Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre Arkema - Groupe de Recherches de Lacq (GRL) et le Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA) et porte sur la synthèse et l'étude de la nanostructuration de copolymères à blocs constitués d'au moins un bloc biodégradable en vue de préparer des masques de gravure par nano-lithographie. Le premier chapitre est dédié à la description des approches lithographiques développées afin de faire le point sur les principales avancées ainsi que sur les verroux technologiques à lever concernant la miniaturisation des composants électroniques via les approches top-down et bottom-up. Un intérêt particulier a été porté sur l'approche bottom-up reposant sur l'auto-assemblage dirigé de copolymères à blocs étant donné que des morphologies bien définies et de faibles dimensions sont accessibles. Les propriétés du PS-b-PMMA ainsi que celles de copolymères à blocs constitués d'un bloc biodégradable sont également discutées afin de souligner l'importance du développement de nouveaux copolymères à blocs. La deuxième partie de ce manuscrit porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de copolymères à blocs par polymérisation organocatalysée et contrôlée par ouverture de cycle (ROP) de lactones et de carbonates. Une étude de la nanostructuration de copolymères à blocs composés de poly(ε-caprolactone), de poly(β-butyrolactone) ou de poly(triméthylène carbonate) a été réalisée afin d'évaluer les morphologies ainsi que les espacements de domaines correspondants. La forte incompatibilité des blocs des copolymères synthétisés a permis l'observation de nanostructurations lamellaires et cylindriques ayant des espacements de domaines de l'ordre d'une dizaine de nanomètre. Nous avons également remarqué que la cristallisation du bloc de poly(ε-caprolactone) empêche la nanostructuration à grande échelle des copolymères correspondants. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons tout d'abord cherché à inhiber la cristallisation de la poly(ε-caprolactone) par copolymérisation aléatoire. Une évaluation de la réactivité du co-monomère, ainsi que du taux minimum requis pour rompre totalement la cristallinité du copolymère, en fonction de la structure du co-monomère employé a été effectuée. La synthèse de copolymères à blocs constitués d'un bloc de copolyester aléatoire amorphe ("PCLam.") a par la suite été réalisée pour évaluer l'impact de l'inhibition de la cristallinité sur la nanostructuration de ces nouveaux copolymères à blocs. Cette stratégie a permis la ségrégation de phase en nano-domaines de géométries bien définies. Des morphologies cylindriques présentant un espacement de domaines compris entre 15,3 et 19 nm ont été déterminées par analyses SAXS et par microscopie (AFM) dans le cas de films minces préparés à partir de "PCLam."-b-Krasol H-b-"PCLam.". / The present work is in the frame of a collaboration between Arkema - Groupe de Recherche de Lacq (GRL) and the Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée (LHFA). This work consists in the preparation of block copolymers containing at least one biodegradable block in order to study their nanostructuration aiming at preparing etching mask by nanolithography. The first part of this work is dedicated to the description of lithographic processes in order to summarize the major advances and the technological bolts to unlock concerning the electronic component miniaturization by top-down and bottom-up approaches. Particular interest has been given to the bottom-up approach based on the direct self-assembly of block copolymer due to the fact that well defined morphologies are accessible at small scale. The properties of the PS-b-PMMA as well as those of block copolymers containing one biodegradable block are also discussed to underline the importance of the development of new block copolymers. The second part of this manuscript concerns the synthesis and characterization of block copolymers by organocatalyzed controlled ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones and carbonates. A study of block copolymer nanostructuration has been performed for copolymers containing one block of poly(ε-caprolactone), poly(β-butyrolactone) or poly(trimethylene carbonate) in order to determine their morphologies and the corresponding domain-spacing. The high block incompatibility of the synthesized copolymers enables lammellar and cylindrical nanostructurations with domain-spacing in the order of ten nanometers. We also noticed that the crystallization of the poly(ε-caprolactone) block prevent the large-scale nanostructuration of the corresponding copolymers. In a third part, we got interested to inhibit poly(ε-caprolactone) crystallization by random copolymerization. Co-monomers reactivity and their minimal loading required to fully inhibit copolymer crystallinity have been determined to investigate the impact of co-monomer structure. Then, block copolymers containing one or two amorphous random copolyester block(s) have been synthesized to evaluate the impact of crystallinity inhibition on their nanostructuration ability. This strategy allowed the phase segregation in nano-domains of well defined geometries. Cylindrical morphologies presenting a domain spacing between 15.3 and 19 nm have been determined by SAXS analysis and microscopy (AFM) in the case of thin films prepared from "PCLam."-b-Krasol H-b-"PCLam.".

