Submitted by Valter Unterberger Filho (valteruf@googlemail.com) on 2012-09-11T10:47:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoValter.pdf: 817395 bytes, checksum: 02c005c4e86c0597f7184105b18ea0e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-09-11T14:02:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoValter.pdf: 817395 bytes, checksum: 02c005c4e86c0597f7184105b18ea0e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-11T14:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoValter.pdf: 817395 bytes, checksum: 02c005c4e86c0597f7184105b18ea0e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-14 / The corporate debt market in emerging economies has shown strong growth in recent years. Excess of liquidity after the global financial crisis, the banks’ need for deleveraging and the crisis in developed countries are some of the reasons that contributed to the increased importance of this source of funding by the companies. The objective of this study is to verify the new issue premium on EM corporate bonds, their causes, and its performance before and after the 2008 financial crisis. To achieve these objectives, an empirical study was conducted using the new issues since 2000 for Mexico, Brazil, Russia and South Korea. It was verified that, for issuances with similar characteristics, high grade bonds pay smaller premium than high yielders. The new issue’s size and tenor have positive correlation with the premium, while variables related to asymmetric information between investors and companies point to the same direction, although the coefficients are not statistically significant. Furthermore, it is shown that the new issue premium disappears after about 5 trading days, after that period the bonds do not outperform the CEMBI, an EM corporate bond index. In the end, it is presented a comparison of the new issue premium for two different periods: pre and post 2008 financial crisis. No significant premium reduction is found, but an increase in the size and tenor of issuances, indicating that a possible reduction of asymmetric information between companies and investors in recent years. / O mercado de dívida corporativa dos países emergentes tem apresentado forte crescimento nos últimos anos. Excesso de liquidez pós-crise mundial, necessidade de desalavancagem dos bancos e crise nos países desenvolvidos são alguns dos motivos que contribuíram para o aumento da importância dessa fonte de financiamento das empresas. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a existência de prêmio de emissão em títulos de dívida corporativa denominada em dólares, suas principais causas, e o seu desempenho antes e depois da crise financeira de 2008. Para tal, foi feito um estudo empírico das emissões realizadas desde o ano 2000 para México, Brasil, Rússia e Coreia do Sul. Verifica-se que, para emissões com características semelhantes, as de grau especulativo pagam prêmio superior às de grau de investimento. Características como o tamanho e prazo têm relação positiva com o prêmio de emissão, enquanto que variáveis relacionadas à assimetria de informação entre investidores e empresas apontam para redução do mesmo, embora não de forma significativa. Mostra-se ainda que o prêmio de emissão desaparece após aproximadamente 5 dias úteis de negociação, período a partir do qual os bonds não têm desempenho superior a um índice de mercado. Por fim, faz-se uma comparação do prêmio de emissão nos períodos pré e pós-crise mundial, onde não se verifica redução significativa de prêmio de emissão, e sim um aumento no tamanho e prazo das emissões, indicando uma possível redução de assimetria de informação entre empresas e investidores nos últimos anos.

This thesis consists of three related essays that examine the role of information in the market for corporate debt. The three essays collectively examine the role of information produced by the firm and its agents on alleviating information asymmetries facing public debtholders. In particular, the thesis examines the impact of bondholders' demand for reputation and information on the firm's disclosure choices and accounting attributes; and the impact of information produced by monitoring the firm's private debt before its entry to the public debt market on the yield spread of its initial bond. The first essay investigates the influence of public corporate debt on the willingness of UK firms to issue profit warnings. UK firms operate within a legal environment that is less litigious compared to their US counterparts. This setting allows for motives other than fear of litigation to affect UK companies' decision to warn. The results of this essay indicate that UK firms with public debt are more forthcoming with the disclosure of permanent negative news. Also, the results show that UK firms without public debt are more likely to hide bad news when they are closer to financial distress. However, for firms with public debt, the results indicate that the effect of closeness to financial distress on the willingness to warn is attenuated. These findings suggest that firms with public debt are deterred from hiding negative news for fear of damaging their reputation for truthful and timely disclosure. Public debt appears to act as a disciplinary mechanism on corporate disclosure policy.The second essay examines the impact of the initial public debt offering (IPDO) on the timeliness properties of the firm's accounting income. Firms are more likely to communicate with private lenders on a private, insider-basis, while they are more likely to communicate with