Thesis. 1978. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 191-193. / by Thomas E. Castelnuovo. / M.C.P.

<div>Applications of electric propulsion to spaceflight in multi-body environments require a targeting algorithm to produce suitable trajectories on the ground and on board spacecraft. The two-level targeter with low thrust (TLT-LT) provides a framework to implement differential corrections in computationally-limited autonomous spacecraft applications as well as the larger design space of pre-mission planning. Extending existing two-level corrections algorithms, applications of the TLT-LT to spacecraft with a range of propulsive capabilities, from nearly-impulsive to low-thrust, are explored. The process of determining partial derivatives is generalized, allowing reduced logical complexity and increased flexibility in designing sequences of thrusting and ballistic segments. Various implementation strategies are explored to enforce constraints on time and other design variables as well as to improve convergence behavior through the use of dynamical systems theory and attenuation factors. The TLT-LT is applied to both nearly-impulsive and low-thrust spacecraft applications in the circular restricted three-body problem to demonstrate the flexibility of the framework to correct trajectories across the spectrum of thrust magnitude. Finally, parameter continuation is employed to extend a family of trajectories from a solution with nearly-impulsive thrust events to the low-thrust regime, and the characteristics of this transition are investigated.</div>

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This study explores the risk and resiliency factors for stress within a correctional environment and how correctional staff are impacted personally and professionally by occupational stress. Employing a qualitative research methodology, this research utilized thematic analysis to examine existing literature on stress in corrections. Study findings revealed that high levels of stress impacted the physical health, emotional well-being, family and relationships of correctional staff as well as the quality of service provided to clients. The risk factors for stress were identified as increased workload, lack of resources, time pressures, performance expectations, the culture of the criminal justice system, job experience/training, inadequate management support and dangerous working conditions. The resiliency factors utilized by correctional staff to cope with stress were divided into the themes of colleagues, family, social activities, career changes, training and organizational support and self-preservation. The themes of race, gender and neoliberalism also emerged throughout the literature and a Critical Race Feminism lens was applied to explore how these themes were interconnected with stress within a correctional environment. A deductive analysis of the themes of race, gender and neoliberalism revealed the further complicated nature of occupational stress and how racism, sexism and the infiltration of neoliberal policies contribute as risk factors for stress. / Graduate

L’un des plus grands défis de la cosmologie moderne est d’expliquer l’accélération de l’expansion de l’univers dans son histoire récente. La découverte de cette accélération s’est faite grâce à des mesures de supernovae, ces dernières restant les sondes les plus puissantes pour charactériser cette accélération. Cette thèse vise à présenter l’analyse finale du Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) qui sera publiée en 2015. Nous commençons par présenter les fondements théoriques de la cosmologie moderne, en nous focalisant en particulier sur les défis théoriques que présente cette accélération. Nous introduisont ensuite les supernovae de type Ia (SNIa) et justifions leur usage en tant que sonde cosmologique. Par la suite, nous donnons un aperçu global de l’expérience SNLS. Nous abordons alors les aspects techniques de l’analyse. Nous commençons par l’exploration du processus de photométrie, utilisé pour la mesure des supernovae. Nous détaillons alors la nouvelle méthode de photométrie implémentée par SNLS qui évite le rééchantillonnage des images. Nous explorons aussi les simulations mise en œuvre dans le but de garantir la linéarité de la méthode au dessous de 1 pour mille. Nous explorons ensuite la procédure de calibration associée à ces mesures utilisant des étoiles de champ dont la précision de calibration atteint les 3.5 pour mille. Enfin, nous terminons avec une description détaillée de la mise en oeuvre de tous les outils présentés, afin d’extraire des paramètres cosmologiques des données. Afin d’estimer la capacité de SNLS à contraindre les paramètres cosmologiques, nous contruisons un diagramme de Hubble grâce à une analyse préliminaire des données incluant 960 supernovae, dont 450 provenant du SNLS. La combinaison de ce diagramme de Hubble avec des contraintes apportées d’autres sondes cosmologiques mène à une incertitude sur le paramètre de l’équation d’état de l’énergie noire de 0.048, la mesure la plus précise jusqu’à nos jours. / A significant open question of modern cosmology is explaining the accelerated expansion of the universe in late times. The discovery of this acceleration was made using supernova measurements, which continue to be the most significant probe with which to characterize this acceleration. This thesis concerns itself with presenting the final analysis of the Supernova Legacy Survey (SNLS) which will be published in 2015. We begin by presenting the theoretical foundations of modern cosmology, with special emphasis on the challenges presented by acceleration. We then introduce type Ia supernovae (SNIa) and motivate their use as probes of cosmic expansion. Afterwards, we give an overview of the SNLS experiment. We then move on to the technical aspects of the analysis that was carried out. We start by exploring the process of photometry, with which supernova measurements are made. Here we look at the newly implemented photometry method that avoids resampling images. We also explore simulations aimed at ensuring the method’s linearity up to less than 1 per mille. We then explain the calibration process associated with these measurements using field stars calibrated up to the 3.5 per mille level. Finally, we end with an in depth look at the cosmology analysis itself, which utilizes all the tools we have explored to extract cosmological parameters from the data. To estimate the constraining power of the SNLS experiment, we undertake a preliminary analysis of the data by constructing a Hubble diagram using 960 supernovae, of which 450 come from the SNLS. Combining this Hubble diagram with constraints from other cosmological probes leads to an uncertainty on the equation of state parameter of dark energy of 0.048, its most preciseconstraint to date.

