<p>Predicting core losses in electromagnetic and electromechanical devices such as electric machines is crucial to avoid overheating or oversizing. This work focuses on predicting core loss under a dc bias condition which results in hysteresis loop distortion and an increase in the core loss. The interest in dc biased materials is to facilitate design of electric drive systems wherein the electric machine core is subject to a dc bias such as in homopolar machines. Owing to their simplicity and ease of use, Steinmetz-based models are considered in this work. Herein, four models based on Steinmetz Equations are studied and compared for dc offset sinusoidal field intensity waveforms. The model parameters are then characterized for a sample of M15 steel. Finally, the four models are compared with regards to their accuracy and performance under saturated conditions.</p>

Recozimentos realizados nos aços elétricos semiprocessados pelos fabricantes de motores sem um controle adequado da descarbonetação pode resultar em regiões das läminas com pequeno tamanho de grão e consequentemente aumento das perdas magnéticas com queda no rendimento dos motores elétricos. A maioria dos fabricantes de motores nacionais utilizam este tipo de aço e fazem internamente o recozimento final em fornos contínuos com atmosfera à base de nitrogênio com cerca de 5 a 10% de H2 e uma pequena fração de vapor dágua suficiente para gerar uma atmosfera que reaja com o carbono do aço, removendo-o. Caso esta descarbonetação não seja realizada com êxito há uma perda significativa no rendimento do motor pela aumento das perdas magnéticas. Amostras comerciais de diferentes aços com variados teores de carbono foram selecionadas para avaliar a influência do teor de carbono, do grau de redução, do tempo e da atmosfera do forno no aumento do tamanho de grão e nas perdas magnéticas. Foram realizados recozimentos a vácuo e em atmosfera descarbonetante. Medições de perdas magnéticas e do tamanho de grão além da avaliação da microestrutura foram efetuados para determinar esta influência. Foi verificado que no recozimento a vácuo, mesmo em variados graus de deformação, amostras com o teor de carbono inicial maior que 300 ppm, tiveram um significativo atraso no aumento do tamanho de grão. Nas situações em que não ocorreu significativo aumento do TG as perdas magnéticas apresentaram valores altos e 9 indesejáveis. Por outro lado amostras isentas de deformação não apresentaram aumento significativo do tamanho de grão mesmo com descarbonetação durante o recozimento. Foi verificado ainda que a formação de grãos colunares ocorre em faixas de deformação específicas, em recozimentos com descarbonetação para aços com mais de 300 ppm de carbono e onde haja um rápido aquecimento da amostra até a temperatura de recozimento. / Annealing applied by the motors plants that are made on the semi processed electrical steels without an exact and precisious control of the decarburization on the lamination can brings undesirable results on the grain size coarsening and as a result an increasing on the core losses with a significant depreciation on the efficiency of the electrical motors. Most of the domestic motors fabrics make use of this kind of electrical steel and they do on their process the final annealing on continuous furnaces with atmospheres based on nitrogenium with around 5 until 10% of hidrogeniun and a little fraction of water vapor enough to generate an atmosphere that reacts to the carbon from the steel, eliminating it. If this decarburization is not been made sucessfully there will be an effective loss on the motor efficiency due the incresing on the core losses. Commercial samples from different steels with several carbon contents were choosen to evaluate the influence of carbon content, strain grade, time and furnace atmosphere on the grain size coarsening and core losses. It was effetived vacumn and decarburizing annealing. Core losses and grain size measurements were made in addition to the evaluation of the microstructure to determine this influence. It was verified that on the vacumn annealing, even on differents strain reductions grades, the samples with initial carbon content bigger than 300 ppm, had a meaninfull late on the grain size increase. On the situation that do not occurred a significative increase on the grain size the core losses presented undesirable high values. On the other hand samples without strain did not presented a significative increase on the grain size even with decarburization during the annealing. It was still verified that the columnar grain formation occur on specific strain grades, on decarburizing annealing and to more than 300 ppm carbon content steels. In addition where there is a fast heating rate until the annealing temperature.

