Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study explores how affirmative action took place in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS)from 1995to 1999 in the Western Cape. There are many impediments that must still be bridged. This study is not guided by a specific research hypothesis but focuses on the process of affirmative action from 1995 to 1999. A systematic outline of the development of the affirmative action process in the public sector are given. Firstly, guidelines as set out for a transformation process in the white paper : transformation of the public sector are highlighted, secondly guidelines for Department Affirmative Action programmes and lastly Affirmative Action in the Department of Correctional Services with specific referral to Linda Human's Blueprint for AA in above mentioned Department. The core focus is to gain perspective with regard to affirmative action in the South African context, the aspects that led to the process of affirmative action, identification of current policy and legislation which encourages affirmative action, the timeframe set aside for this process in the public sector with a specific focus on the Department of Correctional Services. In order to detect how affirmative action took place on grassroots level within the DCS, a case study was conducted, focussing on a specific management area Drakenstein. Generalisation to other management areas cannot occur, since each area is unique with regard to affirmative action needs although application of the process is based on broader national and provincial objectives. The st~dy can precede a more in depth study of programme evaluation of affirmative action over the past five years since 1995. Methodological problems and challenges of the research goal are highlighted and explained. Recommendation for an affirmative action plan en further research on the subject of affirmative action,will be given. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie is verkennend van aard en stel vas hoe regstellende aksie binne die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste vanaf 1995tot 1999 in die Wes-Kaap plaasgevind het. Regstellende aksie is 'n nuwe proses, wat deurlopend plaasvind. Vir praktiese redes word daar slegs vasgestel hoe die proses binne een Staatsdepartement aangepak is in die genoemde vyfjaar tydperk. Daar is nog baie hindernisse en foute wat oorbrug moet word. Die studie word dus nie deur 'n spesifieke navorsingshiptotese gelei nie, maar fokus slegs op die verloop van die proses vanaf 1995- 1999. 'n Sistematiese uiteensetting van die verloop van die regstellende aksie proses in die openbare sektor word gegee. Eerstens word daar gekyk na riglyne vir die transformasieproses soos uiteengesit in die Witskrif: Transformasie van die Openbare Sektor, tweedens na riglyne vir Departementele Regstellende Aksie programme en laastens na regstellende aksie in die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste met spesifieke verwysing na Linda Human se blouskrif vir Regstellende Aksie binne genoemde departement. Die volgende doelwitte is dus met die studie beoog :- Om perspektief te verkry met betrekking tot regstellende aksie binne die Suid Afrikaanse konteks - watter aspekte aanleiding gegee het tot die proses van regstellende aksie, die identifisering van huidige beleid en wetgewing wat regstellende aksie aanmoedig, die verloop van die proses van regstellende aksie in die openbare sektor met spesifieke fokus op die Departement van Korrektiewe Dienste. Ook om te fokus op 'n spesifieke Bestuursarea binne die DKD, naamlik Drakenstein om vas te stel of regstellende aksie wel op grondvlak plaasvind en hoe ingelig lede met betrekking tot die proses is, alhoewel daar nie veralgemeen kan word na ander Bestuurareas nie aangesien elke Bestuursarea sy eie unieke regstellende aksie behoeftes gei'dentifiseer en toegepas het op grond van bree Nasionale en Provinsiale doelwitte. Die studie kan 'n meer indiepte studie van program evaluasie van regstellende aksie voorafgaan, waarin die program van regstellende aksie binne die DKD oor die afgelope vyf jaar sedert 1995 krities geevalueer word, Die metodologiese problematiek en uitdagings wat deur bogenoemde navorsingsdoelwit gestel word, word verklaar en in perspektief gestel. Die tesis word afgesluit met aanbevelings vir 'n regstellende aksieplan en verdere navorsing.

This report is the result of a literature study and questionnaire which gave insight on the role of officials in the rehabilitation process. Correctional Services has adopted a new approach, where offenders need to change their negative behaviour and be rehabilitated. Corrections have a societal responsibility towards the community to guide the offender on his rehabilitation path. This study was conducted to give a better understanding of rehabilitation to offenders The purpose of this research is to determine if the Department of Correctional Services delivers on its legal and social responsibility towards the rehabilitation of offenders. In this study the researcher gathered information on the department policies, training of officials, the programmes currently available in Correctional Services, and also the involvement of the community in this process. Corrections cannot work alone, and needs the help of the community and leaders in the community to assist it in this process. Correctional Services faces many challenges in order to succeed in the rehabilitation of offenders. Currently there is a shortage of officials in the Department of Correctional Services, and the Department cannot, therefore, fully succeed in its rehabilitative role. Another aspect is that rehabilitation programmes are voluntary, and offenders can decide if they want to become involved or not.

