This project makes the empirical assertion that U.S. President Donald Trump and conservative news media outlets contribute to a national narrative of xenophobia that frames immigrants, particularly those of color, as parasitic and dangerous to the American way of life. Through this study, I assert that the use of demagogic and dehumanizing language along with more subtle discursive strategies, such as positive representation of ‘us’, negative representation of ‘them,’ and metaphorical constructions are being used to stoke fear and anti-immigrant sentiment and to strip individuals of their humanity for the purpose of rendering them unworthy of dignity and of the same rights and benefits as those to which groups considered insiders and ‘real Americans’ are entitled. Through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics, I analyze a collection of transcriptions selected from among 100+ speeches, addresses and remarks delivered by Donald Trump both before and after the 2016 U.S. Presidential Elections, along with a set of ten news stories featuring issues surrounding immigration collected from FoxNews.com, Breitbart.com, and Bill O’Reilly.com. Concordancing software is used to reveal and quantify discursive patterns that contribute to this national narrative of xenophobia.

The study of Sumerian has traditionally been carried out in isolation from mainstream linguis- tics, thus limiting our ability to understand the language and to situate it in a cross-linguistic context. This dissertation shows how the tools of corpus linguistics and modern syntactic the- ory can be gainfully applied to Sumerian. Existing corpora of Sumerian texts are largely lacking in morphological annotation, with query facilities consisting only of basic string searches. Two existing corpora (one completely unannotated and one tagged for part-of-speech) are given morphological annotation using a process of query-based annotation. A query language (based on CQL and XPath) is used to query this corpus, and as queries are made, the results are tagged so that the resultant query objects can be used as the basis for subsequent queries. In this fashion a morphologically- annotated corpus is built up without having to rely on the services of a skilled annotator. This annotated corpus is then used to provide evidence for two important problems in Sumerian morphosyntax: the dimensional prefixes and the conjugation prefixes. The dimen- sional prefixes, which have previously been considered to represent concord between the verb and the associated nominal phrases, are shown instead to be a system of applicative heads which serve to introduce the verb’s arguments. The conjugation prefixes, whose purpose has been the subject of a century of debate, are shown to be the manifestation of inner aspect features which express the speaker’s perspective on the structure of the event. By using a corpus to provide the underlying data and by considering Sumerian morphosyntax in light of cross-linguistic evidence and modern syntactic theory, previously misanalysed aspects of Sumerian are shown to have analogues in other languages. The dimensional prefixes and conjugation prefixes are not oddities specific to Sumerian, but represent variations on morphological systems found elsewhere.

This study aims to focus on extracting and analyzing impoliteness in corpora in British English and Turkish retrieved from two different corpora British National Corpus (BNC) and Spoken Turkish Corpus (STC), which is under construction. It focuses on conversation as genre in spoken interaction and discusses issues related to impoliteness in a corpus driven linguistics (CDL) approach. It proposes two levels / extraction and analysis. Within the CDL framework, the theory or model of impoliteness behind the analysis will be forced by the findings gathered from the extraction of impoliteness. At the extraction level, among the spoken texts in both in BNC and the databases of STC, for the purposes of this study, dialogues that include a conflict or an offending event will be selected. In order to select such dialogues, various methods will be applied. First, spoken texts will be scanned through an initial word query, collocation query, question sentences and tags query, query for imperatives and possible queries that allow for searching for prosodic nuances, as well as interruptions and overlaps to the extent the corpora and the focus of the study allow. Second, metapragmatics comments, conventionalized impoliteness formulae, cues for non-conventionalized implicational impoliteness,conversational patterns, and other cues such as semantic prosody coming into play in the co-text and context are taken into consideration. Once the selection is completed, the insights gathered from the extracted instances of impoliteness will be applied to analyze the data. Impoliteness in both languages will be examined in regards to how impoliteness is triggered, how the progression of impolite exchanges takes place, and how those instances of impoliteness are resolved. Other considerations such as context-determined impoliteness, intentionality of the speaker, and perception of the hearer will be discussed.

