M.Phil. (Labour Law & Employment Relations) / The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is a security-oriented institution and one of its constitutional mandates is to keep offenders in safe and humane conditions until they are lawfully released. Employment relations are fraught with inevitable conflict because where there is more than one human being it follows that it (conflict) will surface. Hence, conflict leads to grievances. This study was intended to achieve the following objectives: - to conduct a literature investigation on grievance handling procedures in the DCS -to conduct an empirical investigation into employees' perceptions of grievance handling procedures in the DCS -to formulate recommendations for guidelines for the use of management III improving grievance handling procedures in the DCS According to the DCS's annual report of 200412005, more than half of the grievances lodged (54.98%) during that time were not resolved. This should be cause for concern for any organisation, especially one like the DCS where each and every employee needs to be at his/her best in terms of commitment and the employer should in turn have the leverage of trusting them (employees) all. Through the research questionnaire, this study gave employees an opportunity to interact with the researcher with a view to providing some guidelines for improving grievance handling in the DCS. Similarly, the study provided the researcher with an opportunity to find out from the respondents what, in their view, needs to be done to improve grievance handling in the DCS…

M.Phil. / An in-depth Employment Relations Management Audit conducted in Kutama Sinthumule Maximum Security Prison in order to assist both managers of the Department of Correctional Services and of Private Prison to efficiently and effectively apply sound Human Resource and Labour Relations policies and procedures. The study critically examines and discusses the perceptions of employees of the Kutama Sinthumule Maximum Security Prison. The researcher administered questionnaires to one hundred and fifty (150) employees out of a total of five hundred (500) personnel. Interviews were held with senior managers of Kutama Sinthumule Maximum Security Prison who provided vital information on issues pertaining to privatisation of prisons in South Africa

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

Höga nivåer av återfall i brottslighet och misslyckade återintegreringar efter avtjänadefängelsestraff är ett socialt problem i dagens samhälle. Syftet med studien är attundersöka erfarenheter och upplevelser hos män som avtjänat två eller flerfängelsestraff för att identifiera faktorer som leder till återfall i brott samt vilka faktorersom leder till återintegrering i samhället. Föreliggande studie har en kvalitativ ansatsmed ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv och det empiriska materialet har samlats in genomsemistrukturerade intervjuer. Urvalet är målstyrt och utgörs av 8 manligaåterfallsförbrytare där tiden sedan frigivning varierar mellan deltagarna. Den mestframträdande orsaken till återfall i brottslighet visas vara missbruk, inte minst för att deti sin tur leder till ytterligare kriminella handlingar för att kunna finansiera missbruket.Andra framträdande faktorer är avsaknad av familj, missförhållanden under uppväxtensamt antisocialt beteende i form av våldsamhet och kriminalitet som urartat i tidig ålder.Negativa upplevelser under tiden på anstalt och bristfälligt stöd vid frigivning har ocksåen inverkan på återfallsrisken. Gällande faktorer som leder till återintegrering efteravtjänat fängelsestraff framkommer det att självinsikt och ansvarstagande verkarfrämjande. Sysselsättning i form av arbete bidrar till ökad självkänsla såväl somekonomiskt kapital vilket är avgörande i en gynnsam återintegrering. Ett stabilt socialtnätverk med familj är ytterligare en framträdande faktor som minskar risken att återfallai brott och snarare gynna en återintegrering i samhället. Studiens resultat pekar mot attdet finns många olika orsaker till återfall i brott och att vägen till återintegrering kan seut på många olika sätt, vilket tyder på att det finns ett behov av individanpassadeinsatser för att minska återfallsrisken och främja återintegrering. / High levels of recidivism and failed reintegrations after serving a prison sentence is asocial problem in today's society. The purpose of this study is to look into theexperiences of men who have served two or more prison sentences in order to identifywhich factors that lead to recidivism as well as which factors that lead to reintegrationinto the society. The presented study has a qualitative approach with a hermeneuticperspective and the empirical material has been collected through semi-structuredinterviews. The selection is goal-directed and consists 8 male recidivists where the timesince release date varies between the participants. The most prominent cause ofrecidivism appears to be addiction, especially for it leads to further criminal acts inorder to finance the addiction. Other factors are deficient family relations, abuse duringchildhood and antisocial behavior in forms of violence and criminality that degenerateat an early age. Negative experiences during prison sentences as well as insufficientsupport upon release also has an impact on the risk of recidivism. Regarding factors thatlead to reintegration after serving a prison sentence, it emerges that self-awareness andtaking responsibility seems to be highly important. Employment in forms of workcontributes to increased self-esteem as well as economic capital, which is crucial in apositive reintegration. A secure social network with family is another prominent factorthat reduces the risk of recidivism and supports integration back into society. The resultsof the study point to the fact that there are many different reasons for recidivism andthat one path to reintegration can look very different from another, which indicates thatthere is a need for individually tailored interventions to reduce the risk of recidivismand promote reintegration.