In South Africa all the major categories of violent crime (homicide, aggravated robbery, serious assault and rape) showed an increase during the early 2000s. More than half of the total offences that were committed in South Africa during 2005 were aggressive offences. The goal of the study was to explore the perception of offenders regarding the triggering and contributing socio-economic factors to aggravated robbery with a view to inform rehabilitation and re-integration programmes for these offenders. Within the context of the interrelatedness of socio-economic factors such as poverty, inequality, unemployment and human rights, developmental social welfare and its underpinning theory of social development was an appropriate theoretical framework for the study. A qualitative research approach was utilised for the study and data was gathered by means of semi-structured interviews. Respondents for the study included maximum-term offenders that were serving an imprisonment sentence for aggravated robbery. The research findings indicate a reciprocal relationship between poverty, inequality, unemployment, intoxicating substances and intra- and interpersonal factors as possible triggering and contributing factors to aggravated robbery. Unemployment, which is exacerbated by a lack of education and skills development and linked to intra- and interpersonal factors, appears to be a dominant socio-economic factor that could contribute to or trigger aggravated robbery. The study concluded that rehabilitation programmes still lack a holistic, integrated developmental approach and hence do not prepare ex-offenders for full integration into society. The Department of Correctional Services was pointed out as a significant role-player in facilitating rehabilitation programmes that include skills development for job creation in a holistic, integrated developmental manner. Recommendations include that the Department of Correctional Services should seek partnerships and closer working relations with external service providers, and develop and implement integrated developmental rehabilitation programmes that will facilitate the creation of productive economic opportunities for offenders while they are still incarcerated and once they have been released back into the community. / Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

In the Department of Correctional Services (DCS), as the role of workers in the workplace changed after demilitarisation in 1996, the needs of the employees also changed. The changing work environment placed different demands on them, unlike those that they had been used to in the past. Because of the growth of personal problems at the workplace, the EAP was introduced in the DCS in the late 1990’s. The EAP in the DCS has been formally in existence since 2000 and has not been formally evaluated according to the EAPA SA standards. The EAPA SA standards are the benchmark against which all EAPs in South Africa could be measured. This research attempts to ascertain whether the EAP in the DCS has been implemented according the prescripts of the EAPA SA standards. The research approach involved both the qualitative as well as the quantitative approaches. The qualitative approach was used in documenting the processes followed in the conceptualisation, introduction and creation of the EAP in DCS. The quantitative approach was used to evaluate the EAP in DCS using the EAPA SA standards as a benchmark. In the first chapter a general orientation to the study as well as the researcher’s rationale and structure for the research is provided. The literature review in chapter two took a retrospective look at the developments in the EAP industry by focussing on the most modern interventions in the EAP field initially and moving to the origins of the EAP later. Chapter three focussed on the evaluation of the EAP in the DCS which included a systematic collection of information about that programme. In chapter four each standard as it appears in the standards document and brief comment on each standard was presented. The standards were also reviewed in relation to recent literature on the subject. The empirical analysis in the following chapter included a quantitative analysis followed by a qualitative analysis of the responses. The first phase included the development of a questionnaire based on the standards. The distribution and completion of the questionnaire were part of phase two. In the final phase the questionnaire was analysed by the Department of Statistics at the University of Pretoria, under the leadership of Professor Smith and Dr. Mike van der Linde. In the final chapter a consolidation of all the chapters as well as recommendations for further research is presented. The formulated problem was addressed through the choice of different approaches, strategy and design during the research process. The researcher was able to combine the research approaches to compare and subsequently verify the findings. Based on the findings the following conclusions can be made: firstly that the DCS does not comply fully with many of the standards as set out by EAPA SA, secondly that the DCS is understaffed when attempting to deliver EAP services and finally that there is a resounding plea for EAP services in the DCS. In addition to the proposals a revised standards document has also been integrated into the findings. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Social Work and Criminology / unrestricted

