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In industry the effective mixing and de-agglomeration of two solid particles is vital in applications that require the intimate contact of homogeneously mixed reagents. One such application is in the preparation of pyrotechnic delay elements with reproducible burn speeds. The concept of surfactant assisted particle micro-mixing is proposed. This theory is based in the use of two amphiphilic polymeric surfactants to form two separate stable dispersions of the two solid particles to be mixed, but with the subsequent requirement that the dispersants are able to interact with each other. The formation of the individual dispersions allows for the deagglomeration of the particles and thus their preparation for homogeneous mixing, which is facilitated by the interacting surfactants. Low molecular mass block copolymers of styrene and acrylic acid and poly( ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) (PEO-PPO) surfactants are the proposed dispersants which will allow for the surfactant interaction by means of hydrogen bonding between the poly(acrylic acid) block and the PEO. The poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) block copolymer will be synthesised via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation (ATRP) and subsequently used in the dispersion experiments. The synthesis of the polystyrene macroinitiators to initiate the block copolymerisation of the t-butyl acrylate was carried out satisfactorily, with good molecular masses and molecular mass distributions. In addition, lH-NMR analysis carried out on the polystyrene macroinitiators confirmed their synthesis. The use of the polystyrene macroinitiators was successful in synthesising poly(styrene-co-t-butyl acrylate) block copolymers with slightly higher polydispersities in comparison to the macroinitiatiators themselves, but acceptable. Hydrolysis of the poly(styrene-co-t-butyl acrylate) block copolymer to poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) was successful in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst. Attempts to hydrolyse in basic conditions (NaOH) and alternatively in acidic conditions (HCI) were not successful. Use of the poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid) amphiphilic block copolymer to emulsion polymerise styrene requires the ionised form of the polymer and was therefore not favourable to observe surfactant-surfactant hydrogen bonding. In addition, attempts to synthesise a wax emulsion stabilised by a PEO containing surfactant proved to be unsuccessful. Subsequently, the micro-mixing experiments were carried out by using a poly(acrylic acid) stabilised melamine dispersion and a commercially available PEO containing surfactant stabilised wax emulsion. The interaction between the melamine and the poly(acrylic acid) allows for the formation of a stable melamine dispersion at above 7% poly(acrylic acid) : melamine ratio (mass basis). Analysis by SEM shows that without the poly( acrylic acid) dispersant no wax particles are found to occur on the melamine particle surface. However, in an attempt to determine whether the amount of wax interaction increases with poly(acrylic acid) content, it was found that in the absence of poly(acrylic acid) dispersant, the most amount of wax precipitated out with the melamine. This is possibly attributable to the preferential occlusion of the wax particles between the melamine particles rather than surface attachment. Introduction of the poly(acrylic acid), however, shows via SEM analysis that the hydrogen bond interaction between the acrylic acid group and the ethylene oxide group does occur, since the attachment of the wax particles on the melamine particle surface is observed. Although results show that the surfactant-surfactant interaction allows for the micro¬mixing of particles, some refinement is required with respect to the systems that this phenomenon can be applied to. In addition, factors such as particle type, particle size and surfactant type will influence the micro-mixing interaction. It is therefore recommended that these factors be investigated in order to completely identify the micro-mixing phenomenon. / Dissertation (M Eng (Chemical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

Orientador: Eliana Aparecida de Rezende Duek / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T11:37:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Duarte_MarciaAdrianaTomaz_D.pdf: 19873915 bytes, checksum: 063d016f65b94def2ea7e13cf1dd956f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Com o intuito de se obter um material polimérico adequado para aplicações na área médica, estudou-se a obtenção e caracterização do copolímero poli(L-co-DL ácido lático)(PLDLA) com adição de poli(caprolactona triol)(PCL-T). Membranas de PLDLA/PCL-T foram preparadas por evaporação de solvente nas composições 100/0, 90/10, 70/30 e 50/50 (m/m). As membranas foram caracterizadas por DMA, DSC, MFA, ângulo de contato, ensaio de tração e FTIR. As análises térmicas indicaram uma miscibilidade parcial nas composições 90/10 e 70/30 e um sistema imiscível para a composição 50/50. Foi observado por MEV e MFA que a adição de PCL-T resultou em uma morfologia mais rugosa e com maior porosidade. O ensaio de tração mostrou uma queda acentuada no módulo de elasticidade do PLDLA indicando a ação plastificante do PCL-T. O estudo da degradação in vitro, em solução tampão fosfato, mostrou que o PCL-T diminui a velocidade de degradação, comprovado por MEV e GPC. Através do DSC