bondholders using public information. Therefore, bondholders, compared to private lenders, are expected to be more sensitive to the quality of public information. The results indicate that firms adopt a timelier policy of economic loss recognition after their initial public debt offering using Basu's (1997) time series measure of timely loss recognition. These findings suggest that firms face higher demand for public information from a large number of external and dispersed bondholders.The third essay investigates the impact of information associated with prior private debt financing on the yield spread of companies' initial public debt offerings. Specifically, this essay focuses on information produced through monitoring by credit rating agencies and monitoring by banks. The findings indicate that IPDOs with the same or upgraded credit ratings enjoy significantly lower yield spreads. This finding suggests that changes in credit ratings could convey new information to investors regarding the firm's commitment to maintain a high credit quality. In addition, the findings of this essay indicate that strong banking relationships significantly reduce yield spreads for initial public debt offerings. This suggests that a strong banking relationship conveys a positive signal to bondholders regarding the bank's assessment of the quality of the firm.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Rolle der Unternehmenskreditfinanzierung für die Realwirtschaft. Im ersten Teil untersuche ich die Entwicklung der externen Finanzierungsprämien in den USA in Folge von ökonomischen Schocks und finde, dass die Prämie antizyklisch auf Angebots- und monetäre Schocks reagiert. Im zweiten Teil analysiere ich mit Hilfe eines DSGE-Modells, wie die Zusammenfassung aus Bankkreditfinanzierung und Anleihefinanzierung die Transmission von ökonomischen Schocks beeinflusst. Angenommen, dass große Unternehmen größtenteils Anleihenmärkte verwenden und kleine Unternehmen auf Bankkredite angewiesen sind, zeigt das Modell, dass die Zusammensetzung des Unternehmenskreditfinanzierung relevant für die Verbreitung von Schocks ist. Negative monetäre Schocks und Finanzschocks beeinträchtigen die Kreditvergabe von fragilen Banken, die in Folge die Bankkredite an kleine Unternehmen kürzen. Unternehmen, die auf Anleihenfinanzierung zurückgreifen können, können sich in Zeiten steigender Prämien über Unternehmensanleihen refinanzieren. Daher reduzieren diese Unternehmen nicht in so starken Ausmaß ihre Investitionen wie kleine Firmen. Als Folge davon, ist eine Volkswirtschaft, die nur auf Bankkredite angewiesen ist, stärker von Schocks betroffen als eine Volkswirtschaft mit sowohl Bank- als auch Anleihenfinanzierung. Abschließend wird das Modell verwendet, um eine Kombination konventioneller und unkoventioneller Geldpolitik sowie makroprudentieller Politik in einer Ökonomie mit segmentierten Kreditmärkten zu evaluieren. Es wird gezeigt, dass der optimale Politikmix die höchsten Wohlfahrtsgewinne in Folge von Finanzschocks erreicht. / This thesis examines the role of corporate debt financing for the real economy. First, I study the conditional dynamics of the external finance premium using US data and find that the premium is countercyclical following supply and monetary policy shocks. Second, I analyze to which extent bank and bond financing affect the transmission of economic shocks in the context of a DSGE model. To the extent that large firms predominantly use capital market finance, whereas small firms rely on bank loans, the model predicts that the composition of corporate debt is relevant for the propagation of shocks. Contractionary monetary policy and financial shocks impair the ability of leveraged banks to provide loans, which adversely affects small firms. Bond financing dependent firms can nevertheless issue bonds in times of rising bond finance premia. These firms do not reduce their investments as strongly as bank financing dependent firms. As a consequence, the economy that relies only on bank credit is affected more by shocks than the economy with bank and bond finance. Finally, the model is used to evaluate the optimal mix of conventional, unconventional and macroprudential policies for segmented credit markets. I find that the optimal policy mix attains the highest welfare gains following financial shocks.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-08-17T13:20:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Santos Damascena.pdf: 306408 bytes, checksum: cfaff55e28fcf427b3a4ae8e026ea99c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:20:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniele Santos Damascena.pdf: 306408 bytes, checksum: cfaff55e28fcf427b3a4ae8e026ea99c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Starting in 2014, due to the uncertainties caused by political and economic instability, the Brazilian GDP began to show negative signs and to impact the entire economy. The performance of the building industry was one of the first to be compromised. The main objective of this research was to identify and analyze the factors determining the capital structure of the five largest companies in the building sector listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange, from 2010 to 2017, considering the assumptions of three capital structure theories: Pecking Order, Agency and Trade off. The period studied was between the first quarter of 2010 and the first quarter of 2017, totaling 29 quarters for each company. The accounting data was extracted from the Economática database. First, a