A conformidade geral da prática de higiene das mãos na realização dos procedimentos selecionados foi apenas 10,7%, sendo que a aspiração orotraqueal obteve maior conformidade (18,9%), seguindo-se troca de cadarço (7,9%) e higiene bucal (5,3%). O turno da manhã obteve maior adesão (16,7%) e o noturno a menor (3,1%). Nesta prática, o maior índice de conformidade foi obtido entre os fisioterapeutas (25,8%), seguindose os enfermeiros (15,6%) e, por último, auxiliares e técnicos (4,4%). Concluiu-se que embora as práticas avaliadas não tenham alcançado a conformidade geral esperada de 80% em nenhuma das avaliações, os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que as realidades observadas justificam a revisão de normas e rotinas instituídas, bem como a elaboração de estratégias que assegurem a adesão duradoura das práticas de controle e prevenção de PAVM, associado à análise contínua de infra-estrutura e condições de trabalho. Tornou-se evidente, também, a relevância de avaliações processuais constituírem atividades rotineiras de programas de controle e prevenção de IASS / There is a present consensus that the process of control and prevention of infection associated to health services (IAHS) based on result indicators is limited to recognize the real conditions in which assistance practices are performed. So, processual evaluations have been required to know the conformity level of these events in relation to recommendations given by scientific evidence now available. The aim of this study was to analyze the conformity of adhesion to the practices of control and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by means of specifically elaborated processual clinical indicators. These practices corresponded to: a) Evaluation of adherence to specific measures of prevention and control of VAP: maintaining the bed in a 30-45 degrees head-up position; daily respiratory physiotherapy; use of sterile solutions for nebulizers and inhalers; material of respiratory therapy in use respecting established routine of change; b) Evaluation of adherence to oral hygiene; c) Evaluation of adherence to hand-washing procedures when performing orotracheal aspiration, change of tape of the orotracheal cannula and oral hygiene. This was an applied research involving findings on performance of practices and procedures aiming to access its quality, through a prospective transversal and analytical design. It took place in an Adult-ICU of a Public Teaching Hospital. The casuistic corresponded to opportunities of evaluation of the selected practices performed by nurses, nursing assistant, nursing technicians and physiotherapists in the three work shifts in patients with orotracheal intubation. The sample was based on the expected conformity of 80%, with 1,748 evaluations distributed among the selected practices performed by means of direct observation and registers in patient records. Instruments and evaluators were submitted to tests for measuring compliance. The general conformity adhesion index obtained in the specific measures of control and prevention of VAP was 68.0%, of which the afternoon shift presented the greatest index (72.4%) and the morning shift with the lowest index (63.2%). The index of general conformity to the practice of oral hygiene was 60.1%, of which the morning shift presented the best index (72.4%) and the night shift with the worst (47.4%). Among the mentioned modalities the largest conformity was the CHX 0.12% application in all shifts, but only the morning shift reached the minimum expected conformity (90% in the morning; 73.7% at night and 72.9% in the afternoon). The less accepted modality was teeth cleaning and CHX 0.12% application in all shift works (3.6% at night; 28.6% in the afternoon; 33.3% in the morning). General conformity of hand hygiene practice in the performance of selected procedures was only 10.7%, the largest conformity represented by orotracheal aspiration (18.9%), followed by tape change (7.9%) and oral hygiene (5.3%). The morning shift obtained the best adherence (16.7%) and night shift the worst (3.1%). In this practice the best index of conformity was observed among the physiotherapists (25.8%), followed by nurses (15.6%) and the nursing assistants and technicians (4.4%). We concluded that the lack of the expected general adherence of 80% in all the evaluations justify a review of the rules and routines established, as well as the elaboration of strategies capable to assure a permanent adherence to the control and prevention practices of VAP, associated to a continuum analysis of infrastructure and work conditions. It was also evident the relevance of processual evaluations as routine activities of control and prevention programs of VAP