observou-se uma diminuição nos valores da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) em função do tempo de degradação, exceto para composição 50/50. O estudo in vitro, em cultura de células de linhagem osteoblástica foi realizado em membranas nas composições 100/0, 90/10 e 70/30. O ensaio de citotoxicidade mostrou que todas as amostras são atóxicas e as composições 90/10 e 70/30 permitiram uma melhor adesão celular quando comparadas com a composição 100/0 e o controle. Baseando-se nos estudos acima, realizou-se o estudo in vivo das membranas nas composições 100/0 e 90/10, as quais foram implantadas no subcutâneo de ratos wistar durante 1, 3, 7, 15 e 60 dias. As análises histológicas mostraram que apesar das membranas contendo PCL-T apresentarem reações inflamatórias evidentes nos tempos iniciais, após 60 dias, evidenciou-se a presença de colágeno bem organizado, denso e praticamente sem infiltrado inflamatório, para as composições estudadas. Frente aos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que as membranas de PLDLA com PCL-T são indicadas para utilização em dispositivo médico, onde não necessite longo tempo de implante, como: suporte para cultura de células, curativos para ulceração na pele, regeneração guiada em periodontia. / Abstract: In order to obtain a polymeric material suitable for medical applications, it was studied the obtention and characterization of copolymer poly (L-co-DL lactic acid) with the addition of poly (caprolactone triol). PLDLA/PCL-T membranes were prepared by solvent casting in the 100/0, 90/10, 70/30 and 50/50 (w/w) compositions. The membranes were characterized by DMA, DSC, MFA, contact angle, tensile test and FTIR. Thermal analysis indicated a partial miscibility in the 90/10 and 70/30 compositions and an immiscible system for the 50/50 composition. It was observed by SEM and MFA that the addition of PCL-T contributes to a rough morphology and greater porosity. The tensile test showed a decrease in elasticity modulus of PLDLA indicating the influence of plasticizer PCL-T. The in vitro study showed that PCL-T decreases the rate of degradation, evidenced by SEM and GPC. DSC analysis showed a decrease in the values of glass transition temperature (Tg) in function the time of degradation, except for 50/50 composition. The cell culture of osteoblastic lineage was performed in the membranes 100/0, 90/10 and 70/30 compositions. The cytotoxicity assays showed that all samples are non-toxic. The 90/10 and 70/30 compositions indicated an increase on cell adhesion compared to 100/0 composition and controls. Based on in vitro studies, 100/0 and 90/10 compositions were implanted in subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats for 1, 3, 7, 15 and 60 days to evaluated the biocompatibility. The histological analysis indicated that although the PCL-T membranes showed inflammatory reactions more evident in the initial time, after 60 days, the material present organized collagen, dense and almost no inflammatory infiltration, for the compositions studied. In conclusion, the membranes of PLDLA with PCL-T are indicated for use in medical device, which does not require long-term implantation, such as support for cell culture, dressings for skin ulceration, regeneration guided in periodontics. / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T10:02:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camilo_AnaPaulaRodrigues_D.pdf: 5133828 bytes, checksum: 99ef787814cdea2e327eb67879a8eec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foram sintetizados copolímeros anfifílicos dibloco baseados em 1¿-O-metacrilato de sacarose (SMA) e metacrilato de metila (MMA) por RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer) e ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) com diferentes composições (balanço hidrofílico/hidrofóbico diferenciado). O MMA é um monômero hidrofóbico, enquanto, o SMA apresenta caráter fortemente hidrofílico. Primeiramente, foi realizado um estudo referente aos parâmetros reacionais utilizados na síntese do bloco de MMA, tanto via RAFT quanto ATRP. Para a polimerização RAFT, avaliou-se a influência da razão molar entre os reagentes, da temperatura e do solvente sobre a eficiência na polimerização. Na polimerização ATRP estudou-se sistemas reacionais contendo diferentes iniciadores, ligantes e catalisadores. A partir desse estudo, adotou-se os sistemas catalisador/iniciador, brometo de cobre (I)/ 2,2,2-tribrometanol (CuBr/TriBrEt), e agente de transferência/iniciador, ditiobenzoato de 2-cianopropila/2,2?-azoisobutironitrila (CPDB/AIBN), para a polimerização ATRP e RAFT, respectivamente. Estes sistemas mostraram ser eficazes tanto para a obtenção do homopolímero PMMA, quanto para os copolímeros em bloco P(MMA-b-SMA), com polidispersidade controlada. Os homopolímeros (PMMA) e os copolímeros dibloco P(MMA-b-SMA) foram caracterizados estruturalmente por ressonância magnética nuclear de 13C (RMN 13C) e cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC). As propriedades físico-químicas dos copolímeros no estado sólido foram avaliadas por análise termogravimétrica (TGA), análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), difratometria de raios-X de alto ângulo (DRX) e espalhamento de raios-X de baixo ângulo (SAXS). A morfologia foi estudada por microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). O comportamento de soluções dos copolímeros em DMF foi estudado por SAXS. Todos os polímeros sintetizados se apresentaram solúveis em DMF, evidenciando que tratam-se de macromoléculas