Föreliggande arbete utgör en delstudie i projektet Automatiserad telefonuppföljning inom Kriminalvården. Projektets övergripande syfte var att undersöka tillämpbarheten av Interactive Voice Response (IVR) som en modern metod för utvärdering, övervakning och påverkan av intagna som blivit villkorligt frigivna från ett fängelsestraff. IVR är en metodik baserat på automatiserade telefonintervjuer som bl. a innebär att en dator har programmerats för att ringa upp, ställa frågor, registrera svar och ge feedback till klienterna. I tidigare publikation från projektet undersöktes med hjälp av automatiserade telefonuppföljningar (IVR) hur stress och mående samt användande av alkohol och droger utvecklas under de trettio första dagarna efter avslutad anstaltsvistelse (Andersson et al, 2011). Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader i psykiskt mående, alkohol- och drogvanor samt personlighet mellan intagna som medverkade vid åtminstone en telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen respektive intagna som inte medverkade vid någon telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen. Ytterligare ett syfte med arbetet var att beskriva den totala undersökningsgruppen i projektet med avseende på psykiskt mående, alkohol- och drogvanor samt personlighet. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden mellan deltagarna och icke-deltagarna i telefonuppföljningarna återfanns för personlighetsdraget skuld. Individer som genomförde åtminstone en telefonuppföljning var något mer benägna att känna skuld- och skamkänslor än de som inte deltog vid någon telefonuppföljning efter den villkorliga frigivningen. Den beskrivande analysen av den totala undersökningsgruppen i projektet fann att klienterna utgjorde en problembelastad grupp intagna med avseende på psykiskt mående, alkohol-och drogmissbruk och personlighet; en hög andel av klienterna hade en möjlig missbruksdiagnos och depressions och/eller ångestrelaterade symptom samt skattade höga värden på personlighetsdragen socialisation, impulsivitet och monotoniundvikande. / This study is a part of the research project Automated Phone Follow-Up inCorrectional Services. The overall aim of the research project was to investigate if Interactive Voice Response can be used as tool to investigate, monitor and influence levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and use as well as urge of alcohol and drugs among paroled offenders. IVR is a technology based on automated phone interviews, which means that a computer has been programed to call up, ask questions, record answers and provide a feedback to the paroled offenders. Previous publication from the research project explored if it is possible to use automated phone interviews (IVR) to follow-up the development of stress, psychological mood, and use of alcohol and drugs in paroled offenders during the first 30 days following probation (Andersson et al, 2011). The main aim of this study was to investigate if there were any differences in psychological mood, substance use and personality between paroled offenders that participated in at least one automated phone follow-up and paroled offenders that did not participate in any automated phone follow-up. Another aim of this study was to describe the psychological mood, substance use and personality in the total sample group of paroled offenders. The only significant difference between participants and non-participants in the phone follow-up´s was found for the personality trait guilt. The paroled offenders that participated in the phone follow-up scored significant higher on guilt, a scale measuring feelings of guilt and shame after wrongdoing, cheating, of having bad thoughts. The results of the descriptive analysis showed high levels of substance misuse, depression and anxiety symptoms in the total sample group of paroled offenders. The paroled offenders also scored high on personality scales socialization, impulsivity and monotony avoidance compared to healthy subjects.