Neste estudo foram sintetizados copolímeros de butadieno e estireno (SBR) através do processo de polimerização em emulsão a quente. Foi avaliada a influência das condições reacionais sobre as principais propriedades dos copolímeros, como grau de encolhimento no moinho, massas molares numérica média (Mn) e ponderal média (Mw), distribuição de massa molar (Mw/Mn) e propriedades reológicas das diferentes SBRs. Os copolímeros obtidos foram avaliados quanto aos módulos elástico (G) e viscoso (G) e tangente delta pelo equipamento Analisador de Processamento de Borracha (RPA) e pelo viscosímetro Mooney MV 2000. Foi verificado no copolímero obtido a influência da adição do agente de reticulação, em que pequena variação da quantidade adicionada do mesmo ao sistema de polimerização, proporcionou grande alteração nas propriedades do copolímero. Os copolímeros obtidos a diferentes conversões da reação de polimerização apresentaram aumento da viscosidade Mooney e massas molares numérica e ponderal médias com o aumento da conversão. A avaliação reológica pelo equipamento RPA de copolímeros comerciais confirmou os resultados obtidos pelo viscosímetro Mooney MV 2000 no teste de relaxação de tensão / In this study copolymers of butadiene and styrene were synthesized by a hot emulsion polymerization process. The influence of the reaction conditions was evaluated on the main properties of the copolymers, as degree of shrinkage in the mill, number (Mn) and weight-average (Mw) molecular weight, molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) and the rheological properties of the copolymers. The copolymers were evaluated by the elastic (G) and viscous (G) modulus and tan delta by the Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) and Mooney viscosimeter MV 2000. It was verified that the addition of small quantities of crosslinking agent in the copolymer has a higher influence on its properties. The Mooney viscosity and the number and weight-average molecular weight increased as polymerization conversion increased. The rheological evaluation by the RPA of several commercial copolymers has confirmed the results obtained by the Mooney viscosimeter MV 2000 during the stress relaxation test

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Chemistry / Takashi Ito / This dissertation describes single-molecule tracking (SMT) measurements for the quantitative characterization of one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures in 200 nm-thick surfactant-templated mesoporous silica (STMS) and cylinder-forming polystyrene-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer (CF-PS-b-PEO) films with a μm-scale thickness. SMT is advantageous for the characterization of nanomaterials over conventional methods because it permits the simultaneous and quantitative assessment of the nanoscale and microscale morphologies, and mass-transport properties of the materials with a high nanometer-scale resolution under ambient conditions. It offers a unique means for the assessment and evaluation of the μm-scale nanostructure alignment in polymer films induced by vertical spin-coating (for STMS films), directional solution flow and solvent-vapor penetration (SVP) methods (both for CF-PS-b-PEO films), highly crucial for many potential technological applications using the materials. Through this work, we have identified suitable sample preparation conditions (e.g. solvent, temperature or solution flow rate) for obtaining highly-ordered mesoporous and microdomain structures over a long-range (> 5 μm). For the quantitative assessment of the 1D SMT data, orthogonal regression analysis was employed, providing assessment of the in-plane orientation and size of individual nanostructures with nanometer-scale precision. The analysis of the 1D trajectory data allowed the radius (ca. 11 nm) of cylindrical PEO microdomains to be estimated, yielding results consistent with the AFM results (ca. 14 nm). The distribution of the trajectory angles offered the estimation of the average orientation and order of the nanostructures in domains/grains for a μm-wide region of the polymer films, revealing the higher efficiency of SVP in the nanostructure alignment as compared to the spin coating and solution flow approaches. Systematic SMT measurements across the film depth and along lateral mm-scale distances afforded valuable insights into the shear- and solvent-evaporation-based alignment mechanisms induced by solution flow and SVP/spin coating approaches, respectively. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements in a SVP-aligned CF-PS-b-PEO film permitted the longer-range mass-transport properties to be probed, reflecting the effective continuity of the aligned cylindrical nanostructures over > 100 μm in length. In this dissertation, FRAP and more importantly SMT methods have provided a unique and useful means for the in-depth characterization of morphology and mass-transport characteristics in thin polymer films under ambient conditions, in confined spaces, and with a nanometer-scale resolution.