Há praticamente consenso de que o processo de trabalho de controle e prevenção de infecção associada a serviços de saúde (IASS) atualmente hegemônico, pautado em indicadores de resultados, ou seja, eventos de IASS, são limitados para reconhecer as condições reais em que as práticas assistenciais são realizadas. Para tanto, avaliações processuais vêm sendo demandadas, para conhecer o grau de conformidade dessas ocorrências com as recomendações dadas por evidências científicas atualmente disponíveis. Este estudo teve a finalidade de avaliar a conformidade de práticas de controle e prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM), por meio de indicadores clínicos processuais especificamente elaborados. Tais práticas corresponderam a: a) Avaliação da adesão às medidas específicas de prevenção e controle de PAVM: manutenção da cabeceira elevada a 30-45o; atendimento diário de fisioterapia respiratória; utilização de soluções estéreis para nebulizadores e inaladores; material de terapia respiratória em uso respeitando a rotina de troca estabelecida; b) Avaliação da adesão à realização de higiene bucal; c) Avaliação da adesão á higiene das mãos em procedimentos de aspiração orotraqueal, troca de cadarço da cânula orotraqueal e higiene bucal. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa aplicada envolvendo achados sobre o desempenho de práticas e procedimentos, buscando acessar sua qualidade, com delineamentos prospectivo, transversal e analítico. O cenário constituiu da UTI-Adulto de um Hospital Público de Ensino. A casuística correspondeu às oportunidades de avaliação das práticas selecionadas, realizadas por enfermeiros, auxiliares e técnicos de enfermagem e fisioterapeutas, nos três turnos de trabalho, em pacientes com intubação orotraqueal. A amostra baseou-se na conformidade esperada de 80%, acarretando 1748 avaliações distribuídas entre as práticas selecionadas, realizadas por meio de observação direta e registros em prontuários. Instrumentos e avaliadores foram submetidos à testes de aferição de concordância. O índice de conformidade geral obtido na adesão às medidas específicas de controle e prevenção de PAVM foi 68,0%, sendo que o turno da tarde apresentou o maior índice (72,4%) e o da manhã, o menor (63,2%). O índice de conformidade geral da prática de higiene bucal foi 60,1%, sendo que o turno da manhã apresentou o melhor índice (72,4%) e noturno, o menor (47,4%). Dentre as modalidades prescritas, a que apresentou maior conformidade foi a aplicação apenas de CHX 0,12%, em todos os turnos, mas somente o da manhã atingiu a conformidade mínima esperada (90%-manhã; 73,7%-noite; 72,9%-tarde). A modalidade menos acatada foi a escovação de dentes e aplicação de CHX 0,12%, em todos os turnos de trabalho (3,6%-noite; 28,6%-tarde; 33,3%-manhã). A conformidade geral da prática de higiene das mãos na realização dos procedimentos selecionados foi apenas 10,7%, sendo que a aspiração orotraqueal obteve maior conformidade (18,9%), seguindo-se troca de cadarço (7,9%) e higiene bucal (5,3%). O turno da manhã obteve maior adesão (16,7%) e o noturno a menor (3,1%). Nesta prática, o maior índice de conformidade foi obtido entre os fisioterapeutas (25,8%), seguindose os enfermeiros (15,6%) e, por último, auxiliares e técnicos (4,4%). Concluiu-se que embora as práticas avaliadas não tenham alcançado a conformidade geral esperada de 80% em nenhuma das avaliações, os resultados obtidos permitem inferir que as realidades observadas justificam a revisão de normas e rotinas instituídas, bem como a elaboração de estratégias que assegurem a adesão duradoura das práticas de controle e prevenção de PAVM, associado à análise contínua de infra-estrutura e condições de trabalho. Tornou-se evidente, também, a relevância de avaliações processuais constituírem atividades rotineiras de programas de controle e prevenção de IASS / There is a present consensus that the process of control and prevention of infection associated to health services (IAHS) based on result indicators is limited to recognize the real conditions in which assistance practices are performed. So, processual evaluations have been required to know the conformity level of these events in relation to recommendations given by scientific evidence now available. The aim of this study was to analyze the conformity of adhesion to the practices of control and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by means of specifically elaborated processual clinical indicators. These practices corresponded to: a) Evaluation of adherence to specific measures of