Tidigare forskning har i stor utsträckning fokuserat på de traditionella personlighetsdimensionerna i Big Five-modellen (extraversion, omtänksamhet, samvetsgrannhet, neuroticism och öppenhet) och visat att finns ett samband mellan vissa av dessa dimensioner och en känsla av samhörighet (KASAM). Till exempel att extraversion och omtänksamhet relaterar till KASAM. I föreliggande studie så undersöktes relationen mellan de mer subtila aspekterna av Big Five (t.ex. självsäkerhet och entusiasm som aspekter av extraversion) och KASAM. Vidare så undersöktes relationen mellan KASAM respektive Big Five aspekterna (BFA) och sex bakgrundsvariabler (yrke, tjänstgöringstid, typ av tjänst, ålder, kön och civilstånd). 135 personer med anställning inom polismyndigheten eller kriminalvården deltog genom att svara på enkät som bestod av Big Five Aspect Scale och Sense Of Coherence-13 scale. Syftet med studien var att bidra till en mer nyanserad bild av personlighetsstrukturen jämfört med tidigare forskning. Resultaten i föreliggande studie visade på få samband mellan KASAM, BFA och de sex bakgrundsvariablerna.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: “Restorative Justice Programmes are proliferating internationally and gaining mainstream acceptance as alternative or supplementary justice interventions". Immarigieon & Daly, (1997:13). With the growth of the Restorative Justice approach in the various disciplines, the need to assess the programme - its principal goals, effectiveness and impact on offenders / inmates in Correctional Services Centres / facilities - is imperative. The thesis investigates the socio-religious factors of the Restorative Justice programme and evaluates their impact, whether it is short-term or long-term, on offenders serving a sentence at Voorberg Correctional Centre / Facility, within the Department of Correctional Services of South Africa. The primary objectives of this research are: 1. To determine if the Restorative Justice programme includes socio-religious factors or not? 2. To study the impact of these socio-factors and how the programme participants understand the programme in terms of the following: (1) programme attendance; (2) awareness raising; (3) gaining a better understanding and perception of the programme contents. 3. To study these socio-religious factors and activities of Restorative Justice programme within the framework of Harden’s Faith-Based Programme Theory, and to formulate parameters for an Integrated Faith-Based Programme for Restorative Justice within the context of the Department of Correctional Services. One the one hand the programme of Restorative Justice is rendered by the Spiritual Care Division, as a spiritual / religious programme. On the other hand, it is also rendered as a Correctional programme by Case Intervention Officers within the Department of Correctional Services. One Orientation Manual is used by both divisions. The policy of the Department of Correctional Services focuses on the social aspects in order to pursue and meet its objectives. But the researcher argues that the impact of the programme depends on how it links the socio- and religious characters of Restorative Justice. Building on existing literature on an Integrated Faith-Based Outcome Theory Model of Restorative Justice, the researcher proposes a new programme theory and programme outcomes that include both these factors, namely social and religious, as mechanisms to enhance social and religious acceptance and change. The researcher strongly believes that both socio- and religious factors will assist future programme participants of restorative justice in creating better awareness, knowledge and social acceptance as short term goals of the programme. On the other hand both the socio- and religious factors can contribute in fulfilling the long term goals within the lives of programme participants, such as the reintegration society, and the restoration of their relationships with themselves, victims, families and communities.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Department of Correctional Services (DCS) is security‐oriented environment with a constitutional mandate to enforce offenders’ sentences by the court in a humane and safe manner that leads to their rehabilitation. Performance by employees especially in a security‐oriented environment is inevitably important and therefore has to be properly managed. Performance appraisal is one area of performance management that reinforces good performance. This study is meant to achieve the following objectives: To review literature regarding optimal performance appraisal processes in the DCS ; To conduct an investigation into the perceptions of DCS employees on how performance appraisal is done in the department ; To develop