não-reticuladas, revelando que o caráter anfifílico é fortemente dependente da composição, tal como era esperado. As propriedades físico-químicas dos copolímeros sólidos e em solução, assim como a morfologia, mostraram-se dependentes da composição. A combinação dos resultados das análises de RMN 13C, DMA, AFM e TEM, para os copolímeros, permitiu concluir que o bloco de PMMA constitui-se a fração majoritária, que os blocos PSMA e PMMA são imiscíveis, e que a morfologia é a de uma matriz constituída predominantemente por PMMA, na qual a fase PSMA minoritária encontra-se dispersa, respectivamente. Resultados de estudos por RMN 13C e SAXS mostraram que, dependendo da composição, os copolímeros tendem a se organizar em solução ou na forma sólida. Os resultados de SAXS e de AFM de filmes dos copolímeros também indicaram que a dispersão da fase PSMA na matriz de PMMA ocorre de forma distinta, de acordo com o solvente utilizado no processo casting / Abstract: In this work, amphiphilic diblock copolymers based on sucrose 1'-O-methacrylate (SMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) with different compositions (differentiated hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance) were synthesized by RAFT (Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer) and ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization). Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a hydrophobic monomer, while the 1'-O-sucrose methacrylate (SMA) is strongly hydrophilic. The first step of the studies concerned the influence of the reaction parameters on the synthesis of the MMA block, using both RAFT and ATRP. For RAFT polymerization, the influence of the molar ratio between the reactants, temperature and solvent on the efficiency of polymerization was evaluated. For the ATRP polymerization four different combinations of initiators/ligants/catalysts were studied and their efficiency were compared. From this study, systems catalyst/initiator, copper (I) bromide/2,2,2-tribromethanol (CuBr/TriBrEt), and transfer agent/initiator, (2-cyanopropyl) dithiobenzoate/2,2?-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) (CPDB/AIBN), were used for ATRP and RAFT polymerization, respectively. These systems showed to be effective to obtain PMMA homopolymer and block copolymers P(MMA-b-SMA) with controlled polydispersity. The homopolymers (PMMA) and diblock copolymers P(MMA-b-SMA) were structurally characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic ressonance (13C NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physico-chemical properties of the copolymers in the solid state was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The behavior of copolymers in solutions of the DMF was studied by SAXS. All copolymers were soluble in DMF, showing that they are non-crosslinked macromolecules, revealing that the amphiphilic character is strongly dependent of the composition, as expected. From 13C NMR, DMA, AFM and TEM analysis of the copolymers it was possible conclude that PMMA block is a majority component, PSMA and PMMA blocks are miscible and the morphology is predominantly composed of a PMMA matrix, in which the minority PSMA phase is dispersed, respectively. The results of studies by 13C NMR and SAXS showed that some compositions of the copolymers are self-organized in solution and in solid state. The results of SAXS and AFM indicated that the dispersion of the PSMA phase in the PMMA matrix occurs differently, according with the solvent used in the casting process / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutora em Ciências

Neste trabalho foi investigado o processo de relaxação em copolímeros metacrilicos funcionalizados com o grupo cromóforo 4-[N-etil-N-(2-hidroxietil)]amino-2\'-cloro-4\'nitro-azobenzeno (MMADRI3). Os copolímeros sintetizados foram caracterizados por espectrofotometria de visível e infravermelho, calorimetria diferencial de varredura, análise termogravimétrica e elipsometria. O triodo de corona foi utilizado para induzir a orientação dos cromóforos dipolares a temperaturas próximas da transição vítrea. Os valores do coeficiente eletroóptico linear r13 de filmes obtidos por derramento de solução podem alcançar 14 pm/V em amostras funcionalizadas com 43%de cromóforo.O efeito piezoelétricoé significativo para amostras contendo 4% de cromóforo sendo a sua origem atribuída à carga espacial. A relaxação orientacional dos cromóforos foi estudada medindo-se o decaimento do coeficiente eletroóptico e a relaxação dielétrica a diferentes temperaturas. O processo de relaxação foi interpretado utilizando a equação de Kohlraush-Williams-Watts (KWW) aplicada aos domínios do tempo e da freqüência. O tempo de relaxação característico &#964 e o parâmetro b da equação de KWW foram obtidos como função da temperatura desde a temperatura ambiente até acima da temperatura de transição vítrea. O parâmetro b à temperatura de transição vítrea aproxima-se de 0,6 valor que é atribuído a forças de curto alcance. As medidas dielétricas revelaram duas bandas de relaxação &#946 e &#945 respectivamente a baixas e a altas temperaturas. A relaxação a está relacionada com a transição vítrea e à desorientação dos cromóforos. A dependência de &#964 foi fundamentada nas equações de Arrhenius e de Vogel-Fulcher-Tarmnann-Hesse (VFTH), respectivamente a baixas e a altas temperaturas. Os parâmetros de VFTH encontram-se próximos dos considerados universais. O comportamento de &#964 em toda a gama de temperaturas, foi explicado pela equação de Adam-Gibbs, usando-se os parâmetros de VFTH. O