Recozimentos realizados nos aços elétricos semiprocessados pelos fabricantes de motores sem um controle adequado da descarbonetação pode resultar em regiões das läminas com pequeno tamanho de grão e consequentemente aumento das perdas magnéticas com queda no rendimento dos motores elétricos. A maioria dos fabricantes de motores nacionais utilizam este tipo de aço e fazem internamente o recozimento final em fornos contínuos com atmosfera à base de nitrogênio com cerca de 5 a 10% de H2 e uma pequena fração de vapor dágua suficiente para gerar uma atmosfera que reaja com o carbono do aço, removendo-o. Caso esta descarbonetação não seja realizada com êxito há uma perda significativa no rendimento do motor pela aumento das perdas magnéticas. Amostras comerciais de diferentes aços com variados teores de carbono foram selecionadas para avaliar a influência do teor de carbono, do grau de redução, do tempo e da atmosfera do forno no aumento do tamanho de grão e nas perdas magnéticas. Foram realizados recozimentos a vácuo e em atmosfera descarbonetante. Medições de perdas magnéticas e do tamanho de grão além da avaliação da microestrutura foram efetuados para determinar esta influência. Foi verificado que no recozimento a vácuo, mesmo em variados graus de deformação, amostras com o teor de carbono inicial maior que 300 ppm, tiveram um significativo atraso no aumento do tamanho de grão. Nas situações em que não ocorreu significativo aumento do TG as perdas magnéticas apresentaram valores altos e 9 indesejáveis. Por outro lado amostras isentas de deformação não apresentaram aumento significativo do tamanho de grão mesmo com descarbonetação durante o recozimento. Foi verificado ainda que a formação de grãos colunares ocorre em faixas de deformação específicas, em recozimentos com descarbonetação para aços com mais de 300 ppm de carbono e onde haja um rápido aquecimento da amostra até a temperatura de recozimento. / Annealing applied by the motors plants that are made on the semi processed electrical steels without an exact and precisious control of the decarburization on the lamination can brings undesirable results on the grain size coarsening and as a result an increasing on the core losses with a significant depreciation on the efficiency of the electrical motors. Most of the domestic motors fabrics make use of this kind of electrical steel and they do on their process the final annealing on continuous furnaces with atmospheres based on nitrogenium with around 5 until 10% of hidrogeniun and a little fraction of water vapor enough to generate an atmosphere that reacts to the carbon from the steel, eliminating it. If this decarburization is not been made sucessfully there will be an effective loss on the motor efficiency due the incresing on the core losses. Commercial samples from different steels with several carbon contents were choosen to evaluate the influence of carbon content, strain grade, time and furnace atmosphere on the grain size coarsening and core losses. It was effetived vacumn and decarburizing annealing. Core losses and grain size measurements were made in addition to the evaluation of the microstructure to determine this influence. It was verified that on the vacumn annealing, even on differents strain reductions grades, the samples with initial carbon content bigger than 300 ppm, had a meaninfull late on the grain size increase. On the situation that do not occurred a significative increase on the grain size the core losses presented undesirable high values. On the other hand samples without strain did not presented a significative increase on the grain size even with decarburization during the annealing. It was still verified that the columnar grain formation occur on specific strain grades, on decarburizing annealing and to more than 300 ppm carbon content steels. In addition where there is a fast heating rate until the annealing temperature.