Sexual practices in prisons the world over are almost the same. Men incarcerated for many years in limited space with other men without the opportunity for normal heterosexual sexual outlet end up practicing homosexual sex. South African prisons are not an exception. In this dissertation I tackled a number of issues from a Christian Ethics perspective, with a slant from the Evangelical wing of Christianity as this is my background. The few issues I investigated from a South African prison system are the following. Firstly the issue of homosexuality was looked at from an Evangelical perspective. The conclusion was that the practice of homosexuality is a sin just like any other sexual deviation from the God ordained sex within marriage. Secondly empirical research was done to verify homosexual sex in prisons in South Africa. The results of this research confirmed that homosexual sex acts are a daily occurrence in our prisons. The results also showed that the aspect of indecent assault, forced or coerced homosexual sex acts now classified as “male rape,” was rife in prisons. Other factors related to this matter were that prison gangs and Correctional members’ complicity aggravated this issue of “male rape”. Thirdly we looked at the policy of “no sex in prison” as set out by the Department of Correctional Services. A number of discrepancies were uncovered. Firstly, there is unfair discrimination in the treatment of heterosexuals and homosexuals in prisons. Whereas heterosexuals are legally barred from having sex with their spouses while in prison, homosexuals are having sex in prison with their partners. Although the DOCS insists on the policy of no sex in prison, they appear to be condoning it in that they provide free condoms to inmates. In accordance with the stipulation of the Bill of Rights regarding unfair discrimination, the DOCS should treat inmates equally. To make matters worse, the South African Government has sanctioned same sex unions but failed to put in place effective control measures in correctional service centres to ensure that the policy of no sex in prison is not undermined. The DOCS should look at either allowing heterosexuals to have conjugal visits or ensure that homosexuals are not put together in the same cell, so as to adhere to this policy. Fourthly the issue punishment and rehabilitation was also investigated. This was done from a Christian ethical perspective. The Department of Correctional Services says that their objective is not to punishment but to rehabilitate. The discussion showed that putting convicted criminals in prison was a punishment on its own. It was further discussed that punishment is biblical, and that whilst punishment should be left to God, He in turn has put governments on earth as His servants to mete out punishment to those who deserve it. It was also discussed that rehabilitation does not happen automatically, that it needs a buy in by the individual concerned as seen from the examples of individuals cited in the thesis. Lastly, the causes of such sexual behaviour in prison were investigated. Corrupt officials, overcrowding and inadequate food supply, among others, are matters to be rectified in dealing with this problem. Alternatives to jail sentences for minor offences are also strongly suggested so as to alleviate the problem of overcrowding. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Dogmatics and Christian Ethics / unrestricted

Introduktion: Hälsan hos intagna på anstalter är sämre än hos den generella populationen. Att ha känslan av sammanhang är en viktig faktor för upplevd god hälsa samt för att kunna hantera stressfaktorer som uppkommer i livet. Teorin av känslan av sammanhang kretsar kring tre viktiga konstruktioner: begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet. Personalen på kriminalvårdsanstalterna är de individer som arbetar närmast de intagna under deras vistelse på anstalt och personalen är de som kommunicerar och möter dem mest under deras verkställighet. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka kriminalvårdspersonalens erfarenheter av att främja begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet för intagna individer på anstalt. Metod: Den här studien använde en kvalitativ ansats där sex tidigare eller nuvarande kriminalvårdsanställda intervjuades. Datamaterialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys enligt Graneheim och Lundman (2004). Resultat: Resultatet identifierade fem kategorier relaterat till personalens förmåga att främja känslan av sammanhang för intagna vilka var; sysselsättning, bemötande, verktyg, hinder och positiva resultat. De fem kategorierna var områden där kriminalvårdspersonalen upplevde sig erfara främjandet av begriplighet, hanterbarhet och meningsfullhet för de intagna på anstalt samt vilka hinder men även positiva resultat de upplevde. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis visade studien på att det fanns erfarenhet bland kriminalvårdspersonalen av att främja teorins tre komponenter för intagna på anstalt. Framtida forskning föreslås vad gäller att undersöka hur känslan av sammanhang och dess tre komponenter kan användas som en del i det hälsofrämjande arbetet på anstalt. / Introduction: Health among inmates in custody is worse compared to the general population. Having a sense of coherence is an important factor for perceived good health as well as to be able to handle stress factors that arise in life. The theory of sense of coherence centers around three important constructs: comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness. The staff of correctional facilities are the people who work closest to the inmates during their stay in custody and staff are those who communicate and meet them the most during their enforcement. Aim: The aim of the study is to examine the correctional staff's experiences of promoting comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness for incarcerated individuals in custody. Methods: This research used a qualitative approach where six former or current correctional officers were interviewed. The data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman (2004). Results: The results identified five categories related to staff´s ability to promote a sense of coherence for inmates, including were; occupation, interactions, tools, obstacles and positive results. Conclusion: In summary, the study showed that correctional staff had experience in promoting the theory´s three components for inmates in custody. Future research is suggested in terms of investigating how sense of coherence and its three components can be used as part of the health promotion work in custody.