resfriamento a taxas lentas após o processo de polarização aumenta substancialmente o tempo de relaxação e a sua energia de ativação. Os expoentes m e n do modelo de Dissado-Hill baseado na interação de multicorpos foram obtidos em função da temperatura. Os valores do parâmetro n ficam dentro do esperado pela teoria / The relaxation process of side-chain methacrylate copolymers functionalized with the nonlinear optical azo chromophore 4-[Nethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-amino-2\'-chloro-4-nitroazobenzene (MMADR13) was investigated. The copolymers synthesized were characterized by visible and infrared spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and ellipsometry. The corona triode was employed to induce the orientation of the dipolar chromophore at a temperature near the glass transition. The linear eletrooptic coefficient r13 of cast fllms can reach values as high as 14 pm/V in samples with 43% of chromophore contento The piezoeletric effect attributed to space charge was only significant in the lowest chromophore content samples (4%). Electrostriction was shown to affect to some extent the quadratic electrooptic measurements. The chromophore relaxation at different temperatures was investigated by both electrooptic decay and dielectric measurements. The relaxation process was interpreted using the Kohlraush-Williams-Watts (KWW) equation both in the time and frequency domains. From the KWW equation the characteristic relaxation time &#964 and the stretching parameter b were obtained from room temperature to temperatures above the glass transition. Near the glass transition b is ca 0.6 which is characteristic of short range interactions. Dielectric measurements revealed two relaxation bands, &#946 and &#945, at low and high temperatures, respectively. The &#945 relaxation was attributed to the glass transition and to the 10ss of chromophore orientational order. The temperature behavior of &#964 was interpreted by the Arrhenius and Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-Hesse (VFTH) equations. at low and high temperatures. respectivelly. The VFTH parameters lie close to the so-called universal values. In addition the overall temperature dependence was explained by the Adam-Gibbs equation using the VFTH parameters. Using a small cooling rate after corona poling increases substantially the relaxation time and the activation energy .The power law exponents m and n. from Dissado-Hill manybody interactions model were obtained as a function of temperature. The n values are in the range of expected values for the many-body interactions model

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit portent sur la (co)polymérisation syndiosélective du styrène catalysée par des complexes de métaux du Groupe 3. La première partie est consacrée à l’optimisation des performances catalytiques de systèmes neutres de type {Cp/Flu}. Une série de précurseurs ansa-lanthanidocènes a été synthétisée et testée en homopolymérisation du styrène et en copolymérisation styrène-éthylène. Il a été montré que la nature de la substitution du motif fluorényle, la nature du centre métallique ainsi que les conditions de polymérisation ont une influence significative sur la productivité des catalyseurs. En conditions optimisées, des productivités maximales de 4,500 kg(sPS)·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ et 5,430 kg(sPSE)·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ ont été obtenues, démontrant la robustesse sans précédent de ces systèmes catalytiques en conditions extrêmes (Tpolym jusqu’à 140 °C et charge en monomère > 100,000). De nouveaux co- et terpolymères styrène-myrcène et styrène-myrcène-éthylène contenant des séquences de polystyrène syndiotactique ont également été synthétisés. La deuxième partie de ce travail porte sur le développement de nouveaux catalyseurs cationiques. Très peu des composés ciblés ont été isolés de par la réactivité déroutante entre les pro-ligands et les précurseurs ou la faible stabilité thermodynamique des produits. De plus, les productivités catalytiques des composés qui ont été isolés se sont avérées assez faibles. / The work presented in this thesis manuscript focuses on the syndioselective (co)polymerization of styrene catalyzed by Group 3 catalysts. The first part is dedicated to the optimization of the catalytic performances of neutral {Cp/Flu} systems. A series of new allyl ansa-lanthanidocenes was synthesized and explored in styrene and styrene-ethylene (co)polymerizations. It is shown that the substitution of the fluorenyl moiety as well as the nature of the metal center and the polymerization conditions exert a strong influence on the catalyst productivity. Under optimized conditions, maximum productivities of up to 4,500 kg(sPS)·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ and 5,430 kg(sPSE)·mol⁻¹·h⁻¹ were achieved, highlighting the unprecedented robustness of those catalytic systems under drastic conditions (Tpolym up to 140 °C and monomer : catalyst ratios > 100,000). New styrene-myrcene(-ethylene) co- and terpolymers containing syndiotactic polystyrene sequences were also synthesized. The second part of the study was focused on the development of new cationic catalysts. Only a short series of compounds was successfully isolated among the targeted ones, because of unclear reactivity of pro-ligands and metal precursors and/or low thermodynamic stability of the products. The new isolated compounds were also used in styrene homopolymerization affording unexpectedly poor performances.