recommendations on how to improve performance appraisal conduct in the department. A literature review is conducted to put into perspective an ideal performance appraisal. Following this, qualitative and quantitative case study design methods were used to investigate how performance appraisals are viewed. Research participants were randomly sampled from Goodwood Prison, including Bellville Community Corrections. Their perceptions of the current system were tested and they were also asked how they thought it could be improved. Their input was collected by means of questionnaires. Collected data is then analysed, conclusions drawn and recommendations made on how performance appraisal could be improved. This study afforded DCS members an opportunity to interact with the researcher, in terms of representing their perceptions performance appraisal in the department. A major finding in this study is that the majority (70%) of DCS employees were not happy with the way appraisal is conducted in the department. Major causes of dissatisfaction included favouritism or lack of fairness. This is followed by lack of training. Respondents placed emphasis on the requirements for improvement in both of these areas. Based on the conducted research, the thesis offers the following recommendations to the DCS, namely making spiritual care a major player in increasing fairness and in eliminating favouritism which derails satisfactory performance appraisal in the department. Training is suggested as another way that improve performance appraisal in the department. In conclusion performance appraisal should be treated as important and given the attention that it deserves by management. This will result in better performance by employees and the department itself and is of utmost importance in a security‐oriented environment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste (DKD) is sekuriteits‐en omgewingsgeörienteerd met ‘n konstitisionele mandaat om vonnisse van oortreders wat deur die hof opgelê is op ‘n veilige en menslike wyse toe te pas wat hul rehabilitasie tot gevolg hê. Produktiwiteit van werknemers is veral noodsaaklik en belangrik in ‘n sekuriteitsge‐orienteerde omgewing en moet dus gevolglik effektief bestuur word. Produktiwiteitsmeting is een fasset van produktiwiteitsbestuur wat goeie prestasie en hoër produktiwiteit bevorder. Die mikpunt van hierdie studie was om die volgende doelstellings te bereik: Om ‘n oorsig van die akademiese literatuur aangaande die optimale produktiwiteitsassesseringsprosesse in die DKD te bied ; Om die menings van DKD werknemers oor die proses van produktiwiteitsassessering in die DKD te ondersoek ; en Om voorstelle te ontwikkel vir die verbetering van produktiwiteitsassesseringspraktyke in die department. ‘n Oorsig van akademiese literatuur was gedoen om ‘n ideaal vir produktiwiteitsassessering in perspektief te plaas. Vervolgens is kwalitatiewe en kwantitatiewe ondersoekinstrumente toegepas in ‘n gevallestudie om die opvattings omtrent produktiwiteitsassessering te ondersoek. Goodwood gevangenis, en Bellville Gemeenskapsgevangenis was die bronne vir deelnemers aan die ondersoek . Hul opvattings oor die huidige struktuur was getoets, sowel as hul menings oor hoe dit verbeter kan word. Hul bydrae was verkry deur middel van ‘n vraelys. Die versamelde data was ge‐analiseer, afleidings is gemaak , menings was gevorm en voorstellings is gemaak oor hoe produktiwiteitsassessering verbeter kan word. Die ondersoek het ‘n geleentheid gebied vir interaksie tussen lede van die DKD en die ondersoekbeampte in terme van verteenwoordiging van lede in hul menings oor produktiwiteitsassessering in die department. ‘n Hoofstaande bevinding van die studie was dat ‘n oorweldigende meerderheid van werknemers van die DKD ongelukkig was met die wyse van produktiwiteitsassessering in die department. Hoofoorsake van ontevredenheid was voortrekkery en ongelyke behandeling. Dit was gevolg deur ‘n gebrek aan opleiding. Respondente het klem gelê op die vereistes vir verbetering in albei areas. Hierdie tesis maak die volgende voorstellings, gebaseer op die ondersoek wat geloods is: gee prioriteitsposisie aan geestelike sorg as ‘n groot faktor in die verhoging van gelyke behandeling en die uitskakeling van voortekkery as ‘n duiwel wat bevredigende prestasie‐ en produktiwiteitsassessering in die wiele ry binne die department. Opleiding was voorgestel as nog ‘n wyse waarop produktiwiteitsassessering in die department verbeter kan word. Ten laaste, produktiwiteitsassessering moet as belangrik behandel word en die goedverdiende aandag van bestuur geniet. Dit sal verhoogde produktiwiteit/werksprestasie by werknemers en die department self tot gevolg hê en is van uiterste belang in ‘n sekuriteitsge‐orienteerde omgewing.