graphical analysis of the accounting and financial performance of these companies was carried out. Afterwards, panel data analysis was performed, considering indebtedness indices as dependent variables and the factors of profitability, tangibility, growth and liquidity as independent variables. The evident result was the observation of adherence to the precepts of the Pecking Order Theory for the variables of profitability and liquidity in the period prior to the political-economic crisis. During the Crisis, it was observed that the variables Growth and Tangibility were the most affected by the fact that they served as collateral in credit operations / A partir do ano de 2014, em função das incertezas causadas pela instabilidade política e econômica, o PIB brasileiro começou a apresentar sinais negativos e a impactar toda a economia. O desempenho do setor de edificações foi um dos primeiros a ser comprometido. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar os fatores determinantes da estrutura de capital das cinco maiores empresas do setor de edificação listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2017, considerando os pressupostos de três teorias de estrutura de capital: Pecking Order, Agência e Teoria Trade off. O período estudado foi o compreendido entre o primeiro trimestre de 2010 e o primeiro trimestre de 2017, totalizando 29 trimestres para cada empresa. Os dados contábeis foram extraídos da base dados Economática. Primeiramente, foi efetuada uma análise gráfica do desempenho contábil e financeiro dessas empresas. Logo após, foi feita a análise de dados em painel, considerando índices de endividamento como variáveis dependentes e os fatores lucratividade, tangibilidade, crescimento e liquidez como variáveis independentes. O resultado evidente foi a constatação de aderência aos preceitos da Teoria Pecking Order para as variáveis lucratividade e liquidez no período anterior à crise política e econômica. Durante a crise, observou-se que as variáveis crescimento e tangibilidade foram as mais afetadas em função de servirem como garantias nas operações de crédito

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-06T12:50:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Cardoso Lages.pdf: 1778690 bytes, checksum: ae0d22f7d6bfdba6d3183b0df5933738 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T12:50:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Cardoso Lages.pdf: 1778690 bytes, checksum: ae0d22f7d6bfdba6d3183b0df5933738 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-21 / This paper addresses the corporate over-indebtedness, especially the assumption of civil liability of financial institutions for the facilitated granting of credit to over-indebted companies that will not be able to meet the new financial obligations and, for this reason, will suffer with the increase of debt due to the incidence of interest and default charges, with repercussions on the default of financial obligations with other creditors. Therefore, the genesis of the work is based on the following question: Is there a responsibility for the financial institution that grants credit to a company that it is known that it will not be able to honor with the commitment assumed? If so, what are the contours of this responsibility? At first, the legislative matrix of over indebtedness is analyzed, whose concept arose in the Consumer Law, but also can reach the business activity. Subsequently, the mechanisms of analysis of credit risk, used by financial institutions and that allows them to check the possibility of payment of the applicants to credit, are verified. Finally, it is addressed the hypothesis of civil liability of financial institutions for the granting of credit to over-indebted companies focusing on the social function of contracts, the duty of collaboration, as well as the principles of company preservation, inherent risk and linkage to contracts. In the whole work there is reference to the repercussion of the debate on the legal protection of private investment / Este trabalho aborda o superendividamento empresarial, em especial a hipótese de responsabilidade civil das instituições financeiras pela concessão facilitada de crédito a empresas superendividadas que não conseguirão adimplir as novas obrigações financeiras e, por esse motivo, sofrerão com o incremento da dívida em virtude da incidência de juros e encargos moratórios, com repercussão no inadimplemento de obrigações financeiras junto a outros credores. Portanto, a gênese do trabalho parte do seguinte questionamento: há responsabilidade para a instituição financeira que concede crédito a uma empresa que sabidamente não terá condições de honrar com o compromisso assumido? Em caso positivo, quais os contornos desta responsabilidade? Em um primeiro momento analisa-se a matriz legislativa do superendividamento, cuja noção surgiu no direito do consumidor, mas também pode atingir a atividade empresarial. Em seguida, verificam-se os mecanismos de análise de risco de crédito utilizados pelas instituições financeiras e que lhes permite verificar a possibilidade de pagamento dos pretendentes a crédito. E, por fim, aborda-se a hipótese de responsabilidade civil das instituições financeiras pela concessão de crédito a empresas superendividadas sob o enfoque da função social dos contratos, do dever de colaboração, bem como dos princípios da preservação da empresa, da inerência do risco e da vinculação aos contratos. Em todo o trabalho há referência à repercussão do debate na proteção jurídica do investimento privado.