The study of Sumerian has traditionally been carried out in isolation from mainstream linguis- tics, thus limiting our ability to understand the language and to situate it in a cross-linguistic context. This dissertation shows how the tools of corpus linguistics and modern syntactic the- ory can be gainfully applied to Sumerian. Existing corpora of Sumerian texts are largely lacking in morphological annotation, with query facilities consisting only of basic string searches. Two existing corpora (one completely unannotated and one tagged for part-of-speech) are given morphological annotation using a process of query-based annotation. A query language (based on CQL and XPath) is used to query this corpus, and as queries are made, the results are tagged so that the resultant query objects can be used as the basis for subsequent queries. In this fashion a morphologically- annotated corpus is built up without having to rely on the services of a skilled annotator. This annotated corpus is then used to provide evidence for two important problems in Sumerian morphosyntax: the dimensional prefixes and the conjugation prefixes. The dimen- sional prefixes, which have previously been considered to represent concord between the verb and the associated nominal phrases, are shown instead to be a system of applicative heads which serve to introduce the verb’s arguments. The conjugation prefixes, whose purpose has been the subject of a century of debate, are shown to be the manifestation of inner aspect features which express the speaker’s perspective on the structure of the event. By using a corpus to provide the underlying data and by considering Sumerian morphosyntax in light of cross-linguistic evidence and modern syntactic theory, previously misanalysed aspects of Sumerian are shown to have analogues in other languages. The dimensional prefixes and conjugation prefixes are not oddities specific to Sumerian, but represent variations on morphological systems found elsewhere.

This study examines differences between male and female as well as UK and US authors in newspaper text, specifically column writing. Many studies have shown that women have a tendency to show greater involvement in text by using personal and subjective reference. The present study applied corpus linguistic methods to 145 columns retrieved from two broadsheet newspapers, The Guardian and The New York Times. The usage of first person singular and plural pronouns was examined to determine whether there are gender-based or cultural differences in the way the authors show involvement in the texts. The data show no significant differences between male and female or UK and US authors. The uneven gender distribution of the sampling, conventions of journalism and column writing as well as women’s adaptation to the communication style of public sphere may be some of the reasons for the non-significant differences between the studied dimensions.

Submitted by Anna Luisa Lopes Alves (annalopes.alves@gmail.com) on 2018-06-08T22:15:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de mestrado Anna Luisa Lopes Alves.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-06-11T13:12:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_all_me_sjrp.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-11T13:12:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_all_me_sjrp.pdf: 2081259 bytes, checksum: 32e721e4f4fb4a131e1c4124214549e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escrita de abstracts tem sido estudada por pesquisadores de diferentes áreas (BATHIA; 1993; SWALES; FEAK, 2009; DAYRELL, 2011) para que seja possível observar quais padrões são mais utilizados por autores de revistas de impacto internacional a fim de preparar pesquisadores para a escrita deste gênero textual. Nesta dissertação, objetivamos analisar como a Linguística de Corpus e o Corpus de aprendizes (DUTRA, et al, 2016), composto por textos de alunos brasileiros de universidades públicas, e o Corpus MICUSP (RÖMER, 2012), contendo textos de alunos nativos e não-nativos de língua inglesa da Universidade de Michigan, podem ser utilizados no desenvolvimento