Rättsväsendets kapacitet till att rehabilitera kriminella har länge varit ett omdiskuterat ämne, med en betydande del forskning som har kritiserat fängelseverksamhetens utformning och möjlighet till att uppfylla en sådan effekt. I Sverige baseras allt rehabiliterande arbete inom Kriminalvården på en klientunik verkställighetsplan [VSP]. Verktyget innefattar klientens initiala risk- och behovsbedömning, efterföljande rehabiliterande åtgärder samt en dokumentation över processen och eventuella förändringar i den. Trots VSP centralitet för Kriminalvårdens återfallsförebyggande uppdrag är den tidigare forskningen om den begränsad. Således ämnar denna studie till att undersöka kriminalvårdsanställdas upplevelser av arbetet med VSP, samt deras erfarenheter av faktorer som kan påverka tillämpningen. Därigenom avser studien att bistå med fördjupad kunskap om dess tillämpning och aspekter för eventuell vidareutveckling. För detta ändamål utfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med kriminalvårdsanställda. Materialet transkriberades sedan i enlighet med Jeffersons system för transkribering och avslutningsvis analyserades genom en tematisk analys. Resultatet fann att anställda upplevde att verktygets struktur bidrog till ett förtroende för utförande av VSP. Kriminalvårdsanställda problematiserade även VSP genom deras erfarenhet av omständigheter som påverkar dess utförande; så som skild kunskapsnivå, resurstillgång, klientens motivation till förändring samt kriminalvårdarens professionella insikt och expertis. Med anledning av detta resultat bör således vidare forskning ämna att undersöka omfattningen av de faktorer som utgör ett hinder för implementeringen av VSP, samt tillförlitlighet av det underliggande risk- och behovsbedömnings instrumentet då korrekt identifikation av dessa krävs för effektiv och pålitlig behandling. / The judiciary's capability to rehabilitate criminals is a subject of discourse, with some research criticizing both the structure and the overall possibility of reform in a prison setting. Rehabilitation in the Swedish correctional services employ a per client individualized plan of treatment [VSP]. This plan contains an initial risk and need assessment, planned programs and documentation over the procedure and its potential changes. However, despite VSP's centrality for the Swedish correctional services, research about its effects is limited. Therefore, this study aims to examine the experiences that Swedish correctional service employees have of VSP, and their perception of potential factors that may affect its implementation. In doing so the study seeks to develop the understanding of VSP and to identify areas of development. In pursuit of this aim, semi-structured interviews with employees of the Swedish correctional service were utilized. The material was then transcribed in accordance with Jefferson's transcription system and finally analyzed through a thematic analysis. The study found that employees spoke of an organizational support and structure that inspired faith in VSP. Utilization of VSP was affected due to lacking resource allocation, differences in practitioner knowledge and expertise, and the client level of motivation. In lieu of these results further research should seek to examine the prevalence of these factors, as well as the validity of the underlying risk-need evaluation instrument as correct identification of these factors are required for reliable treatment.