Dans les applications de l’électronique de puissance, les inductances sont généralement utilisées avec des formes d’ondes triangulaire et rectangulaire. Dans ces conditions, les inductances ne peuvent pas être caractérisées avec des formes d’ondes sinusoïdales. Il existe dans la littérature plusieurs méthodes de caractérisation des inductances. Aucune de ces méthodes ne permet de caractériser les composants magnétiques intégrés dans des conditions compatibles avec les formes d’onde de l’électronique de puissance. Une nouvelle méthode de caractérisation en temps réel convenable aux composants magnétiques planaires intégrées est développée dans cette thèse. Le composant sous test est utilisé dans un convertisseur DC-DC. A partir du courant i(t) et de la tension u(t) relevés à ses bornes, il est possible de déterminer la caractéristique φ(i) du composant. Connaissant le cycle d’hystérésis φ(i), les principaux paramètres du composant tels que la valeur de l’inductance, le niveau de saturation du matériau magnétique, les pertes fer peuvent être déterminées. Il convient de préciser qu’après l’enregistrement de u(t) et de i(t), un traitement des données approprié est effectué pour obtenir des signaux exploitables. L’approche a été testée avec succès sur des inductances discrètes et planaires intégrées pour des fréquences de mesure allant jusqu’au MHz. Nous avons ainsi montré que cette méthode permet de relever des cycles mineurs jusqu’à la saturation du matériau magnétique et de tracer l’évolution de l’inductance en fonction de la composante continue du courant. Les résultats montrent que pour de très faibles courants, on a des fortes valeurs de l’inductance qui sont quasiment constantes, en revanche à des courants moyens, l’inductance diminue fortement et à des forts courants, le circuit magnétique se sature et la valeur de l’inductance devient donc très faible. Cette méthode permet également d’étudier l’évolution des pertes fer dans les mêmes conditions d’utilisation que celles rencontrées en électronique de puissance / In applications of power electronics, inductors are generally used with triangular and rectangular waveforms. In these conditions, inductors cannot be characterized with sinusoidal waveforms. Many methods of characterization are developed, but none of them allow the characterization of integrated magnetic components under conditions compatible with power electronics waveforms. A new real-time characterization method suitable for integrated magnetic components is developed in this thesis. The Device under test is inserted in a DC-DC converter. From u(t) voltage and i(t) current recordings, it is possible to determine the φ(i) hysteresis loop that allows main inductor parameters to be determined: inductance value, core losses, and saturation of the magnetic material. It should be made clear when u(t) and i(t) are recorded, suitable signal processing is completed in order to obtain usable signals. The method has been successfully tested on discrete and integrated inductors with measurement frequencies up to MHz. We have thus shown that this method makes it possible to determine minor loops up to the saturation of the magnetic material and to plot the evolution of the inductance versus the DC bias current.The results show that for very low current values, we have obtained strong values of inductor and these values are constant. However, for the mean current, the inductance value decreases drastically and for strong current values, the magnetic material is saturated which causes very small values of inductor. This method also makes it possible to study the evolution of iron losses under the same conditions of use as those encountered in power electronics