prevention and control of VAP: maintaining the bed in a 30-45 degrees head-up position; daily respiratory physiotherapy; use of sterile solutions for nebulizers and inhalers; material of respiratory therapy in use respecting established routine of change; b) Evaluation of adherence to oral hygiene; c) Evaluation of adherence to hand-washing procedures when performing orotracheal aspiration, change of tape of the orotracheal cannula and oral hygiene. This was an applied research involving findings on performance of practices and procedures aiming to access its quality, through a prospective transversal and analytical design. It took place in an Adult-ICU of a Public Teaching Hospital. The casuistic corresponded to opportunities of evaluation of the selected practices performed by nurses, nursing assistant, nursing technicians and physiotherapists in the three work shifts in patients with orotracheal intubation. The sample was based on the expected conformity of 80%, with 1,748 evaluations distributed among the selected practices performed by means of direct observation and registers in patient records. Instruments and evaluators were submitted to tests for measuring compliance. The general conformity adhesion index obtained in the specific measures of control and prevention of VAP was 68.0%, of which the afternoon shift presented the greatest index (72.4%) and the morning shift with the lowest index (63.2%). The index of general conformity to the practice of oral hygiene was 60.1%, of which the morning shift presented the best index (72.4%) and the night shift with the worst (47.4%). Among the mentioned modalities the largest conformity was the CHX 0.12% application in all shifts, but only the morning shift reached the minimum expected conformity (90% in the morning; 73.7% at night and 72.9% in the afternoon). The less accepted modality was teeth cleaning and CHX 0.12% application in all shift works (3.6% at night; 28.6% in the afternoon; 33.3% in the morning). General conformity of hand hygiene practice in the performance of selected procedures was only 10.7%, the largest conformity represented by orotracheal aspiration (18.9%), followed by tape change (7.9%) and oral hygiene (5.3%). The morning shift obtained the best adherence (16.7%) and night shift the worst (3.1%). In this practice the best index of conformity was observed among the physiotherapists (25.8%), followed by nurses (15.6%) and the nursing assistants and technicians (4.4%). We concluded that the lack of the expected general adherence of 80% in all the evaluations justify a review of the rules and routines established, as well as the elaboration of strategies capable to assure a permanent adherence to the control and prevention practices of VAP, associated to a continuum analysis of infrastructure and work conditions. It was also evident the relevance of processual evaluations as routine activities of control and prevention programs of VAP

Gevangenisbendes in Suid-Afrika het 'n lang geskiedenis. die eerste was gestig onder Swart gevangenes in die Transvaal onmiddellik na die Anglo-Boere oorlog. Die Ninevite bende was ingestel deur Nongoloza Mathebula en het in die Witwatersrand geopereer. "Nongoloza" se bende het bestaan uit agt lede waarvan die 28 bende later ontwikkel het. Die 28 bende is ten gunste van wyfies-verhouding (homoseksuele) onder sy bende lede. "Ngelejani" se bende, waaruit die 26 bende ontwikkel het, was nie ten gunste van die wyfies-verhouding nie. Die ander bende wat in die gevangenis ontstaan het, is die Big 5 bende en die Airforce bende. / Prison gangs in South Africa have a long history. the first were established among Black prisoners in the Transvaal soon after the Anglo-Boer war. The Ninevite gang was introduced by Nongoloza Mathebula and operated in the Witwatersrand. "Nongoloza's" gang consisted of eight members, from which the 28 gang later developed. The 28 gang approved the boy-wives relationship (homo-sexual) among its gang members. "Ngelejani's" gang from which the 26 gang developed, disapproved the boy-wives relationship. Other gangs established in prison, are the Big 5 gang and the Airforce gang. / Sociology / M.A. (Penology)

The thesis is focused on the system erosion and the flood control measures in the cadastral territory of Smetanova Lhota. For the calculation of the erosion threat was used universal soil loss equation (USLE) and runoff characteristics are calculated using the runoff CN - curves. The proposal has the influence of several factors. It's rainfall, vegetation cover, soil characteristics, morphology and other. Several calculations were carried out using the program ERCN.

