L’intérêt pour l’Arctique s’est développé à travers l’environnement et les changements climatiques, avec avant tout la question du réchauffement climatique, qui bouleversent grandement cette région. Ces évolutions amènent aussi bien de nombreuses menaces que des opportunités importantes, qui demandent toutes une coopération approfondie pour y répondre. La protection de l’environnement, l’accès et la gestion des ressources (naturelles, énergétiques, halieutiques, etc.), l’utilisation des routes maritimes, la délimitation des limites maritimes et limites extérieures du plateau continental, le respect des droits de l’homme et des droits des peuples autochtones, l’aspect stratégique et militaire sont des exemples des nombreux enjeux qui existent en Arctique. La coopération arctique, qui se structure de manière plus prononcée depuis la fin de la Guerre froide, se trouve devant des défis importants qui demandent son approfondissement. Tous ces enjeux dépassent la seule coopération entre les Etats arctiques, d’autant plus que les conséquences et les intérêts présents sont mondiaux. A la multitude de domaines de coopération s’ajoute donc une congruence d’acteurs, arctiques et non-arctiques avec, de manière classique, les organisations internationales, les organisations non-gouvernementales et les multinationales, mais également les régions, les organisations interparlementaires, les peuples autochtones ou encore les associations scientifiques. La complexité de la situation se traduit au niveau de la coopération, qui fait face aux tensions aussi bien entre les acteurs arctiques qu’entre les acteurs arctiques et non-arctiques. Deux processus contradictoires semblent donc structurer la coopération avec d’une part une régionalisation et d’autre part une internationalisation. La coopération entre les acteurs arctiques se bâtit ainsi autour de nombreuses institutions internationales dont la structure et le rôle sont voués à évoluer, avec comme institution centrale le Conseil de l’Arctique, tout en se fondant sur des coopérations internationales globales, avec comme instrument essentiel la Convention sur le droit de la mer de 1982. La coopération arctique semble constituer un modèle intéressant reposant sur une flexibilité qui doit permettre une adaptation, d’autant plus importante dans une région exposée à des évolutions rapides. Elle utilise une structure unique mettant en avant une action multiniveaux et multi-acteurs en gardant un équilibre entre hard law et soft law. Si la coopération arctique structure une véritable région arctique avec une importance grandissante sur l’arène internationale, les liens entre le monde et cette région restent incertains. L’ouverture aux acteurs extra-arctiques est nécessaire, mais fait face à la réticence de certains acteurs arctiques. L’Arctique se pose comme un nouvel objet des relations internationales et peut même en devenir un acteur, mais doit répondre aux dangers qui peuvent exister pour la coopération dans cette région, dangers qui semblent avant tout venir de causes exogènes. La coopération arctique nécessite donc une analyse approfondie des enjeux qu’elle présente ainsi que des contradictions et paradoxes qui semblent y exister. Cette thèse vise ainsi à étudier la coopération arctique en mettant en exergue ses mécanismes et spécificités tout en analysant les relations qu’elle peut entretenir avec les acteurs extra-arctiques et la manière dont elle s’intègre dans les relations internationales. / The interest in the Arctic has grown through the environmental issues and climate change that deeply altered the region, especially with the impact of the global warming. These changes bring many threats but also important opportunities, and require a deeper cooperation to respond to them. The protection of the environment, the management of Arctic resources (natural, fishery, etc.), the use of sea routes, the delimitation of maritime boundaries, the respect of human rights and of indigenous peoples rights, the strategic and military aspects are all examples of the issues that coexist in the Arctic. They highlight the challenges that the cooperation in the Arctic is facing. None of these issues could solely be managed by the cooperation between the Arctic States, as their consequences and the interests at stake are global. In addition to the multitude of areas of cooperation, there is a congruence of actors: Arctic and extra-Arctic ones such as international organizations, non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, but also regions, inter-parliamentary organizations, indigenous peoples or scientific associations. The complexity of the situation is perceptible in the way the Arctic cooperation is established. Tensions exist both among the Arctic actors and between Arctic and extra-Arctic actors. Two contradictory processes seem to structure the cooperation with the regionalization on the one hand, and the internationalization on the other hand. Thus, cooperation between Arctic stakeholders is built around many international institutions, which structures and roles will certainly evolve. The central structure of the Arctic cooperation is the Arctic Council – a regional institution. At the same time, the cooperation in the Arctic region is based on global international cooperations, with essential instruments as the Convention on the law of the sea of 1982. Arctic cooperation seems to be an interesting model based on flexibility that should enable adaptation, which is especially important in a region so deeply exposed to fast changes. It is based on a unique structure emphasizing multi-level and multi-stakeholder actions, keeping a balance between hard and soft law. If the Arctic cooperation builds a real Arctic region with a growing importance in the international arena, the ties between the world and the region remains uncertain. The inclusion of extra-Arctic actors is necessary but it is facing resistance from a part of the Arctic actors. Arctic arises as a new object of international relations and may even become a new actor, but it must respond to the dangers that may exist for cooperation in this region, dangers that seem to come especially from exogenous causes. Therefore, Arctic cooperation requires a thorough analysis of the issues it is faced with as well as its contradictions and paradoxes. This thesis aims to study the Arctic cooperation highlighting its mechanisms and particularities as well as to analyze relationships that it can develop with extra-Arctic actors and how it incorporates into international relations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pittsburgh, 1989. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-180).