Thesis (MPA))--School of Public Leadership, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study is the evaluation of financial management practices in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). For the purpose of the study, "financial management practices‟ are defined and demarcated as the practices performed by the accounting officer, chief financial officer and other managers in the areas of budgeting, supply chain management, movable asset management and control. Recurrence of similar internal audit and inspection findings, as well as the continuous poor audit reports that the department had been receiving annually, led the office of the National Commissioner to request all branches and Regional Commissioners to compile action plans aimed at addressing non-compliance. In order to fulfil the study objective, the normative requirements for the identified financial management practices are first defined in terms of financial management theory, policy and legislation. The accounting officers are heads of departments, and they account personally for financial transactions. The concepts of "budget processes" and "planning" are explored in order to identify normative requirements. „Budget‟ is identified as part of organisational planning, which starts with the aim and the mission of the institution. Under supply chain management, the principles of procurement are discussed, as considerable amounts are spent on goods and services. The life cycle of assets is discussed in detail, including the procedure for giving account of assets. Control is defined as a process through which a manager ensures that activities are carried out as originally planned. With regard to policy and legislation, the Public Finance Management Act (PFMA), Act 1 of 1999 as amended by Act 29 of 1999 (South Africa, 1999) and Treasury Regulations are explained in detail, focusing on the budget process and financial management responsibilities of all different role players. With regard to supply chain management, policies are explained in detail, focusing on the acquisition of goods and services. The acceptable supply chain management system is also highlighted. According to Gildenhuys (1997:137), equipment is called movable assets and this category of assets are obtained and created to be utilised for a number of years as instruments for delivering services. With regard to control, in order to comply with financial management policies, an official in a department must ensure that the system of financial management and internal control established for that department is carried out within the area of responsibility of that official. The budget and planning processes of the Department of Correctional Services are explained in detail. How the financial management cascades through the department is highlighted by means of an organogram. Supply chain management processes are discussed in detail, focusing on the procurement procedures and requirements for acquisition of goods and services. The policy on asset management for the Department of Correctional Services is considered, focusing on the acquisition and control of assets. The legislative framework of the department is also examined in detail, focusing on the control measures within the department. The theory of evaluation is discussed in detail, with the emphasis on evaluation questions. A summary is provided of the financial functions of budgeting, supply chain management, asset management and control in terms of the financial functions of each of the following role players: the Accounting Officer, Chief financial officer and other managers. Evaluation questions are formulated, and audit reports contained in the annual reports, the internal auditor‟s reports and circulars of the department are used to answer those questions. Finally, recommendations are made, emphasising that Department of Correctional Services needs to continue to invest in the training and development of all staff, regarding The PFMA (South Africa, 1999) and Treasury Regulations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om finansiële bestuurspraktyke binne die Departement Korrektiewe Dienste (DKD) te evalueer. "Finansiële bestuurspraktyke" word vir die doel van die studie gedefinieer en omskryf as die praktyke wat deur die rekenpligtige amptenaar, die hoof finansiële bestuursbeampte en ander bestuurders binne die gebied van begroting, voorsieningskettingbestuur, roerende batebestuur en beheer beoefen word. Herhaalde voorkoms van soortgelyke interne ouditerings- en inspeksiebevindings, sowel as die voortdurende swak ouditverslae wat jaarliks deur die departement ontvang is, het die kantoor van die Nasionale Kommissaris genoop om alle takke en Streekskommissarisse te versoek om 'n plan van optrede op te stel om nie-nakoming aan te spreek. Om die doelwit van die studie te bereik, word die normatiewe vereistes vir die geïdentifiseerde finansiële bestuurspraktyke eerstens in terme van finansiële bestuursteorie, beleid en wetgewing gedefinieer. Die rekenpligtige amptenare is hoofde van departemente en hulle doen persoonlik verantwoording vir finansiële transaksies. Die konsepte „begrotingsproses‟ en „beplanning‟ word verken om normatiewe vereistes te identifiseer. „Begroting‟ word as deel van organisatoriese beplanning, wat by die doel en misie van die instelling begin, geïdentifiseer. Die beginsels van aanskaffing word in verband met die voorsieningskettingbestuur bespreek aangesien aansienlike bedrae op goedere en dienste bestee word. Die lewensiklus van bates word met inbegrip van die prosedure vir verslaglewering aangaande bates in besonderhede bespreek. Beheer word as 'n proses waarvolgens 'n bestuurder verseker dat aktiwiteite sonder afwyking van 'n oorspronklike plan uitgevoer word. Ten opsigte van beleid en wetgewing word die Wet op Openbare Finansiële Bestuur (WOFB), No. 1, 1999 soos gewysig deur Wet 29 van 1999 (South Africa, 1999) en Regulasies van die Departement Finansies in besonderhede verduidelik, met aandag aan die begrotingsproses en die finansiële bestuursverantwoordelikhede van al die verskillende rolspelers. Beleid betreffende voorsieningskettingbestuur word in besonderhede bespreek met spesifiek aandag aan die verkryging van goedere en dienste. Die aanvaarbare voorsieningskettingbestuurstelsel word ook toegelig. Volgens Gildenhuys (1997:137) word toerusting as roerende bates aangedui en hierdie kategorie van bates word verkry en geskep om vir 'n aantal jare as middele vir die lewering van dienste gebruik te word. Om aan finansiële bestuursbeleid met betrekking tot beheer te voldoen, moet 'n amptenaar binne 'n departement verseker dat die stelsel wat binne sy/haar verantwoordelikheidsveld vir die finansiële bestuur en interne beheer van daardie departement ingestel is, toegepas word. Die begrotings- en beplanningprosesse van die Departement Korrektiewe Dienste word in besonderhede verduidelik. 'n Organogram word gebruik om lig te werp op hoe die finansiële bestuur die hele departement deurvloei. Voorsieningskettingbestuursprosesse word in besonderhede bespreek met klem op die prosedure en die vereistes vir die verkryging van goedere en dienste. Aandag word geskenk aan die beleid oor batebestuur binne die Departement Korrektiewe Dienste, met klem op die verkryging en beheer van bates. Verder word die departement se wetgewingsraamwerk in besonderhede ondersoek, weereens met aandag aan beheermeganismes binne die departement. Die teorie aangaande evaluering word in besonderhede bepreek, met spesiale klem op vrae wat vir evaluering gestel word. 'n Opsomming van die finansiële funksie van begrotings, voorsieningskettingbestuur, batebestuur en beheer in terme van die finansiële funksies van elk van die rolspelers, naamlik die rekenpligtige amptenaar, die hoof bestuursbeampte en ander bestuurders word voorsien. Vrae vir evaluering word geformuleer en antwoorde op daardie vrae word aan die hand van ouditverslae wat in jaarverslae opgeneem is, die interne ouditeur se verslae en departementele omsendbriewe verskaf. Ten slotte word aanbevelings gedoen wat beklemtoon dat die Departement Korrektiewe dienste sy belegging in die opleiding en ontwikkeling van alle personeel ten opsigte van die WOFB (South Africa, 1999) en Regulasies van die Departement Finansies moet voortsit.

On t.p.: Master in Social Work (Welfare Programme Management) / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to gain insight into the nature of psychosocial stress experienced by correctional officials. In order to achieve this, a literature study was undertaken regarding the nature of psychosocial stress from an ecological perspective as well as strategies that the occupational social worker, management and central government can employ to address stress experienced by correctional officials. Secondly, an empirical study was undertaken and information on the research topic was obtained from correctional officials that worked on the sections inside prisons and who worked directly with inmates. The study indicated that low motivation amongst colleagues, insufficient salaries and bad collegial co-operation were factors that had a major influence on psychosocial stress experienced by correctional officials. Factors such as family responsibilities as opposed to work responsibilities; drug-or alcohol abuse as well as physical constraints have less of an impact on psychosocial stress. It was furthermore found that the need for confidentiality, guidance in stress management and emotional support enjoys a high priority with correctional officials regarding social worker intervention. Issues such as the need that the social worker should form part of a multi-disciplinary team or that he/she should mobilise their colleagues and supervisors for support enjoyed a lesser preference with correctional officials. With regard to the role of management it was found that correctional officials require that management should primarily provide more promotional opportunities and should develop a more satisfactory merit system. Dissatisfaction with the Department of Correctional Services' Employee Assistance Programme and the present shift system were less of a concern to correctional officials. It was concluded that that stressors experienced by correctional officials are varied and include feelings of anger, depression and a general dissatisfaction with managerial styles and certain departmental actions and procedures. It was also very evident that many correctional