This thesis deals with different types of soil degradation under the conditions in the Czech Republic. The first part is focused on the evaluation of the causes and course of degradation of soils in the present time. Among the most serious degradation factors may be included the following: pedocompaction, dehumification, land appropriation, bad infiltration, water and wind erosion. In the Czech Republic, only water erosion alone threatens 42% of all agricultural land. In the thesis organisational, technical and agrotechnical anti-erosion control measures are summarised. Their utilisation, efficiency and sophistication are also described. In the next part of the thesis there are six specific land blocks in the same farm in South Bohemia presented. Each of these blocks has a different acreage, the average slope, the crops cultivated and different representation of strongly threatened and moderately erosion-threatened vulnerable areas. The thesis evaluates the number of plants per 1 sq. m, the condition and density of the growth due to the erosive threat to all of these localities.

The subject of this diploma thesis "The use of subsidies for the construction of flood control measures in South Bohemia Region" is analysis of the use of public budgets and funds of European Union for the construction of flood control protection in South Bohemia Region. The thesis is dedicated to the description of the biggest flood events in South Bohemia Region and to the analysis of current flood control protection. The thesis's core is the analysis of funding of flood control measures and comparison of flood affected areas with number of flood control measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Karla Alcione da Silva.pdf: 1636555 bytes, checksum: d36dd50302f1e6a5b506033da1f1abb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-31 / This research presents an evaluation of the eficiency of four flood control measures applied to an urban basin in the city of Goiânia, State of Goiás, Brazil. Goiânia shows frequent flooding problems. The following factors have been identified as causes of the floodings: (1) significant number of impervious areas (2) lack of green areas, (3) insuficient capacity of the pipe network to convey the produced water volume. Small detention basins, infiltration trenches and the increase of permeable areas (30-50%) within parcels have been evaluated as flood control measures as well as the use of the Lago do Bosque dos Buritis as a detention basin. For this purpose, the Stormwater Management Model SWMM has been applied for evaluating 11 hypothetic management measures in the water basin. The later control measures were evaluated individually as combined. In determining the impervious area index of the studied area, field visits have been carried out, which showed high imperviousness. (86.16%). A synthetic rainfall time series, derived from the equation proposed by Costa e Brito (1999) with recurrence of 2 years, has been used in the simulations. Horton`s equation was applied to represent infiltration with parameters presented in Moura (2005). The scenario which combines the use of infiltration trenches and the increase of pervious areas to 50% has shown to be the best solution in reducing peak flow with 43% eficiency. On the other hand, the scenario using detention basins presented the smallest efficiency (3%). / O presente trabalho apresenta a avaliação da eficiência de quatro métodos de controle de enchentes em uma bacia urbana localizada na cidade de Goiânia, que apresenta graves problemas de inundação. Estes alagamentos devem-se a alguns fatores que foram levantados, tais como: muitas áreas impermeabilizadas, poucas áreas verdes e rede com dimensões pequenas e insuficientes para o escoamento de todo o volume produzido. Foram analisadas a implantação de microservatórios de detenção, trincheira de infiltração, o aumento da área permeável no interior do lotes (de 30% e 50%) e o uso dos lagos do Bosque dos Buritis como dispositivo de controle. Para tanto, procederam-se simulações no modelo computacional SWMM Storm Water Management Model em que foram avaliados 11 cenários hipotéticos na bacia, que consistiram na aplicação dos dispositivos de forma individual e em conjunto. Para a determinação do índice de impermeabilização da área estudada foi necessário realizar um levantamento em uma área amostra, o qual demonstrou uma média de 86.16% de impermeabilização em cada lote. A precipitação utilizada foi uma série sintética, determinada por meio da equação de chuva desenvolvida por Costa e Brito (1999) com tempo de recorrência adotado de 2 anos. Para representar a infiltração, optou-se por trabalhar com a equação de infiltração de Horton, segundo os parâmetros de Moura (2005). O cenário simulado com a implantação de trincheira de infiltração e o aumento da área permeável em 50% apresentou aproximadamente 43% de eficiência na redução da vazão de pico, indicando que essa poderia ser a melhor solução para o problema analisado, enquanto que o cenário com microreservatórios apresentou a menor eficiência, aproximadamente 3%.