This study firstly focuses on the response to the post-Cold War era with the shift of the focus of intelligence to terrorism, proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and transnational organised crime. Intelligence cooperation in respect of international crimes, including mercenary crimes, piracy and war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide is analysed, as well as peacekeeping intelligence. Secondly the focus is on intelligence cooperation in response to the events of 11 September 2001 in the United States of America, and intelligence failures in respect of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Intelligence cooperation on the national level is analysed with reference to the United Kingdom and the United States of America; on regional level, with reference to the African Union, the European Union and South East Asia; and on international level with reference to INTERPOL and the United Nations. International and regional obligations in respect of intelligence cooperation are described and analysed and both the drivers of intelligence cooperation and the challenges to intelligence cooperation are analysed. Best practices are identified and proposals made to improve intelligence cooperation on the mentioned levels, in combating international crimes, including a high degree of cooperation between crime intelligence and positive intelligence. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

The development of infrastructure has always been one of the greatest challenges faced by the South African government since the advent of democracy in 1994. Recognizing this challenge, government committed itself to the pursuit of Public-Private Partnerships for the development of infrastructure as early as 1996. SANRAL and Transnet are the two national agencies responsible for the development of transportation infrastructure in the country. While both agencies are battling to fulfill their mandates, SANRAL seems to be the one battling the most. The organization is responsible for all national and some provincial roads. Between the years 2000-2011, they reported profits for only three periods while incurring losses for the rest. SANRAL faces a daunting task. Firstly, their annual budget allocation from government is insufficient to address the backlogs on their non-toll roads network. Secondly, they are not allowed to cross-subsidize non-toll roads with revenue from the toll roads. Lastly, they have been requested by parliament to double their roads network. The aim of this study was to analyse the development of transportation infrastructure through Public Private Partnerships with focus on the Maputo Development Corridor, a cross-border transportation corridor initiative implemented by the governments of South Africa and Mozambique through Public Private Partnerships. The analysis was carried out using secondary research data as well as other data on the case study. The objectives of this study were adapted from those of the Maputo Development Corridor and then analysed in terms of the rationale for Public-Private Partnerships, their benefits and limitations as discussed in the Public-Private Partnerships literature reviewed. The findings of this study are that in general the purpose of using Public-Private Partnerships for the Maputo Corridor Development was achieved as there were more high benefits than low benefits. However, the initiative as a whole has failed to delivery sufficiently on social aspects such as job creation. The initiative has also failed to mitigate the high negative impacts of the limitations. It should be noted that the results of this study are an interpretation of the researcher and this interpretation is based purely on the data obtained. This study calls for further research to be carried out on the socioeconomic benefits of tolling of roads through Public-Private Partnerships based on the challenges faced by SANRAL as discussed above as well as the current public opposition to the tolling of roads. / Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012

This thesis addresses the gap in the literature of the Gulf Cooperation Council and its distinct relations with the European Union by identifying the obstacles preventing the development of GCC–EU interregionalism, in two case studies: energy security and economic cooperation in the Mediterranean. By bringing an empirical application of interregionalism to the study of GCC–EU relations, the thesis draws an original comparison that is based on a Hettne and Söderbaum typology of regionness (2000) to determine the GCC’s and the EU’s types, levels of actorness and the subsequent type of interregionalism resulting from the interaction between their kinds. The theoretical construct of the thesis underlines interregionalism as a tool for consolidating the organisations’ identities and actorness and increasing their capacities at exerting influence within the changing dynamics in the regional and global theatres. In addition, this thesis sheds light on the obstacles that impede the development of interregional cooperation and the mechanism to overcome them. As such, the thesis considers the dynamics instigating the renewed interest in deepening GCC–EU interregional relations; outlines the tools available at the GCC and the EU, and highlights the implications of the Arab Spring and GCC–Asia ties on GCC–EU relations. By avoiding benchmarking the EU as a model, the thesis purports that cooperation in energy security is ongoing and is opening avenues for promising partnerships in renewables, energy sustainability and efficiency. On the other hand, the divergence in the organisations’ levels of actorness, economic strategies and the unwillingness to assess policies are major hindrances against a successful partnership in the Mediterranean. Asymmetries in actorness, bilateralism, the American influence and the growing GCC–Asia ties do impact the development of the relations; albeit, they do not impede the multilateral framework from producing unintended outcomes in other areas of the relations.

Cross-border tourism development have become increasingly popular the last decades and especially within the European Union through Interreg-programmes. The contemporary research have mainly focused on the advantages and challenges associated with such collaborations with a perspective on visitors and private entrepreneurs in border regions. There are however an unfortunate lack of research on the role of local governments such as municipalities in cross-border tourism collaborations. Therefore the aim of this study is to analyse the interest and attitudes among public actors towards cross-border tourism development, and to identify challenges facing these on an interregional level in cross-border tourism collaborations. The case study have been the Öresund Region between Sweden and Denmark where recently a large scale cross-border platform was implemented party focusing on tourism development in the region. A qualitative approach has been utilized with semi-structured interviews focusing on advantages and challenges associated with cross-border tourism development among public actors in the region. The analysis have shown that there is a great interest among the informants for large scale tourism cooperation in order to reach distant markets and to become a stronger competitor on the global market. Identified challenges mainly concern uneven political power structures which may lead to barriers for further cooperation’s.

published_or_final_version / Civil Engineering / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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