Στο Κεφάλαιο 1 γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στις Αρχές του Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμού, οι οποίες είναι και η βάση στην οποία στηρίζεται η λειτουργία του μετασχηματιστή. Αναλύεται ο τρόπος δημιουργίας του μαγνητικού πεδίου ενώ παρουσιάζονται συνοπτικά όλα εκείνα τα μαγνητικά μεγέθη τα οποία θα μας χρησιμεύσουν στην συνέχεια της διπλωματικής. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει με μια αναφορά στην Ηλεκτρομαγνητική Επαγωγή στην οποία στηρίζεται η λειτουργία του μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 2 γίνεται μια διεξοδική ανάλυση των στοιχείων των μετασχηματιστών, ενώ παράλληλα αναπτύσσονται και οι εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν την λειτουργία του μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Γίνεται αναφορά στα είδη και την δομή των μετασχηματιστών, ενώ αναλύονται λεπτομερώς όλα τα είδη των απωλειών που παρουσιάζονται σε έναν μετασχηματιστή. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει παραθέτοντας το ισοδύναμο κύκλωμα του μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 3 γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα μαγνητικά κυκλώματα τα οποία μπορούν να περιγράψουν την μαγνητική συμπεριφορά ενός σιδηρομαγνητικού πυρήνα. Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει το ισοδύναμο μαγνητικό κύκλωμα του πυρήνα ενός μονοφασικού μετασχηματιστή, το οποίο μπορεί να επεκταθεί και για έναν τρισκελή ή πεντασκελή πυρήνα ενός τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Στο Κεφάλαιο 4 πραγματοποιείται η ανάλυση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. Παρατίθενται όλες οι δυνατές συνδεσμολογίες μεταξύ των τυλιγμάτων του, ενώ στην συνέχεια αναλύεται το μαγνητικό ισοδύναμο κύκλωμα του τρισκελή σιδηρομαγνητικού πυρήνα βάση του οποίου προσδιορίζεται ο Πίνακας Ld. Από την ανάλυση του ηλεκτρικού κυκλώματος προκύπτουν οι καταστατικές εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν την λειτουργία του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή και ομαδοποιούνται με την δημιουργία Πινάκων. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει κάνοντας μια αναφορά στον τρόπο με τον οποίο εισάγεται η μη γραμμική χαρακτηριστική καμπύλη του υλικού του πυρήνα. Στο Κεφάλαιο 5 πραγματοποιείται η εξομοίωση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή, η οποία στηρίζεται στην ανάλυση του Κεφαλαίου 4. Περιγράφονται αριθμητικά και σχηματικά ο μετασχηματιστής καθώς και το δίκτυο μετασχηματιστή-φορτίου που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν. Στην συνέχεια, καταγράφονται οι κυματομορφές των μεγεθών του μετασχηματιστή, όταν στο δευτερεύον τύλιγμά του συνδεθεί είτε συμμετρικό ή ασύμμετρο φορτίο. Το κεφάλαιο κλείνει με την εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση και εξομοίωση του τριφασικού μετασχηματιστή. / This paper is entitled “Simulation of three-phase transformer when the primary windings are connected in delta and the secondary windings in wye” in case of symmetrical and asymmetrical load. First of all, there is an introduction in the basic principles of electromagnetism. Then, the analysis of the single-phase and three-phase transformer which can help us to derive the state equations. From the analysis of the magnetic core circuit, we can calculate the incremental matrix Ld. The matrix Ld depends on the topology of the magnetic core. Finally, simulation results and conclusions are presented for the three-phase transformer

Στις ηλεκτρικές μηχανές ο υπολογισμός των απωλειών και οι μηχανισμοί που τις προκαλούν αποτελούν ένα πολύ απαιτητικό αντικείμενο μελέτης. Τα τελευταία χρόνια καθώς αυξάνεται η ανάγκη για ολοένα και πιο αποδοτικές μηχανές μεγάλο κομμάτι της έρευνας έχει επικεντρωθεί στον υπολογισμό των απωλειών τους και πιο συγκεκριμένα στον υπολογισμό των απωλειών σιδήρου. Οι απώλειες σιδήρου ή αλλιώς απώλειες πυρήνα αποτελούν σημαντικό μέρος των απωλειών μια μηχανής, ταυτόχρονα όμως ο υπολογισμός τους εμφανίζει ιδιαίτερη δυσκολία. Στην παρόυσα διπλωματική εργασία η προσπάθεια επικεντρωνεται στον υπολογισμό αυτών των απωλειών σε μια ασύγχρονη μηχανή με διάφορες μεθόδους. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται μια εισαγωγή στα σιδηρομαγνητικά υλικά και στις ιδιότητες τους. Αρχικά παρουσιάζεται το φαινόμενο της μαγνήτισης και του κορεσμού. Στη συνέχεια μελετάται το φαινόμενο της υστέρησης και οι ιδιότητες της που παίζουν καθοριστικό ρόλο στις απώλειες του πυρήνα της μηχανής, αλλά και το φαινόμενο των δινορευμάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο μελετώνται οι απώλειες της μηχανής. Με ποιό τρόπο δηλαδή το φαινόμενο της υστέρησης και των δινορευμάτων πρoκαλούν απώλειες στη μηχανή και με ποια μορφή εμφανίζονται. Παρουσιάζονται ακόμα οι μηχανισμοί που συνδέονται με τις απώλειες χαλκού, επιδερμικό φαινόμενο και φαινόμενο γειτνίασης και ο ρόλος τους. Παρουσιάζεται επίσης μια βιβλιογραφική έρευνα σχετικά με τις διάφορες μεθόδους που χρησιμοποιούνται για τον υπολογισμό των απωλειών σιδήρου. Το τρίτο κεφάλαιο αποτελεί ουσιαστικά μια εισαγωγή στα ηλεκτρονικά ισχύος και πιο συγκεκριμένα στον αντιστροφέα τάσης με τεχνική PWM. Σημαντικός θεωρείται ο τρόπος με τον οποίο διαμορφώνεται η τάση εισόδου στη μηχανή, αλλά και η μορφή της, καθώς επηρεάζει άμεσα τις απώλειες σιδήρου της μηχανής. Στο τέταρτο και τελευταίο κεφάλαιο βρίσκουν εφαρμογή όλα τα παραπάνω. Η εργασία γίνεται με τη βοήθεια ενός μοντέλου πεπερασμένων στοιχείων, δύο διαστάσεων, μιας ασύγχρονης μηχανής βραχυκυκλωμένου κλωβού. Αρχικά η μηχανή τροφοδοτείται από μια ημιτονοειδή τάση είσόδου. Υπολογίζονται οι απώλειες χαλκού και στη συνέχεια οι απώλειες σιδήρου με τη βοήθεια υπολογιστικών μεθόδων ανάλυσης του μαγνητικού πεδίου σε σειρές Fourier. Τέλος μελετάται η μορφή του μαγνητικού πεδίου σε διάφορα σημεία της μηχανής και οι απώλειες που εμφανίζεται σε κάθε στοιχείο του μοντέλου ανά περίπτωση. Τα βήματα αυτά επαναλαμβανονται τροφοδοτώντας αυτή τη φορά τη μηχανή μέσω αντιστροφέα τάσης με τεχνική PWM. Συγκρίνοντας τα αποτελέσματα από κάθε περίπτωση εξάγονται σημαντικά συμπεράσματα για τις απώλειες της μηχανής και τη συμπεριφορά των μηχανισμών που τις προκαλούν. / In electrical machines the calculation of loss and the mechanisms that cause them are a very demanding subject of study. Recently, the increasing need for ever more efficient machines has made the research focus on the calculation of their losses and more specifically the calculation of the iron losses. The iron losses or core losses, constitute an important part of the total machine losses, but also their calculation is particularly difficult. In this thesis we focus on the calculation of these losses in an asynchronous machine using various methods. More specifically, the first chapter is an introduction to the properties of ferromagnetic materials. First, we study the phenomenon of magnetization and saturation and then we examine the phenomenon of hysteresis and its properties which play a crucial role in the core losses of the machine. Finally we study eddy current phenomenon. In the second chapter we discuss the losses of the machine. In which way the phenomenon of hysteresis and eddy currents generate losses in the machine and the form in which they appear. Also presented are the mechanisms associated with the copper losses, skin effect and proximity effect. Also shown is a literature survey on various methods used to calculate the iron losses. The third chapter is essentially an introduction to power electronics, and more particularly to the PWM technique. Important in this chapter is the way in which the input voltage to the machine affects the iron losses. In the fourth and final chapter we produce results of the above theory using simulation methods. The work is done using a finite element model in two dimensions of a squirrel cage asynchronous machine. Initially the machine is fed by a sinusoidal input voltage. Firstly copper losses are calculated and then the iron losses with the help of computational methods which analyze the magnetic induction in Fourier series. Finally, we study the shape of the magnetic field in different parts of the machine and the losses occurring in each element of the model in each case. These additional losses are known as rotational core losses. These steps are repeated, this time powering the machine via inverter supply using the PWM technique.

This master´s thesis deals with permanent magnet synchronous motor, which is part of hybrid system of Toyota Prius. You can find study of this motor in program FEMM in this thesis. Model of equivalent magnetic circuit and magnetic flux density are part of this work. There is also information about core losses.