The South African Government in 2002 accepted the Public Service Anti-Corruption Strategy (PSACS) with the objective to reduce the manifestation of malfeasance in the public service. The PSACS identified various goals and objectives to be achieved at both the systemic and departmental levels. At the departmental level, the PSACS set out to increase the institutional capacity of departmental institutions, and encourage the management of risk and of discipline in the public service. Departments are required to establish the necessary capacity to formulate fraud prevention and anti-corruption policies, receive and manage allegations of corruption, and investigate allegations of corruption and detected risks at a preliminary level. To manage ethics departments should inter alia identify early signs of a lack of discipline, improve the accountability and capacity of managers to manage discipline, and encourage managers to act against transgressions. However, various authors have been critical of the formulation of policies and the establishment of structures as a policy response to public service corruption. In their view, such an approach often leads to a reduction in the efficiency and effectiveness of public programmes, and even creates opportunities for corruption. In response to such deficiencies, some argue that a compliance-based approach to public service malfeasance should be supplemented by a value-based approach with an emphasis on the development of internal selfcontrol of individuals, the promotion of trust among employees, and the promotion of a culture of responsibility. In this context, this researcher proposes that the promotion of an ethical culture could enhance the implementation of the PSACS. In this dissertation, this researcher set out to evaluate, among others, the ethical culture of the Department of Correctional Services (DCS). It was decided that a survey would be the most appropriate data collection method. A questionnaire was administered and the data was captured, analysed and interpreted. Various statistical tests were performed and the findings suggest inter alia that the promotion of an ethical culture coincides with lower levels of observed malfeasance. Consequently, when greater clarity of operational and ethics policies is obtained, an increase occurs in both the severity and frequency of penalties for malfeasance, and officials gain greater access to resources and time to execute their responsibilities, the level of observed malfeasance is likely to be reduced. The promotion of an ethical culture could significantly enhance the implementation of the PSACS. / Public Administration / D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

This report is the result of a literature study and questionnaire which gave insight on the role of Department of Correctional Services in the rehabilitation of child molesters. Correctional Services has adopted a new approach, where offenders need to change their negative behavior and be rehabilitated. Corrections have a societal responsibility towards the community to guide the offender on his rehabilitation path. This study was conducted to give a better understanding of rehabilitation to child molesters. It seems that child molesters will re-offend if they are not included in a thorough treatment programme. The purpose of this research is to determine if the Department of Correctional Services delivers on its legal and social responsibility towards the rehabilitation of child molesters. It is evaluated against international benchmarks. In this study the researcher gathered information on the profile of a child molester, the programmes currently available in Correctional Services, and also the involvement of the community in this process. Corrections cannot work alone, and needs the help of the community and leaders in the community to assist it in this process. Correctional Services faces many challenges in order to succeed in the rehabilitation of offenders. Currently there is a shortage of social workers and psychologists in the Department of Correctional Services, and the Department cannot, therefore, fully succeed in its rehabilitative role. Another aspect is that treatment is voluntary, and offenders can decide if they want to become involved or not. Only if the judge decides that the offender must be included in therapy, can he be forced to do so. / Penology / M.A. (Penology)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation of the components of unit management, namely; architecture, case management, risk management and human rights in South African Youth Development Centres. The concept of unit management in correctional centres was adopted by the South African Correctional system in March 1995. However, the formal introduction of the concept was announced by the former Minister of Correctional Services, Dr. Sipho Mzimela, on 16th February 1996. The implementation of unit management was viewed as a vehicle for service delivery in South African correctional centres. Moreover, this concept was also viewed as a strategic move to ensure that corrections and the rehabilitation of inmates, as the core business of the department, are achieved. In an attempt to assess the application of unit management at South African Youth Development Centres, and how unit management influences the rehabilitation of sentenced youth offenders, a descriptive study was conducted to obtain knowledge and perspective from the available literature. In addition to a descriptive study, the researcher employed a quantitative methodology. Using the quantitative approach, data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. In the case of coding and data analysis, a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) was utilized. In sum, Frequency Tables and Bar Charts were used to simplify the analysis per section and category. The findings from this study revealed that the conditions of detention at Youth Development Centres, specifically the level of overcrowding, influence of old correctional centre structures and the absence of custodial therapists contribute to the violence, violation of basic human rights and failure to rehabilitate youth offenders in these centres. Moreover, the findings also indicate that any efforts to implement the unit management approach proactively fails due to the abovementioned conditions in Youth Development Centres. / Unit management as a rehabilitation tool for youth offenders / Department of Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)