da escrita acadêmica de abstracts (BIBER, 2007; SWALES e FEAK, 2009; GLASMAN-DEAL, 2010) e como alunos universitários utilizam as that-clauses para reportarem as descobertas, resultados e conclusão de seus trabalhos em abstracts. Após coleta e compilação dos nossos corpora de análises, utilizamos o programa linguístico e computacional Sketch Engine (KILGARRIFF, et al, 2014) para criar linhas de concordância com a palavra that e, a partir dos resultados, foi possível observar que tanto na escrita de abstracts de alunos de universidades brasileiras, quanto na escrita de abstracts de alunos da Universidade de Michigan, as estruturas mais utilizadas no desenvolvimento da escrita das descobertas, resultados e conclusões, foram as seguintes: sujeito + verbo no passado simples + that e sujeito + verbo no presente simples + that, respectivamente, se alinhando com resultados de pesquisa de autores como Biber, et al. (2007) e Glasman-Deal (2010). O resultado final demonstrou que é possível utilizar a Linguística de Corpus para o ensino e aprendizagem de Inglês com Fins Acadêmicos e obter um desfecho positivo na escrita acadêmica de abstracts, de acordo com a verificação das estruturas utilizadas pelos alunos em seus resumos e, também é possível desenvolver atividades didáticas utilizando Corpus de aprendizes para que a autonomia do aluno como pesquisador seja desenvolvida. Ademais, notamos com esta pesquisa que a LC é uma área muito abrangente que permite diversos tipos de trabalhos e aplicações, visando análises de dados linguísticos para os mais diversos fins, e, ressaltamos, de acordo com Berber Sardinha (2004), que a utilização de corpus no ensino de línguas estrangeiras é uma maneira de auxiliar o ensino e aprendizagem de uma segunda língua tornando seu aprendiz mais autônomo. / The writing of abstracts has been studied by researchers from different areas (BATHIA, 1993; SWALES e FEAK, 2009; DAYRELL, 2011) so that it is possible to observe which standards are most used by authors of international impact journals in order to prepare researchers for the writing of this textual genre. In this dissertation, we aim to analyze how Corpus Linguistics and Learner Corpus (DUTRA, et al., 2016), composed of texts by Brazilian students of public universities, and Corpus MICUSP (RÖMER, 2012), with texts written by native and non-native speakers of English can be used to help academic writing (BIBER, 2007, SWALES and FEAK, 2009; GLASMAN-DEAL, 2010) and how college students use that-clauses to report discoveries, results and conclusion of their researchs in abstracts. After collecting and compiling our corporus of analysis , we used the linguistic and computational program Sketch Engine (KILGARRIFF, et al, 2014) to generate concordance lines with the search word “that” and, based on the results, it was possible to observe that in both, writing abstracts of students of Brazilian universities, as well as in the writing of abstracts of University of Michigan students, the most used structures in the development of the writing of discoveries, results and conclusions, were the following structures: subject + verb in past simple + that, and subject + present simple + that, respectively, aligning with search results of authors such as Biber, et al. (2007) and Glasman-Deal (2010). The final result showed that it is possible to use Corpus Linguistics for teaching and learning English for Academic Purposes and to obtain a positive result in the academic writing of abstracts, according to the verification of the structures used by the students in their abstracts. It is also possible to develop teaching activities using Learner Corpus so that the autonomy of the student as a researcher is developed. In addition, we observed with this research that Corpus Linguistics is a very broad area that allows different types of works and applications, aiming at analysis of linguistic data for the most diverse purposes, and, according to Berber Sardinha (2004), that the use of corpus in the teaching of foreign languages is a way of helping the teaching and learning of a second language making learners more autonomous.