The master’s thesis introduces various types of electric motors. Overall, it is divided into 6 chapters, which the first deals with special type of electric motors, namely: permanent magnet DC motor with coreless winding, piezoelectric motor and three phase induction motor with solid rotor. For all of these motors are introduced principles, types, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The second part of thesis deals with perspective types of motors, namely: single phase induction motor and reluctance motor. For all of these motors are introduced principles, types, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The third chapter deals with analysis parameters of single phase induction motor. The analysis is performed on a borrowed motor from ATAS company by measurement and verification using simulation program Ansys Maxwell. The fourth part discusses the possibilities of increasing the effectiveness of borrowed electric motor. The following is chapter five, which deals with increasing the efficiency of the motor by changing metal sheets. Results are verified by simulations with Ansys Maxwell and measurements on sample of electric motor. The last part presents electric motor design with new selected electric sheets with lower specific losses, but also with lower magnetic induction.

Ces dernières années, les besoins en électronique de puissance s’orientent vers la miniaturisation globale des cartes électroniques, parallèlement à une augmentation des puissances de travail. C’est dans ce contexte que s’inscrivent les travaux de cette thèse, principalement axée sur l’élaboration, l’amélioration des performances et l’intégration de composants passifs (inductances, transformateurs…) en électronique de puissance.Les matériaux choisis pour remplir les fonctions magnétiques de ces composants dans leurs conditions de travail sont les ferrites NixZn1-xFe2O4 (0<x<1). Du cuivre est ajouté pour diminuer la température de frittage, de plus de 1200 °C à moins de 950°C, permettant le cofrittage avec un métal conducteur, et du cobalt pour diminuer les pertes totales en puissance du ferrite formé. La formulation finale devient alors (NixZnyCuz)1-εCoεFe2-δO4 (x+y+z=1). Enfin, de l’oxyde de bismuth Bi2O3 est ajouté comme fondant pour abaisser encore la température de frittage et éviter les problèmes de diffusion.Après une étude bibliographique, les travaux se sont orientés selon différents axes. Il s’agissait tout d’abord d’optimiser la formulation du ferrite pour élaborer des échantillons aux propriétés électromagnétiques et physicochimiques ciblées. Cet axe de travail regroupe de nombreuses études sur la formulation des ferrites Ni-Zn-Cu-Co, parmi lesquelles les principales sont l’étude de l’influence de la stœchiométrie en fer, du rapport Ni/Zn dans la formulation et du procédé d’ajout de cobalt selon son taux. Ces travaux ont permis de mettre en évidence qu’un léger défaut de fer maîtrisé (~Fe1,98) pouvait améliorer les propriétés et les performances de ces ferrites. L’étude de l’influence du rapport Ni/Zn a permis la réalisation de ferrites à perméabilités très faibles, de 40 à 135, et aux bonnes performances en puissance. Les résultats de cette étude ont été publiés dans le Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Metallurgy. Tout au long de la thèse, l’élaboration d’échantillons céramiques, base incontournable de chaque étude, a été réalisé au laboratoire, comme la plupart des tests et caractérisations. Ces derniers peuvent être microstructuraux et physicochimiques (DRX, MEB, BET, ATD/ATG…), ou électromagnétiques (mesures d’aimantation, de perméabilité, de pertes en puissances, etc…).La finalité de ces travaux étant l’intégration de puissance, cette dernière représente le second axe majeur, et regroupe également de nombreuses études, parmi lesquelles les principales sont les études des influences du bobinage sur les pertes d’un composant de type inductance et de l’entrefer (espacement amagnétique au sein du circuit magnétique), classiquement utilisé pour diminuer la perméabilité apparente, non sans conséquence sur les performances en puissance. Une campagne de mesures de pertes totales a également été réalisée dans l’objectif de dégager des lois comportementales sur la variation de ces pertes en puissance et en fréquence.Tous ces travaux et leurs résultats sur le matériau ferrite, son utilisation en électronique de puissance, et une bonne maîtrise du procédé d’élaboration (notamment multicouche), ont permis la réalisation de microcomposants passifs intégrables, aux propriétés ciblées et aux très bonnes performances (pertes diminuées d’un facteur 6 à 10 par rapport au commerce). / In recent years, power electronics needs are moving towards the global miniaturization of electronic boards, and an increase of the working powers. The works performed during this thesis, mostly oriented on the elaboration, the performances improvement and the integration of passive components (inductors, transformers…) in power electronics, are inscribed in this context.The materials chosen to perform the magnetic