Předložená diplomová práce se zabývá přípravou hydrogelů odvozených od polyakrylonitrilu a charakterizací jejich fyzikálních a chemických vlastností. Teoretická část shrnuje základní poznatky z oblasti hydrogelů, a také o polyakrylonitrilu. Dále se zabývá možností zpracování polyakrylonitrilu do reaktivní formy, takzvaného aquagelu a jeho zásadité hydrolýzy za účelem přípravy multi-blokových kopolymerů schopných tvořit 3D síť (gel). Experimentální část prezentuje výsledky charakterizace hydrogelů z polyakrylonitrilu neboli HYPANů, které byly připraveny bazicky katalyzovanou hydrolýzou aquagelu. Aquagel byl připraven rozpuštěním a následnou extruzí polyakrylonitrilu. Vzniklé vlákno bylo zpracováno do formy pelet, které byly dále užity pro zmiňovanou hydrolýzu. Hydrolýza byla prováděna za různých podmínek (teplota, NaOH koncentrace, reakční čas) za účelem přípravy produktů s různým stupněm konverze -CN skupiny. Hydrolýzou vytvořené hydrofóbní a hydrofilní bloky, mohou zformovat 3D síť o různých vlastnostech, závisejících na poměru mezi počtem a délkou bloků. Z hydrolyzátů byly připraveny hydrogely jejichž visko-elastické a optické vlastnosti byly dále charakterizovány. Optimalizací přípravy bylo dozaženo multi-blokového kopolymeru schopného vytvořit gel s vhodnými fyzikálními vlastnostmi. Tento gel může najít uplatnění v medicíně, například jako implantáty v oftamologii.

This thesis deals with description of preparation and use of monomers and copolymers for gel polymer electrolytes usable in electrochemical power sources. This thesis is divided in theoretical and experimental part. The theoretical part describes electrolytes focused on gel polymer electrolytes, measuring methods and materials used for experiments. The experimental part deals with calculation of composition of polymer electrolytes, method of preparation and evaluation of measured results. The method of applying GPE to a negative LTO electrode and a positive NMC electrode is described too. Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (PEIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Galvanostatic Cycling with Potential Limitation (GCPL) were chosen for measurement of properties.

There are sumarized some of the basic organic materials for produce of organic parts. Two types of theese materials are introduced PPV and PFV and their derivatives, which tuning their resulting properties in area of electrical, optical, chemical, and thermal parameters. There is designed and created system for mechanical bending of adhesive SMD devies on flexible printed circuit board and compared properties of some conducting adhesives.

Presented diploma thesis deals with drug encapsulation of Sulfathiazole (STA) in thermosensitive hydrogel composed of amphiphilic fibrous molecules of copolymer poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA). In the experimental part, the structure of the micelles which is dependent on the concentration of the default copolymer, was thoroughly described. The method of dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to dimensionally characterize the micellar size in aqueous solution. At the same time, the Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (Cryo-TEM) imaging technique confirmed the transition from spherical micelles to fibrous branched structures with a number of topological interactions. The change in viscoelastic properties of micellar hydrogel after addition of STA was studied by rheological analysis. The studied triblock copolymer appears to be a suitable tissue engineering material as a carrier in applications for targeted drug delivery and tissue regeneration.