It is widely acknowledged that mass media play a central role in circulating and disseminating ideas. Particularly in this globalised era, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the role and impact of news media in shaping public opinion worldwide. During the attacks on New York in September 2001, for instance, CNN - the American cable news network - broadcast across the world twenty-four hours, and most of its reports were translated, or interpreted, into other languages, to be aired in other countries in real time. Most people are thus exposed to extensive reporting every day, but they are not necessarily aware that each news institution promotes, or, at least tries to construct, a particular media discourse according to its political or social orientation. Because of the complexity of mass media discourses, however, it is difficult to demonstrate how the language used participates in constructing and disseminating certain ideologies, or to challenge stereotypes and power relationships. This explains why media, news, political and institutional texts are preferred genres for critical discourse analysts. The extensive body of literature on news media discourses and their impact which draws on critical discourse analysis includes Van Dijk (1988), Fairclough (1995b), Al-Hejin (2007), Kim S (2008), among many others. Translation is a major variable that influences the circulation of ideas and ideologies, and translational choices can participate in provoking (or diffusing) political conflict. At the same time, translation may also challenge dominant discourses. Baker (1996: 14) acknowledges the power of translation, arguing that translation and the study of translation have been used as a "weapon in fighting colonialism, sexism, racism, and so on". And yet, most research on news discourse has so far tended to examine monolingual texts, rather than multilingual texts, including translations, despite the fact that numerous news reports are translated from one language into another on a regular basis. Critical approaches to language study have occasionally been used to investigate translation, in order "to reveal how translation is shaped by ideologies and in this way contributes to the perpetuation or subversion of particular discourses" (Olk 2002: 101), but such studies have remained restricted in scope. Drawing on corpus-based methodology and critical discourse analysis, this study examines US and South Korean news stories published in mainstream media with a view to identifying specific discursive practices relating to North Korea and how they are mediated in translation. The study attempts to analyse the relationship between textual features and practices specific to each news outlet. The corpus for this study consists of two separate sub-corpora, designed and compiled according to the same criteria and specifications: one made up of news texts originally written in English, and the other consisting of translated texts which include English source texts and the target texts translated from English into Korean. The texts are drawn from Newsweek/Newsweek Hangukpan and CNN/CNN Hanguel News. It is hoped that this study will enhance our understanding of some of the ways in which particular media discourses are constructed, disseminated and mediated via translation.

Submitted by Naiara Gomes Morante (nanamorante@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-25T15:12:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 IMPRIMIR - VERSÃO FINAL.pdf: 1068945 bytes, checksum: e12fa8ce763274b6ecf214b29c815931 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Priscila Carreira B Vicentini null (priscila@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-06-26T12:43:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 morante_ng_me_arafcl.pdf: 1062172 bytes, checksum: f8ac3fefa8b9d3e98687953759f304a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T12:43:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 morante_ng_me_arafcl.pdf: 1062172 bytes, checksum: f8ac3fefa8b9d3e98687953759f304a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-27 / A presente dissertação volta-se para o estudo do léxico de uma obra traduzida, tendo como base o uso de corpus. Escolhemos para análise o livro The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), do escritor C. S. Lewis, e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa “As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata” – tradução de Paulo Mendes Campos – e para a língua espanhola Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata – Tradução de María Rosa Duhart Silva. Selecionamos três vocábulos para análise, os quais se relacionam à representação das principais personagens femininas e a aspectos simbólicos da narrativa: Jill, Witch e owl. Estas são palavras-chave no corpus que compilamos e foram extraídas por meio de ferramentas específicas do software WordSmith Tools. Investigamos, então, os três vocábulos de acordo com seu cotexto (texto ao redor da palavra de busca) e com seu contexto. Para tal, levamos em consideração os dados fornecidos pelo programa, como o número de ocorrências dos vocábulos escolhidos no texto de partida (TP) e nos textos de chegada (TCs) e os pressupostos teóricos dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). Os resultados das análises apontam para a criação de novos sentidos nos TCs de acordo com o léxico selecionado pelos tradutores, levando o leitor a conceituar de diferentes modos as personagens citadas, a partir de suas impressões ao ter acesso ao TC. / The present dissertation, based on subsidies from Corpus Linguistics consists of a study aimed at studying the lexicon of a literary work. We have chosen to analyze the book The Chronicles of Narnia: the Silver Chair (1953), by the writer C. S. Lewis, and its translations into the Portuguese language As Crônicas de Nárnia: a cadeira de prata – translated by Paulo Mendes Campos –, and into the Spanish language Las Crónicas de Narnia: la silla de plata – translated by María Rosa Duhart Silva. We have selected three words for analysis, which relate to the representation of the main female characters and the symbolic aspects of the narrative: Jill, Witch and owl. These are keywords in the corpus we compiled and they were extracted using specific tools from WordSmith Tools software. We then investigated the three words according to their co-text (text around the search word) and its context. To do so, we took into account the data provided by the program, such as the number of occurrences of the words chosen in the source text (ST) and in the target texts (TTs) and the theoretical assumptions of Corpus-based Translation Studies (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996). The results of the analyzes point to the creation of new meanings in the TTs according to the lexicon selected by the translators, leading the reader to conceptualize the characters mentioned in different ways, from their impressions upon access to the TT.