functions of those components in their work conditions are the NixZn1-xFe2O4 (0<x<1) ferrites. Copper is added to reduce the firing temperature, from more than 1200 °C to less than 950 °C, allowing cofiring with a conducting metal, and cobalt is added to reduce the power core losses of the sintered ferrite. The final formulation then becomes (NixZnyCuz)1-εCoεFe2-δO4 (x+y+z=1). Finally, bismuth oxide Bi2O3 is added as a sintering aid to lower even more the sintering temperature and avoid diffusion problems.After a bibliographic study, the works were oriented along different axes. Firstly, the ferrite formulation was optimized to elaborate samples with targeted electromagnetic and physicochemical properties. This working axis gathers numerous studies on the Ni-Zn-Cu-Co ferrites formulation, among which the main ones are the study of the influence of iron stoichiometry, the Ni-Zn ratio in the formulation and the cobalt adding process and level. These studies have shown that a light and controlled iron deficiency (~Fe1,98) could improve the properties and the performances of these ferrites. The study of the influence of the Ni/Zn ratio allowed the production of very low permeability ferrites, from 40 to 135, with good power performances. Its results were published in the Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Metallurgy. Throughout this thesis, the elaboration of ceramic samples, the essential basis of every study, was undertaken at the laboratory, as most of the tests and characterizations. These can be microstructural and physicochemical (XRD, SEM, BET, TDA/TGA…), or electromagnetic (magnetization and permeability measurements, power losses…).The final purpose of this work is power integration, and it represents the second main axis. It also gathers many studies, among which the main ones are the study of the influence of the winding on the losses of an inductor-type component and the influence of the air gap, commonly used to reduce the apparent permeability, not without consequences on the power performances. A total losses measurement campaign has also been undertaken in order to bring out behavioral laws on core losses variation according to induction and frequency.All this work and the results on the ferrite material, his power electronic application, and a good control of the elaboration process (multilayer especially), allowed the production of passive micro-components for integration, with targeted properties and very high performances (core losses reduced by 6 to 10 relative to commercial materials).

Geomagnetic disturbances that result from solar activities can affect technological systems such as power networks. They may cause DC currents in power networks and saturation of the core in power transformers that leads to destruction in the transformer performance. This phenomena result in unwanted influences on power transformers and the power system. Very asymmetric magnetization current, increasing losses and creation of hot spots in the core, in the windings, and the metallic structural parts are adverse effects that occur in transformers. Also, increasing demand of reactive power and malfunction of protective relays menaces the power network stability. Damages in large power transformers and blackouts in networks have occurred due to this phenomenon. Hence, studies regarding this subject have taken the attention of researchers during the last decades. However, a gap of a comprehensive analysis still remains. Thus, the main aim of this project is to reach to a deep understanding of the phenomena and to come up with a solution for a decrease of the undesired effects of GIC. Achieving this goal requires an improvement of the electromagnetic models of transformers which include a hysteresis model, numerical techniques, and transient analysis. In this project, a new algorithm for digital measurement of the magnetic materials is developed and implemented. It enhances the abilities of accurate measurements and an improved hysteresis model has been worked out. Also, a novel differential scalar hysteresis model is suggested that easily can be implemented in numerical methods. Two and three dimensional finite element models of various core types of power transformers are created to study the effect of DC magnetization on transformers. In order to enhance the numerical tools for analysis of low frequency transients related to power transformers and the network, a novel topological based time step transformer model has been outlined. The model can employ a detailed magnetic circuit and consider nonlinearity, hysteresis and eddy current effects of power transformers. Furthermore, the proposed model can be used in the design process of transformers and even extend other application such as analysis of electrical machines. The numerical and experimental studies in this project lead to understanding the mechanism that a geomantic disturbance affects power transformers and networks. The revealed results conclude with proposals for mitigation strategies against these phenomena. / <p>QC 20150210</p>