The objective of the research reported in this dissertation is to conduct an empirical test of the hypothesis that, excluding income tax effects, the cost of capital to a firm is independent of the degree of financial leverage employed by the firm. This hypothesis, set forth by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller in 1958, represents a challenge to the traditional view on the subject, a challenge which carries implications of considerable importance in the field of finance. The challenge has led to a lengthy controversy which can ultimately be resolved only by subjecting the hypothesis to empirical test. The basis of the test was Modigliani and Miller's Proposition II, a corollary of their fundamental hypothesis. Proposition II, in effect, states that equity investors fully discount any increase in risk due to financial leverage so that there is no possibility for the firm to reduce its cost of capital by employing financial leverage. The results of the research reported in this dissertation do not support that contention. The study indicates that, if equity investors require any increase in premium for increasing financial leverage, the premium required is significantly less than that predicted by the Modigliani-Miller Proposition II, over the range of debt-equity ratios covered by this study. The conclusion, then, is that it is possible for a firm to reduce its cost of capital by employing financial leverage. A secondary conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that earning power is an important variable to consider for inclusion in a regression model intended for use in investigating the effect of financial leverage on the cost of capital. The estimated partial regression coefficient of the earning-power variable was negative and highly significant in every cross-section year. Furthermore, earning power showed strong negative partial correlation with the debt-equity ratio. Therefore, omission of the earning-power variable from the regression model would have introduced upward bias into the estimated regression coefficient of the debt-equity ratio, making it appear that investors were reacting adversely to increasing debt-equity ratio. However, models used in previous tests of the Modigliani-Miller hypothesis have not included earning power.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Fernando Baptista da Cruz.pdf.jpg: 2620 bytes, checksum: 6511a221499862348cc7b71750477691 (MD5) Fernando Baptista da Cruz.pdf.txt: 57430 bytes, checksum: 2f59e9369a74ad4907cb6c1455966c03 (MD5) license.txt: 4712 bytes, checksum: 4dea6f7333914d9740702a2deb2db217 (MD5) Fernando Baptista da Cruz.pdf: 212670 bytes, checksum: 3f3f51102a97c9e66218e7f1e8c9adb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-02T00:00:00Z / The purpose of the debt and the enterprise’s sector are important variables for the debate on corporate indebtedness composition in the context of the agency theory. The Brazilian empirical literature does not include those variables in its models. The aim of this study is to investigate if the purpose of the public debt and the enterprise’s sector have an influence on the financing source. In this context, it was used the LOGIT model in order to analyze these variables with others that were significant in past studies. The results imply that regulated sectors and resources allotted to the acquisition of equity participation increase the chance of choosing public debt. Furthermore, it was not found any evidence that a higher fixed assets to total assets ratio has an influence on the decision to issue a public debt. / A destinação dos recursos captados através de dívida e o setor de atuação da empresa são variáveis importantes na discussão da teoria de agência para a composição das dívidas corporativas. A literatura empírica brasileira não incorpora tais variáveis em seus modelos. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se essa destinação e se o setor de atuação da empresa influenciam na decisão de emitir dívida pública. Desta forma, utilizou-se o modelo LOGIT para analisá-los em conjunto com outras variáveis, que se mostraram significativas em outros estudos. Os resultados sugerem que os setores regulados e que os recursos destinados para aquisição de participações acionárias aumentam a chance de uma empresa de capital aberto utilizar dívida pública. Além disso, não se encontrou evidências de que uma maior proporção de ativos imobilizados sobre ativo total influencia na decisão de emissão de dívida pública.