A legendagem de programas audiovisuais tem merecido atenção renovada na área da pesquisa em Tradução, dado o incremento de acesso de filmes e seriados pela internet. Ao ocupar o profissional e também o leigo, que traduz legendas por hobby e na condição de fã, a legendagem de séries televisivas norte-americanas tem gerado materiais interessantes para estudo, também no âmbito da Terminologia. Mesmo com o crescente número de séries que usam terminologias específicas como pano de fundo (FROMM, 2011a), como as que se ocupam de temas médicos ou jurídicos, ainda não há muitos estudos sobre essa terminologia em tradução. As séries de ficção de tema sobrenatural, como as que tratam do universo de vampiros, lobisomens e bruxas, ou de ficção científica, por sua vez, parecem trazer um vocabulário com elementos bastante semelhantes às terminologias “tradicionais”, instaurando um vocabulário próprio relacionado a toda uma complexidade conceitual, pois constroem realidades particulares, comparáveis às realidades científicas. Nesse universo de discurso, segundo Barbosa (2005, 2006a, 2007, 2009), determinadas unidades lexicais funcionariam tanto como vocábulos quanto como termos. Levando isso em consideração, conhecer melhor esse tipo de material textual e, em meio a ele, as especificidades de sua “terminologia”, pode ajudar os tradutores brasileiros a se inserirem neste mercado de trabalho ou, ainda, a se estabelecerem como aqueles com maior familiaridade com a linguagem, com o vocabulário e com a tradução do “mundo das séries”. Este trabalho lidará, então, com um vocabulário não prontamente considerado como especializado por algumas correntes da Terminologia. Seu objetivo é propor bases teóricas e metodológicas para a elaboração de um glossário cujo público-alvo são os tradutores. No entanto, esse tipo de obra se baseia, por sua natureza, em procedimentos terminográficos para a compilação de um repertório de termos sem a pretensão de exaustividade (KRIEGER; FINATTO, 2004). Tomando como referencial teórico a Etnoterminologia, a Terminologia Cultural e a Terminologia Textual, aliadas a recursos e princípios da Linguística de Corpus, é oferecido como produto final um protótipo de glossário para tradutores de legendas do inglês para o português, utilizando como corpus os seriados True Blood e The Vampire Diaries em inglês e em português. Tal corpus foi analisado por meio do programa de análise lexical AntConc e de suas ferramentas, principalmente Word List, Keyword List e Concordance. Como parte do protótipo de glossário, foram desenhadas árvores de domínio para cada um dos seriados e elaboradas 18 fichas terminológicas como amostra. Nessas fichas, foram registradas informações encontradas no corpus sobre os termos selecionados, bem como especificidades lexicais e gramaticais desses textos. Ao final, foi possível mostrar que as unidades lexicais encontradas nos seriados de tema sobrenatural, por mais que se pareçam com vocábulos, estão em função de termo quando atualizadas nesse universo de discurso. Essa função designa a essas unidades lexicais um significado muito especializado, específico a esse contexto. Além disso, demostrou-se a produtividade de se adotar uma abordagem terminográfica ao universo de discurso dos seriados de tema sobrenatural. / The subtitling of audiovisual programs has received renewed attention in the area of translation research, due to the increase in the access to films and TV series through the Internet. As it engages professionals as well as laymen, who subtitle as a hobby and as fans, the subtitling of North American TV series has generated interesting materials for study, also within Terminology. Even with the increasing number of TV series that use specific terminology as background (FROMM, 2011a), such as those dealing with medical or legal issues, there are not many studies on this terminology in translation yet. Fictional TV series of supernatural theme, such as those dealing with the world of vampires, werewolves and witches, or of science fiction, in their turn, seem to bring vocabulary with elements quite similar to the “traditional” terminologies, setting up their own vocabulary related to a whole conceptual complexity, as they build