Le travail présenté dans se manuscrit s'inscrit dans le domaine de la chimie et physico-chimie des polysaccharides. Une étude des propriétés physico-chimiques du xyloglucane en fonction de différentes conditions est d'abords réalisée, elle montre la difficulté d'obtenir des solutions stables à l'échelle moléculaire ainsi que la possibilité d'obtenir des nanoparticules à base de xyloglucanes. Le suivi de l'hydrolyse enzymatique du xyloglucane en solution par la diffusion de la lumière a mis en évidence l'agrégation des produits obtenus en solution. L'imagerie par la microscopie à force atomique a révélé l'importance de la surface dans le phénomène de dégradation. Enfin des dérivés de xyloglucane ont été obtenus par oxydation par le système TEMPO/NaOCl/NaBr, et des essais de préparation de conjugués xyloglucane-cytarabine ont été effectués. / The work presented in this manuscript is in the field of chemistry and physical chemistry of polysaccharides. A study of the physicochemical properties of xyloglucan under different conditions is carried around and showing the difficulty to obtaining stable solutions at the molecular level. The study also evidenced the possibility of obtaining nanoparticles based on xyloglucan. Monitoring of the enzymatic hydrolysis of xyloglucan in solution by light scattering indicated the aggregation of the degradation products. Imaging by atomic force microscopy revealed the importance of the surface in the degradation phenomenon. Finally xyloglucan derivatives were obtained by oxidation system TEMPO / NaOCl / NaBr, and test on the coupling of xyloglucan and cytarabine conjugates were made.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Neste estudo foram sintetizados copolímeros de butadieno e estireno (SBR) através do processo de polimerização em emulsão a quente. Foi avaliada a influência das condições reacionais sobre as principais propriedades dos copolímeros, como grau de encolhimento no moinho, massas molares numérica média (Mn) e ponderal média (Mw), distribuição de massa molar (Mw/Mn) e propriedades reológicas das diferentes SBRs. Os copolímeros obtidos foram avaliados quanto aos módulos elástico (G) e viscoso (G) e tangente delta pelo equipamento Analisador de Processamento de Borracha (RPA) e pelo viscosímetro Mooney MV 2000. Foi verificado no copolímero obtido a influência da adição do agente de reticulação, em que pequena variação da quantidade adicionada do mesmo ao sistema de polimerização, proporcionou grande alteração nas propriedades do copolímero. Os copolímeros obtidos a diferentes conversões da reação de polimerização apresentaram aumento da viscosidade Mooney e massas molares numérica e ponderal médias com o aumento da conversão. A avaliação reológica pelo equipamento RPA de copolímeros comerciais confirmou os resultados obtidos pelo viscosímetro Mooney MV 2000 no teste de relaxação de tensão / In this study copolymers of butadiene and styrene were synthesized by a hot emulsion polymerization process. The influence of the reaction conditions was evaluated on the main properties of the copolymers, as degree of shrinkage in the mill, number (Mn) and weight-average (Mw) molecular weight, molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) and the rheological properties of the copolymers. The copolymers were evaluated by the elastic (G) and viscous (G) modulus and tan delta by the Rubber Process Analyser (RPA) and Mooney viscosimeter MV 2000. It was verified that the addition of small quantities of crosslinking agent in the copolymer has a higher influence on its properties. The Mooney viscosity and the number and weight-average molecular weight increased as polymerization conversion increased. The rheological evaluation by the RPA of several commercial copolymers has confirmed the results obtained by the Mooney viscosimeter MV 2000 during the stress relaxation test

No description available.