Doctorat en sciences sociales, politiques et économiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Submitted by Elba Lopes (elba.lopes@fecap.br) on 2017-08-15T19:54:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 MARCOS ANTONIO DA SILVA.pdf: 391290 bytes, checksum: 13a7f180e4ffc72715375afc7cd9eb64 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-15T19:54:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 MARCOS ANTONIO DA SILVA.pdf: 391290 bytes, checksum: 13a7f180e4ffc72715375afc7cd9eb64 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Many studies have analyzed the capital structure of companies and how to best fund their activities, whether through equity or third-party capital. Most of the papers is devoted to identifying its determinants or analyzing specific sectors. The present study aims to verify if the indebtedness of Brazilian companies changed during the 2008 financial crisis. For this purpose, a sample of 90 Brazilian companies listed on BM &FBovespa was analyzed by average test and linear regression (OLS) . The results indicated a significant increase in the level of gross debt in the period between the third quarter of 2008 and the fourth quarter of 2009 and a significant increase in net debt in the period between the third quarter of 2008 and the second quarter of 2009. / Muitos estudos analisaram a estrutura de capital das empresas e qual a melhor forma de financiar suas atividades, seja essa por meio de capital pr??prio ou de capital de terceiros. A maioria dos trabalhos dedica-se a identificar seus determinantes ou analisar setores espec??ficos.O presente estudo tem o objetivo de verificar se o endividamento das empresas brasileiras alterou-se durante a crise financeira de 2008. Para tanto, analisou-se uma amostra de 90 empresas brasileiras listadas na BM&FBovespa por meio de teste m??dia e regress??o linear (MQO). Os resultados indicaram aumento significantes no n??vel de endividamento bruto no per??odo entre o terceiro trimestre de 2008 e o quarto trimestre de 2009 e aumento significativo no endividamento l??quido no per??odo entre o terceiro trimestre de 2008 e o segundo trimestre de 2009.

This thesis investigates the determinants of the use of debt and leasing in the UK using a comprehensive measure of debt and leases, in recognition of the link between lease and debt-type financing decisions, based on financial contracting theory and the tax advantage hypothesis. The design of the study takes account three lacunae in our current understanding of this topic. Firstly, despite the fact that the capital structure literature is voluminous, it is perhaps surprising that relatively little research has been carried out on lease finance, given its significant role as a major source of finance for many firms. Secondly, the role of tax in the capital structure decision is unclear. Empirically testing for tax effects is challenging because spurious relationships may exist between the financing decision and many commonly used tax proxies. More importantly, our understanding of the impact of taxes on UK financing decisions is far from complete, especially since several major corporate tax reforms have taken place in the last decade. Thirdly, empirical evidence on capital structure determinants is also voluminous but far from conclusive. Notably, contradictory signs and significance levels are commonly observed. Using the standard regression approach invariably involves identification of the average behaviour of firms, and therefore does not measure diversity across firms. In response to these three major issues, this study employs empirical research methods, namely cross-sectional pooled regression, static and dynamic panel data regression, and quantile regression to analyse a large sample of 361 non-financial firms, drawn from the FTSE 350 and FTSE All-Small indices over the tax years 1995 through 2003. The operating lease data are estimated using the constructive capitalisation method while the simulated before-financing marginal tax rate is used to proxy for the firms’ tax status. The endogeneity of corporate tax status is evident since the use of simple tax proxy, the effective tax rate, leads to a spurious negative relation between debt usage and tax rates. The problem was avoided with a better measure of tax variable that is the simulated before-financing marginal tax rate where it is found that the empirical relationships between the tax factor and debt and leasing are consistent with those theoretical predictions. Furthermore, there is a clear distinction between the effect of taxes on debt and leasing where the firm’s marginal tax status is only relevant when managers make decisions on debt financing. The use of quantile regression method in the present study represents a novel approach in investigating the determinants of the use of debt and leasing. The results reveal that the determinants of debt and leasing are heterogeneous across the whole distribution of firms, consistent with the notion of heterogeneity as promoted by Beattie et al. (2006), but contradicting their claim that the large-scale regression approach cannot measure firms’ diversity. This finding implies that average model results (e.g., from OLS or panel data models) may not apply to the tails of debt and leasing levels, and hence assuming that the determinants of debt and leasing decisions are the same for all firms in the economy is clearly unrealistic. Using the dynamic panel data model, this thesis confirms that debt and leasing are substitutes rather than complements, and that the degree of substitutability is more pronounced among smaller firms, where the degree of information asymmetry is greater. More importantly, the use of a joint specification for debt and leasing improves our understanding of the determinants of the two fixed-claim financing instruments. There is also significant evidence to support the view that firm characteristics affect contracting costs which in turn impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance, namely equity, debt and leasing.