particular realities, comparable to scientific realities. In this universe of discourse, according to Barbosa (2005, 2006a, 2007, 2009), certain lexical units would work as words and as terms as well. Considering this, knowing this kind of textual material better and, through it, the specifics of its “terminology”, may help Brazilian translators to insert themselves in this market, or even to establish themselves as the ones more familiar with the language, with the vocabulary and the translation of the “world of TV series”. This thesis will deal then with a vocabulary not readily considered as specialized by some Terminology theories. Its goal is to propose theoretical and methodological basis for the development of a glossary whose target audience is the translators. However, this type of work is based, in its nature, on terminographic procedures for the compilation of a term directory without aiming at exhaustiveness (KRIEGER; FINATTO, 2004). Taking as a theoretical framework Etnoterminology, Cultural Terminology and Textual Terminology, combined with resources and principles of Corpus Linguistics, it is offered as a final product a glossary prototype for subtitlers from English to Portuguese, using as a corpus the series True Blood and The Vampire Diaries in English and Portuguese. This corpus was analyzed using the lexical analysis program AntConc and its tools, especially Word List, Keyword List and Concordance. As part of the glossary prototype, domain trees were designed for each of the series and 18 terminological record sheets were produced as sample. In these sheets, information on the selected terms found in the corpus was recorded, as well as lexical and grammatical peculiarities of these texts. At the end, it was possible to show that the lexical units found in series of supernatural theme, no matter how much they might look like words, are in the function of terms when inserted in this universe of discourse. This function designates a very specialized meaning to these lexical units, specific to this context. In addition, the productivity of adopting a terminographic approach to the universe of discourse of TV series of supernatural theme was demonstrated.

abstract: Scholars have long debated whether Old and Middle English (ME) are different diachronic stages of one language, or whether they are two closely related languages that have different historical roots. A general assumption is that Middle and Modern English descend from Old English (OE), similar to the way Middle and Modern German descend from Old High German. Traditional scholarship places English into the West-Germanic language subgroup (which includes Old English, and continental Germanic languages) Historically, criteria used by linguists to establish genealogy of languages involve sound change from parent to daughter languages and the sharing of core vocabulary. Until recently, consideration of the influence of contact-induced change, except in the lexical domain, has been minimized, favoring generative language-internal factors. While it is generally accepted that internal motivation shapes the outcome of language change, contact may provide the catalyst for the change. The syntax of ME emerged with linguistic variation that distanced it from its Germanic relatives. In order to understand how the grammar of ME evolved and differs from its West-Germanic cousins, the syntax and morphosyntactic properties of ME, evident in The Orrmulum, an early ME work written in the Danelaw region of England, are analyzed in comparison to Old English (OE), Old Norse (ON), and Celtic, and in relation to formal grammaticalization theory, social factors and historical events. An analysis of the grammar in The Orrmulum supports current research regarding Scandinavian influence on the syntax of OE and ME, because there is extensive historic evidence regarding effects of language tangency of the relevant cultures; the properties of a grammatical lexicon influence retention of syntactic patterns, despite additions/changes in lexical categories; and The Orrmulum is a revealing source of the transition of OE to ME regional dialect variations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2017