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of training each sheriff's office requires in North Carolina and if that training includes multiagency exercises designed to mitigate a critical-incident response and identify any concerns from those training events. The study also compared departmental strength (number of sworn officers per agency) with county populations and geographic area of the state the agency is located in with the number of hours required annually by each agency. Finally, each agency was asked if it had participated in a multiagency exercise and a multiagency incident and to identify any issues that occurred within that training or response. This research indicated that over half of the sheriffs' offices had completed mandated training beyond what North Carolina requires. Only slight differences between regions of the state (mountains, piedmont, or coastal plain) were detected as well as slight differences within the county populations. However, it was discovered that the size of a sheriff's office did have significance; larger sheriff's offices often required more training than smaller offices. Sheriff's offices that had experienced multiagency exercises and multiagency incidents were more likely to exceed the North Carolina minimum training requirements as well. Finally, respondents who had participated in either a multiagency exercise or a multiagency incident indicated common problems and concerns within those responses. The reoccurring problems and concerns were; communications, training, and organization or combinations of the three.

Females are becoming a prominent population within America’s correctional facilities, which has led to incarcerated females increasingly becoming the popular subjects of more recent research. Along with the growing population of female inmates, the rates of sexual and physical victimization reported by incarcerated females is rapidly growing. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the pre-established correlation between mental health diagnoses, and the prior physical and/or sexual abuse of female inmates within the custody of correctional institutions, outline the current treatment process, and devise a revision of the treatment process in order to improve the future of mental health care for incarcerated females. First, a brief description of the increasing female inmate population, their significant mental health care needs, and the lack of effective mental health care they are actually receiving, followed by the issues that this poses to rehabilitation and the community will be provided. Second, an examination of the commonality of childhood physical and/or sexual abuse among the female offenders that have been diagnosed with mental illnesses will be conducted. Next, a discussion of the most common mental health diagnoses of incarcerated women, what they are said to be caused by, and how they are being treated behind bars will be directed. Finally, a conclusion covering the established relationship between physical and sexual abuse and adult mental illnesses, the issues that the lack of adequate mental health care for incarcerated females poses, and what can be done to change and improve the future will be presented.

This is an exploratory study which focuses on the types of information that deputies assigned to the Department of Public Safety, Multnomah County, Oregon, consider important when making a decision regarding the disposition of a juvenile offender. This empirical study developed as a result of participant observation. The authors spent one year working with deputies as part of police-social worker teams. During the course of the year it became apparent that police use a considerable amount of discretion when determining the disposition of a juvenile offender. The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate systematically: the types of information that deputies believed play the most significant role in the decision-making process in general, the types of information that deputies used when determining which disposition to apply toward a juvenile charged with a particular offense, the personal and occupational characteristics of the individual deputy that might have had a bearing on the dispositions he applied toward a juvenile, if there was agreement between the types of information deputies generally believed were important to disposition of cases and the types of information deputies actually utilized when making a decision in particular cases, if there was agreement among officers with respect to the disposition of a juvenile in particular cases, and the relationship among types of information deputies believed were important in particular cases, the dispositions they applied toward juveniles in that case and the nature of the case presented.

This exploratory study examines the hypothesis that Socratic pedagogy is a useful tool for imparting critical thinking and moral reasoning skills to inmates. The study explores the effectiveness of a new curriculum, Introducing Socrates, which relies on Socratic pedagogy to achieve its objectives. The curriculum draws from the effective criminal justice research on cognitive education to determine its objectives, and then looks to the Platonic dialogues to find broad philosophical questions that tie into those objectives. The program also evaluates salient criticisms of Socratic pedagogy that are found in the educational and philosophical literature, and then isolates and evaluates constructs from these criticisms in the study.

Although a widely used practice, it was previously unknown whether disciplinary segregation is actually effective at modifying prison behavior. This quantitative, retrospective observational study tested deterrence theory and explored the effectiveness of disciplinary segregation in deterring subsequent prison inmate misconduct among those subjected to it (N = 228). It compared a cohort of male inmates incarcerated by the Oregon Department of Corrections who had spent time in disciplinary segregation in 2011 and/or 2012 with a comparison cohort who had not spent any time in disciplinary segregation. Three models were tested, each with the outcome variable operationalized in a different way: overall total rule violations in 2013-2014, total major rule violations in 2013-2014, and total minor rule violations in 2013-2014. Multiple regression analysis was used to control for the influence of age, time spent on current sentence, risk score, prior major and minor rule violations, and time spent in disciplinary segregation. These analyses revealed that for each model, disciplinary segregation was not a significant predictor of subsequent prison inmate misconduct. The findings suggest that deterrence theory does not explain the relation between the experience of disciplinary segregation and subsequent prison misconduct among those subjected to it. The findings further suggest that disciplinary segregation neither decreases nor increases subsequent prison misconduct. These results indicate that disciplinary segregation should undergo a critical evaluation by prison administrators, which could lead to the practice of disciplinary segregation being exercised in a more judicious and informed manner, thus limiting its potentially negative effects and contributing to positive social change.