officials felt that they do not have an appropriate avenue to deal with their stress. If this situation prevails, it was concluded that it will exacerbate correctional officials' poor social functioning. With regard to social worker intervention it was concluded that the vast majority of correctional officials are in dire need of social work intervention to assist them in effectively dealing with stress. It was further concluded that the Department of Correctional Services does not have sufficient structures in place to support correctional officials during stressful periods. Management has a vital role to play in supporting correctional officials when coping with psychosocial stress. If the present situation remains unattended to by management it may impede correctional officials' ability to deal with stress. Recommendations by respondents also indicated a low level of involvement by management in the practical stressors which correctional officials may face. It was also concluded that present attempts by management to deal with psychosocial stress effectively through the induction of an Employee Assistance Programme and the longstanding grievance procedure, have severe practical limitations. Recommendations were made to the social worker, management and central government regarding effectively addressing psychosocial stress experienced by correctional officials working on sections and who are primarily responsible for the guarding of inmates. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie is ondersoek ingestel na die aard van psigo-sosiale stres wat deur korrektiewe beamptes ervaar word. Ten einde hierin te slaag,is eerstens 'n literatuurstudie onderneem ten opsigte van die aard van psigo-sosiale stres vanuit 'n ekologiese perspektief. Daar is ook gekyk na strategieë wat die bedryfsmaatskaplike werker, bestuur sowel as die sentrale regering kan aanwend om psigo-sosiale stres wat deur korrektiewe beamptes ervaar word aan te spreek. Daarna is 'n empieriese studie onderneem deur vraelyste aan korrektiewe beamptes te stuur wat direk op seksies binne in gevangenis met gevangenes werksamig is. Die navorsing het aangedui dat lae motivering onder kollegas,onvoldoende salarisse en swak kollegiale samewerking die grootste bydraende faktor is tot psigososialestres wat deur korrektiewe beamptes ervaar word. Faktore soos alkohol- of dwelmmisbruik en liggaamlike gebreke oefen In mindere invloed uit op psigososiale stres wat deur korrektiewe beamptes ervaar word. Met betrekking tot die behoefte aan maatskaplike intervensie is daar bevind dat vertroullkheld, leiding in stres hantering en emosionele steun die hoogste prioriteit by korrektiewe beamptes geniet. Faktore soos die behoefte dat die maatskaplike werker deel moet vorm van 'n multi-dissiplinêre span of dat hy/sy die korrektiewe beampte se kollegas en supervisors moet mobiliseer vir ondersteuning, het 'n mindere prioriteit by korrektiewe beamptes geniet. Met betrekking tot die rol van bestuur, is daar gevind dat korrektiewe beamptes meer bevorderings geleenthede en 'n verbeterde meriete stelsel van bestuur verwag. Ontevredenheid met die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste se werknemer bystandsprogram (WBP) en die huidige skofstelsel was 'n laer prioriteit vir korrektiewe beamptes. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat stressors wat ervaar word deur korrektiewe beamptes uiteenlopend van aard is en dit sluit in gevoelens van depressie, woede sowel as 'n algemene ontevredenheid met bestuurstyle en sekere departementele aksies en prosedures. Dit was ook baie duidelik dat baie korrektiewe beamptes nie 'n geskikte hulpmiddel het om hulle in staat te stelom psigososiale stres effektief te hanteer nie. Indien die huidige situasie bly voortbestaan, kan korrektiewe beamptes se swak maatskaplike funksionering verder belemmer word. Met betrekking tot maatskaplike werk intervensie ,is gevind dat die oorgrote meerderheid van korrektiewe beamptes 'n noodsaaklike behoefte daartoe het dat die maatskaplike werker hulle moet ondersteun om psigososiale-stres effektief te hanteer. Voorts is die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat die Departement van Korrektiewe I Dienste nie oor toereikende strukture beskik om die korrektiewe beampte te ondersteun tydens stresvolle tydperke nie. Bestuur het 'n noodsaaklike rol in die ondersteuning van die korrektiewe beampte in sy/haar hantering van psigososiale stres. Indien die huidige situasie nie voldoende deur bestuur aangespreek word nie, kan dit die korrektiewe beampte se vermoë om psigososiale-stres te hanteer verder strem. Aanbevelings deur respondente het ook 'n lae vlak van betrokkenheid deur bestuur aangedui by die praktiese stressors wat korrektiewe beamptes mag ervaar. Die gevolgtrekking is ook gemaak dat huidige pogings deur bestuur om psigososiale stres aan te spreek deur middel van 'n werknemer bystandsprogram en die reeds gevestigde griewe prosedure, grootskaalse beperkings het. Aanbevelings is aan maatskaplike werkers,bestuur en die sentrale regering gemaak oor hoe om psigososiale stres wat deur korrektiewe beamptes werksaam op seksies binne in gevangenisse en wat primêr vir die bewaking van gevangenes verantwoordelik is, aan te spreek.