O objetivo desta dissertação é a utilização de metodologias de RMN para caracterizar a separação de fases e, em algum grau, a dinâmica de segmentos moleculares em copolímeros em bloco. Na primeira parte do trabalho, técnicas de RMN de Difusão de Spins, cujo fenômeno envolvido traz informações sobre a formação de domínios de segmentos moleculares, foram exploradas no sentido de avaliar seu desempenho assim como as principais dificuldades experimentais. Para isso, foi usado como referência o copolímero tri-bloco SEBS (Estireno-EtilenoButileno-Estireno), cuja morfologia é bem conhecida. Os testes experimentais foram realizados em equipamentos de RMN com campo magnético de 0.5 T e 9.4 T, sendo que em baixo campo uma proposta alternativa de tratamento dos dados foi utilizada. Como já apontado na literatura, os resultados indicaram que embora seja possível realizar tais experimentos em baixo campo a análise dos dados se torna mais complexa devido aos tempos de relaxação T1 mais curtos, tornando necessário o uso de simulações numéricas, que fazem a análise mais dependente de modelos específicos. A segunda parte do trabalho foi dedicada ao estudo de copolímeros em bloco compostos por polióxidoetileno (POE) ou Polietileno Glicol (PEG - POE de baixo peso molecular) e poliestireno (PS) e atambém copolimeros a base de PS e acrilatos ramificados com POE (PMAPEG - do inglês Poly Methyl Acrilate Polyethylene Glicol). Nesses estudos, técnicas de RMN de 1H e 13C como função da temperatura foram usadas para estudar as principais transições dinâmicas das cadeias de POE. Foi demonstrado que, embora o comportamento dinâmico das cadeias de POE seja similar em todos os copolímeros estudados, nas amostras de copolímeros com PMAPEG o grau de heterogeneidade dos movimentos das cadeias de POE é consideravelmente menor, o que foi atribuído ao empacotamento local semelhante e mais regular nos segmentos PMAPEG. Experimentos de RMN de Difusão de Spins foram utilizados nos estudos de morfologia, sendo demonstrada a separação de fases com formação de domínios em todas as amostras, com a regularidade desses domínios dependendo da composição. As dimensões médias dos domínios foram estimadas e os resultados correlacionados com os aspectos dinâmicos. / The main objective of this dissertation is the use of NMR methods to characterize the phase separation and, to some extent, the dynamics of the molecular segments in block copolymers. In the first part, NMR Spin Diffusion methods were explored in order to evaluate their performance as well as the main experimental difficulties. For that, a reference tri-block polymer SEBS (styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene), which had a well known morphology, was used. The experimental tests were carried out in NMR equipments with magnetic field of 0.47 T and 9.4 T and at low filed an alternative proposal for data analysis was used. A already shown in the literature, the results indicated that , despite being possible to accomplish these experiments in low field, the data analysis become more intricate due to the shorter T1 values at this magnetic field, requiring the use of numerical simulations, which make the method more model dependent. The second part was dedicated to the study of copolymers consisting of Polyoxyethylene (PEO) or Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-low molecular weight PEO) and polystyrene (PS) as well as copolymers based on PS and Poly acrylates with PEO branches (PMAPEG -Poly Methyl Acrylate Polyethylene Glicol). In these studies, 1H and 13C NMR methods as function of temperature were used to characterize the main dynamic transitions in the PEO chains. It was shown that, despite similar dynamic behavior was observed in all samples, the PS-PMAPEG copolymers present a smaller degree of motional heterogeneity, which was attributed to the similar local packing of the PMAPEG chains. Using Spin diffusion NMR information about the morphology of the samples were obtained, showing evidences of phase separation and domain formation in all samples, being the regularity of the domain related with the sample composition. The average domain sizes were estimated.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T08:46:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_LuisEduardoPaisdos_D.pdf: 4191396 bytes, checksum: d2ee438006096211a78208eaecc89877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho objetivou a síntese de copolímeros contendo grupos iônicos. Foram utilizadas diferentes rotas sintéticas para a obtenção de copolímeros de estireno (S) e ácido vinilfosfônico (AVF) (P(S-co-AVF)): 1. Copolimerização radicalar destes monômeros; 2. Copolimerização de estireno e vinilfosfonato de dimetila (VFDM) (P(S-co-VFDM)), seguida de hidrólise. Foram variadas as composições e condições de síntese. Copolímeros P(S-co- AVF) foram obtidos por polimerização radicalar em solução de dimetilformamida, utilizando peróxido de benzoíla (BPO) como iniciador. Estes copolímeros apresentaram baixo grau de inserção de AVF, entretanto, observou-se aumento da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg), da resistência térmica e do teor de resíduos a 900°C, assim como a diminuição da massa molar com o incremento de AVF. Copolímeros P(S-co-VFDM) foram sintetizados por polimerização em solução de tolueno e em bulk, utilizando BPO como iniciador. Os copolímeros obtidos em bulk apresentaram maior inserção de VFDM, em comparação aos copolímeros obtidos em solução, partindo-se das mesmas frações molares dos monômeros, como conseqüência do maior tempo de reação para o primeiro caso. O aumento do teor de VFDM nos copolímeros causa a diminuição da massa molar, da Tg, da resistência térmica e do aumento no teor de resíduo a 900°C. Enquanto os copolímeros obtidos em bulk apresentaram degradação térmica complexa, os copolímeros obtidos em solução apresentam basicamente despolimerização. Os parâmetros de copolimerização dos monômeros S (rS) e VFDM (rVFDM) foram determinados pelos métodos de Mayo e Lewis e de Kelen e Tüdõs, sendo o parâmetro de copolimerização consideravelmente maior para o estireno (rS/rVFDM ~ 30). Os copolímeros obtidos em bulk foram hidrolisados em meio alcalino, obtendo-se ionômeros e polieletrólitos. Apesar da hidrólise não ser completa, a presença de grupos iônicos nestes copolímeros aumenta a Tg, o teor de resíduos e a complexidade da degradação térmica. / Abstract: The main purpose of this work was to synthesize copolymers with ionic groups. Different synthetic routes were applied to obtain copolymers of styrene (S) and vinylphosphonic acid (AVF) (P(S-co-AVF)): 1. Radical copolymerization of these monomers; and 2. Copolymerization of styrene and dimethyl-vinylphosphonate (VFDM) (P(S-co-VFDM)), followed by hydrolysis. The P(S-co-AVF) copolymers were obtained by radical polymerization in dimethylformamide solution using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. These copolymers presented low AVF insertion level. However, increase of the glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal resistance and residue at 900°C were observed. Besides, a decrease of the molar mass was observed with the increase of AVF content. P(S-co-VFDM) copolymers were synthesized by polymerization in toluene solution and in bulk, using also BPO as the initiator. The copolymers obtained by bulk polymerization presented higher VFDM insertion level than the copolymers obtained in solution, considering the same monomers molar fractions in the reactional medium. This behavior was a consequence of the higher reaction time involved in the first method. The increase of the VFDM content in the copolymers caused decreases of the molar mass, of the Tg and of the thermal resistance, and an increase of the residues level at 900°C. Moreover, the copolymers obtained in bulk presented a complex thermal degradation mechanism, while the copolymers obtained in solution presented basically a depolymerization. The copolymerization parameters of the monomers S (rS) and VFDM (rVFDM) were determined by Mayo and Lewis method and by Kelen and Tüdõs method. The copolymerization parameter of the styrene was significantly higher than the parameter of the (rS/rVFDM ~ 30). The copolymers obtained in bulk were hydrolyzed in an alkaline medium, resulting in ionomers and polyelectrolytes. Even though the hydrolysis was incomplete, the presence of the ionic groups in these copolymers has altered significantly its solubility and thermal degradation mechanism and has increased its Tg and residue level. / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências