Quantum cryptography is arguably the most successfully applied area of quantum information theory. In this work, We invsetigate the role of quantum indistinguishability in random number generation, quantum temporal correlations, quantum nonlocality and counterfactuality for quantum cryptography. We study quantum protocols for key distribution, and their security in the conventional setting, in the counterfactual paradigm, and finally also in the device-independent scenario as applied to prepare-and-measure schemes. We begin with the interplay of two essential non-classical features like quantum indeterminism and quantum indistinguishability via a process known as bosonic stimulation is discussed. It is observed that the process provides an efficient method for macroscopic extraction of quantum randomness. Next, we propose two counterfactual cryptographic protocols, in which a secret key bit is generated even without the physical transmission of a particle. The first protocol is semicounterfactual in the sense that only one of the key bits is generated using interaction-free measurement. This protocol departs fundamentally from the original counterfactual key distribution protocol in not encoding secret bits in terms of photon polarization. We discuss how the security in the protocol originates from quantum single-particle non-locality. The second protocol is designed for the crypto-task of certificate authorization, where a trusted third party authenticates an entity (e.g., bank) to a client. We analyze the security of both protocols under various general incoherent attack models. The next part of our work includes study of quantum temporal correlations. We consider the use of the Leggett-Garg inequalities for device-independent security appropriate for prepare-and-measure protocols subjected to the higher dimensional attack that would completely undermine standard BB84. In the last part, we introduce the novel concept of nonlocal subspaces constructed using the graph state formalism, and propose their application for quantum information splitting. In particular, we use the stabilizer formalism of graph states to construct degenerate Bell operators, whose eigenspace determines the nonlocal subspace, into which a quantum secret is encoded and shared among an authorized group of agents, or securely transmitted to a designated secret retriever. The security of our scheme arises from the monogamy of quantum correlations. The quantum violation of the Bell-type inequality here is to its algebraic maximum, making this approach inherently suitable for the device-independent scenario.

Nous nous sommes intéressés à la restauration de la symétrie de réflexion droite-gauche brisée dans certains calculs effectués en utilisant l'approche HTDA (Higher Tamm-Dancoff Approximation). Cette approche a été proposée par le groupe de Bordeaux pour traiter de façon microscopique les corrélations en conservant explicitement les nombres de nucléons. La projection sur la parité par la méthode PAV (projection après variation) utilisant une généralisation du théorème de Wick de type Löwdin s'est avérée être très bien adaptée dans le cadre d'un modèle simplifié pour ce type de calcul et a permis de tourner certaines difficultés propres aux calculs qui utilisent la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité déduite par exemple de l'interaction de Skyrme. Les résultats obtenus pour des noyaux lourds manifestant une déformation octupôlaire ou à tout le moins une grande déformabilité pour ce mode, sont en gros tout à fait cohérents avec les calculs antérieurs effectués dans une approche HFB ou HF+BCS. D'autre part nos résultats montrent qu'on peut abaisser par projection sur la parité positive la hauteur de la seconde barrière de fission par une quantité de l'ordre de 1 MeV. / This thesis has been concerned with the restoration of the left-right symmetry broken in some instances. This has been achieved in the framework of the Higher Tamm-Dancoff Approximation (HTDA) proposed by the Bordeaux group to treat correlations in an explicitly particle-number conserving microscopic approach. The parity-projected calculations performed within a PAV (projection after variation) method using a generalized Wick's theorem due to Löwdin has appeared to be a very well-suited frame. It has been implemented within a simple model approach. This has been proposed to clear out some difficulties appearing when one uses an Energy Density Functional approach with an energy density functional issued from an underlying Skyrme interaction. As a result we obtain a fairly good global agreement of our results with previous ones issuing from an HFB approach or its HF+BCS limit, for some heavy nuclei exhibiting a stable octupole deformation or at least a remarkable smoothness for this collective mode. As another result, we have shown that the projection on a positive parity solution is able to reduce the second fission barrier height by about 1 MeV.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude théorique de mélanges quantiques fortement interagissants à une dimension et soumis à un potentiel externe harmonique. De tels systèmes fortement corrélés peuvent être réalisés et testés dans des expériences d’atomes ultrafroids. Leurs propriétés de symétrie par permutation non triviales sont étudiées, ainsi que leurs effets sur les corrélations. Exploitant une solution exacte pour des interactions fortes, nous extrayons des propriétés générales des corrélations encodées dans la matrice densité à un corps et dans les distributions des impulsions associées, dans les mélanges fermioniques et de Bose-Fermi. En particulier, nous obtenons des résultats substantiels sur le comportement à courtes distances, et donc les queues à haute impulsions, qui suivent des lois en k^−4 typiques. Les poids de ces queues, dénotés contacts de Tan, sont liés à de nombreuses propriétés thermodynamiques des systèmes telles que les corrélations à deux corps, la dérivée de l’énergie par rapport à la longueur de diffusion unidimensionnelle, ou le facteur de structure statique. Nous montrons que ces contacts universels de Tan permettent également de caractériser la symétrie spatiale des systèmes, et constituent donc une connexion profonde entre les corrélations et les symétries. En outre, la symétrie d’échange est extraite en utilisant une méthode de théorie des groupes, à savoir la méthode de la somme des classes (class-sum method en anglais), qui provient à l’origine de la physique nucléaire. De plus, nous montrons que ces systèmes suivent une version généralisée du fameux théorème de Lieb-Mattis. Souhaitant rendre nos résultats aussi pertinents expérimentalement que possible, nous dérivons des lois d’échelle pour le contact de Tan en fonction de l’interaction, de la température et du confinement transverse. Ces lois présentent des effets intéressants liés aux fortes corrélations et à la dimensionnalité. / The main focus of this thesis is the theoretical study of strongly interacting quantum mixtures confined in one dimension and subjected to a harmonic external potential. Such strongly correlated systems can be realized and tested in ultracold atoms experiments. Their non-trivial permutational symmetry properties are investigated, as well as their interplay with correlations. Exploiting an exact solution at strong interactions, we extract general correlation properties encoded in the one-body density matrix and in the associated momentum distributions, in fermionic and Bose-Fermi mixtures. In particular, we obtain substantial results about the short-range behavior, and therefore the high-momentum tails, which display typical k^−4 laws. The weights of these tails, denoted as Tan’s contacts, are related to numerous thermodynamic properties of the systems such as the two-body correlations, the derivative of the energy with respect to the one-dimensional scattering length, or the static structure factor. We show that these universal Tan’s contacts also allow to characterize the spatial symmetry of the systems, and therefore is a deep connection between correlations and symmetries. Besides, the exchange symmetry is extracted using a group theory method, namely the class-sum method, which comes originally from nuclear physics. Moreover, we show that these systems follow a generalized version of the famous Lieb-Mattistheorem. Wishing to make our results as experimentally relevant as possible, we derive scaling laws for Tan’s contact as a function of the interaction, temperature and transverse confinement. These laws. Display displadisplay display interesting effects related to strong correlations and dimensionality.

The purpose of the research was to determine whether measures of ability, personality and behaviour would significantly predict job performance of customer service agents in a South African commercial airline company. The Verbal Interpretation Test (VCC1), Numerical Reasoning Test (NP6.1), Basic Checking Test (CP7.1C), Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ32) and a competency based interview were completed by job applicants. Customer Contact Competency (CCC) scores and a Person Job Match (PJM) score were derived from the OPQ32 and ability measures to ensure job relevance during selection assessment. Job performance statistics in the form of training scores and supervisor ratings (from performance appraisals and criterion questionnaires) were obtained for the sample as criterion data. Correlations revealed statistically significant small to moderate correlations between the predictors and the criterion data / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M.Com. (Industrial & Organisational Psychology)

A need for a quantitative method to determine body water level has been identified by a team of Clinical Innovation Fellows at the Centre for Technology in Medicine and Health (CTMH). A reliable way to determine body water level would bring great benefits to the healthcare sector, where no optimal method is available at the time of writing. A possible solution is a sensor that would measure alterations in skin properties due to changes in total body water. CTMH has had an idea of such a sensor, which is evaluated in this work. At an early stage of this evaluation process, it became clear that the research regarding correlations between skin properties and body hydration level was not sufficient to warrant the initiation of a sensor development process. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis became to investigate such correlations. An extensive literature review is presented, from which an experiment was developed. The experiment was performed on four human test subjects and involved measurements of skin thickness and elasticity parameters, before and after a weight loss of 3.2-3.7 % due to dehydration. The results showed clear decreases in skin thickness and indications of alterations in skin distensibility as well as in the skin’s immediate elastic response to applied negative pressure. It could also be seen that skin at different body sites does not respond in the same way - calves showed more distinct results than thighs and volar forearm. The material provided in this thesis encourages further studies of the correlation between the mentioned properties and total body water. If a predictable correlation can be found, a sensor development process could start. A reliable way to determine body water level would bring great benefits to the healthcare sector, where no optimal method is available at the time of writing. / Ett behov av att kvantitativt kunna mäta kroppens vattennivå har identifierats av Clinical Innovation Fellowship vid Centrum för Teknik i Medicin och Hälsa (CTMH). Ett tillförlitligt sätt att mäta kroppens vattennivå skulle gynna hälso- och sjukvården på många sätt då ingen optimal metod är tillgänglig i dagsläget. En möjlig lösning skulle kunna vara en sensor som mäter variationer i hudegenskaper till följd av förändringar i kroppens vattennivå. CTMH har haft en idé om en sådan sensor, vilken utvärderas i detta arbete. I ett tidigt skede av utvärderingsprocessen framkom det tydligt att tillräcklig forskning saknades gällande korrelationer mellan hudens egenskaper och kroppens vattennivå. Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta masterexamensarbete blev därför att undersöka sådana korrelationer. En omfattande litteraturgransking gjordes, och utifrån denna utformades ett experiment. Experimentet utfördes på fyra testpersoner och innefattade mätningar av hudens tjocklek samt elasticitetsparameterar. Dessa utfördes före och efter viktnedgång av 3,2-3,7 % till följd av vattenförlust. Resultaten visade på en tydlig minskning av hudtjockleken samt indikationer på förändringar av hudens tänjbarhet samt dess omedelbara elastiska respons vid pålagt negativt tryck. Det visade sig också att huden inte reagerar på samma sätt på olika kroppsdelar - vader visade tydligare förändringar jämfört med lår och armar. Det material som presenteras i detta examensarbete uppmuntrar till fortsatt utredning av korrelationer mellan de nämnda hudegenskaperna och kroppens vattennivå. Om det går att förutse korrelationer finns det förutsättningar för att påbörja utveckling av en sensor.

<p>U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji predstavljena je radiolo&scaron;ka i strukturna karakterizacija građevinskih materijala koji se mogu naći u upotrebi u Srbiji. Izvr&scaron;ena je radiolo&scaron;ka karakterizaicija ukupno 348 uzoraka: granita,&nbsp; fosfogipsa,&nbsp; sirovina&nbsp; u&nbsp; keramičkoj&nbsp; industriji,&nbsp; keramičkih pločica,&nbsp; betona,&nbsp; opeke,&nbsp; maltera,&nbsp; siporeksa,&nbsp; crepa&nbsp; i&nbsp; drugih<br />građevinskih materijala op&scaron;te upotrebe.&nbsp; Radiolo&scaron;ka karakterizacija je&nbsp; sprovedena&nbsp; merenjem&nbsp; koncentracija&nbsp; aktivnosti 226 Ra,232 Th&nbsp; i 40 K metodom&nbsp; gama&nbsp; spektrometrije,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; ekshalacije&nbsp; radona&nbsp; iz selektovanih&nbsp; građevinskih&nbsp; materijala&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; aktivnih&nbsp; uređaja RAD7,&nbsp; RTM&nbsp; 1688-2,&nbsp; AlphaGUard&nbsp; i&nbsp; AlphaE.&nbsp; Kori&scaron;ćenjem&nbsp; Monte Karlo&nbsp; simulacija&nbsp; izvr&scaron;ena&nbsp; je&nbsp; procena&nbsp; jačina&nbsp; apsorbovanih&nbsp; doza<br />gama&nbsp; zračenja,&nbsp; uočena&nbsp; su&nbsp; odstupanja&nbsp; od&nbsp; teorijski&nbsp; procenjenih vrednosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; dati&nbsp; predlozi&nbsp; za&nbsp; korekciju.&nbsp; Izvr&scaron;ena&nbsp; je&nbsp; procena radijacionog&nbsp; rizika&nbsp; od&nbsp; kori&scaron;ćenja&nbsp; analiziranih&nbsp; građevinskih materijala&nbsp; u&nbsp; enterijeru,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; i&nbsp; za&nbsp; profesionalna&nbsp; lica&nbsp; pri&nbsp; radu&nbsp; sa sirovinskim&nbsp; materijalima.&nbsp; Ispitivane&nbsp; su&nbsp; mogućnosti&nbsp; upotrebe fosfogipsa&nbsp; kao&nbsp; NORM&nbsp; materijala&nbsp; u&nbsp; proizvodnji gips-karton&nbsp; ploča&nbsp; i opeke&nbsp; uz procenu radijacionog rizika od upotrebe.&nbsp; Napravljeno je 8 uzoraka&nbsp; opeke&nbsp; sa&nbsp; različitim&nbsp; udelog&nbsp; fosfogipsa&nbsp; i&nbsp; izvr&scaron;ena&nbsp; je<br />radiolo&scaron;ka&nbsp; i&nbsp; strukturna&nbsp; karakterizacija&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; materijala. Ispitivane&nbsp; su&nbsp; varijacije&nbsp; koeficijenata&nbsp; emanacije&nbsp; radona&nbsp; iz građevinskih materijala tokom vremena, kao i uticaj efekata curenja i povratne difuzije koji dovode do tih varijacija. Ispitivan je takođe i uticaj strukture materijala u smislu mineralo&scaron;kog i hemijskog satava i&nbsp; poroznosti&nbsp; na&nbsp; vrednosti&nbsp; koeficijenta&nbsp; emanacije&nbsp; radona. Meneralo&scaron;ka&nbsp; karakterizacija&nbsp; uzoraka&nbsp; izvr&scaron;ena&nbsp; je&nbsp; metodom rendgenske&nbsp; strukturne&nbsp; analize&nbsp; (XRD),&nbsp; a&nbsp; hemijska&nbsp; metodom rendgenske&nbsp; fluorescentne&nbsp; analize&nbsp; (XRF).&nbsp; Merenje&nbsp; ukupne&nbsp; efektivne poroznosti izvr&scaron;eno je metodama apsorpcije vode i metodom živine porozimetrije.&nbsp; Na&nbsp; osnovu&nbsp; dobijenih&nbsp; rezultata&nbsp; uspostavljene&nbsp; su značajne&nbsp; korelacije&nbsp; između&nbsp; pojedinih&nbsp; radiolo&scaron;kih&nbsp; i&nbsp; strukturnih parametara za analizirane uzorke građevinskih materijala.</p> / <p>In&nbsp; this&nbsp; doctoral&nbsp; dissertation,&nbsp; the&nbsp; results&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; radiological&nbsp; and structural characterization of building materials used in Serbia were presented.&nbsp; Radiological&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; a&nbsp; total&nbsp; of&nbsp; 348&nbsp; samples was performed, including granite, phosphogypsum, raw&nbsp; materials&nbsp; in the ceramic industry, ceramic tiles, concrete, brick, mortar, siporex, tiles,&nbsp; and&nbsp; other&nbsp; materials&nbsp; frequently&nbsp; used&nbsp; as&nbsp; building&nbsp; materials.Radiological characterization was performed by measuring activity concentrations&nbsp; of 226 Ra,232 Th,&nbsp; and 40 K&nbsp; by&nbsp; gamma&nbsp; spectrometry method, as well&nbsp; as radon exhalation from selected building materials using active devices RAD7, RTM 1688-2, AlphaGuard and AlphaE.Using&nbsp; Monte&nbsp; Carlo&nbsp; simulations,&nbsp; the&nbsp; absorbed&nbsp; gamma&nbsp; dose&nbsp; rates were&nbsp; estimated.&nbsp; Furthermore,&nbsp; the&nbsp; deviations&nbsp; from&nbsp; the&nbsp; theoretically estimated&nbsp; absorbed&nbsp; dose&nbsp; rates&nbsp; were&nbsp; observed,&nbsp; and&nbsp; suggestions&nbsp; for correction were given. An assessment of the radiation risk from the use&nbsp; of&nbsp; analyzed&nbsp; building&nbsp; materials&nbsp; in&nbsp; the&nbsp; interior,&nbsp; as&nbsp; well&nbsp; as&nbsp; for occupational&nbsp; workers&nbsp; working&nbsp; with&nbsp; raw&nbsp; materials&nbsp; was&nbsp; conducted.The possibilities of using phosphogypsum as a NORM material in the production&nbsp; of&nbsp; gypsum&nbsp; plasterboard&nbsp; and&nbsp; bricks&nbsp; were&nbsp; investigated, with&nbsp; an&nbsp; assessment&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; radiation&nbsp; risk&nbsp; due&nbsp; to&nbsp; use&nbsp; of&nbsp; phosphogypsum as a component in the building materials. 8 samples of&nbsp; bricks&nbsp; with&nbsp; different&nbsp; proportions&nbsp; of&nbsp; phosphogypsum&nbsp; were&nbsp; made and&nbsp; radiological&nbsp; and&nbsp; structural&nbsp; characterization&nbsp; of&nbsp; the&nbsp; obtained materials was performed. Variations of radon emanation coefficients from building materials over time, as well as the influence of leakage and&nbsp; back&nbsp; diffusion&nbsp; effects&nbsp; leading&nbsp; to&nbsp; these&nbsp; variations,&nbsp; were investigated. The influence of the structure of the material in terms of mineral and chemical composition and porosity on the values of the radon&nbsp; emanation&nbsp; coefficient&nbsp; was&nbsp; also&nbsp; investigated.&nbsp; The mineralogical characterization of the samples was performed by the method&nbsp; of&nbsp; X-ray&nbsp; structural&nbsp; analysis&nbsp; (XRD),&nbsp; and&nbsp; the&nbsp; chemical characterization&nbsp; by&nbsp; the&nbsp; method&nbsp; of&nbsp; X-ray&nbsp; fluorescence&nbsp; analysis (XRF). The measurement of total effective porosity was performed by water absorption methods and mercury porosimetry method. Based on&nbsp; the&nbsp; obtained&nbsp; results,&nbsp; significant&nbsp; correlations&nbsp; were&nbsp; establishedbetween&nbsp; individual&nbsp; radiological&nbsp; and&nbsp; structural&nbsp; parameters&nbsp; for&nbsp; the analyzed samples of construction materials.</p>

Newly available industry well data and seismic attribute analysis reveal that late Ordovician-early Devonian Hunton Group strata are more widespread (i.e., not removed by mid-Devonian erosion) in the central and southern portions of the Arkoma Basin in eastern Oklahoma than previously thought. This study demonstrates the value of applying seismic attribute analysis to problems of quantifying and mapping stratigraphic features caused by erosions and/or karstification. Well and seismic isochron data in the Red Oak petroleum field for the Viola-Woodford interval (the units that lie stratigraphically beneath and above, respectively, the Huton Group) show isolated ~40-m thick lenses of Hunton rocks, on average measuring 3 km in diameter, with a surrounding halo of karsted rock. This distribution can be explained in two different ways: 1) Hunton occurrences could represent isolated erosional remnants reflecting incomplete removal of the Hunton Group during Middle Devonian time (pre-Woodford unconformity) or 2) due to karsting and collapse of stratigraphically lower units (Viola or Bromide carbonates), lenses of Hunton rocks would have sagged into sinkholes where they were preserved beneath regional base level. Using formation tops from a well data set correlated with attribute and structure maps from a proprietary 3-D seismic data set, we identify three seismic characteristics in the middle Paleozoic interval that correlate well with: 1) absent Hunton seismic markers, indicating that Hunton rocks were completely removed, 2) the Hunton contacts, indicating where a seismically visible section of Hunton rocks remains, 3) absent Hunton but with a thin horizon included within lower carbonate strata that is interpreted to be an incipient karst zone, which is consistently adjacent to areas containing Hunton rocks. The base of the Sylvan Shale and the top of the Woodford Shale, the respective lower and upper adjoining units, form significant chronostratigraphic surfaces. As such, anomalous thicknesses of these units are depositionally related; thick Woodford sections often correlate to thin or absent Hunton rocks, possibly indicating back-filled pre-Woodford channels eroded into or through the Hunton Group. Conversely, when there is little or no Woodford thickening over Hunton lenses and when adjacent areas show thinning and partially karsted Viola rocks, we propose that karstic collapse of Viola strata was responsible for the Hunton rocks preservation. A combination of these models may be necessary to account for areas where we see thinning both in the Woodford and Viola, suggesting that a Hunton lens is structurally lowered due to karsting, but due to its erosionally resistive nature, the lens forms a depositional high, causing the Woodford to thin over it. The 3-D approach is absolutely necessary to reveal the subtle waveform details that illustrate the karstic and erosional processes involved in the preservation of the Hunton wedges. These findings were interpolated, constrained by well data, over the entire Oklahoma portion of the Arkoma basin in order to produce a new Hunton isopach map and 20 separate cross-sections (two shown herein). These show a broad linear region of absent Hunton. Eustatic sea levels rose throughout the middle and late Devonian, so this large area of eroded Hunton is interpreted as a post-Hunton, pre-Woodford structural uplift. Other Hunton wedges, similar in size and extant to that seismically imaged in this study, were also found in the well data. The karstic collapse of the Viola and subsequent preservation of Hunton rocks occurred on both limbs of the arch.

Cold-atom quantum simulators offer unique possibilities to prepare, manipulate, and probe quantum many-body systems. However, despite the high level of control in modern experiments, not all observables of interest are easily accessible. This thesis aims at establishing protocols to measure currently elusive static and dynamic properties of quantum systems. The experimental feasibility of these schemes is illustrated by means of numerical simulations for relevant applications in many-body physics and quantum simulation. In particular, we introduce a general method for measuring dynamical correlations based on non-Hermitian linear response. This enables unbiased tests of the famous fluctuation-dissipation relation as a probe of thermalization in isolated quantum systems. Furthermore, we develop ancilla-based techniques for the measurement of currents and current correlations, permitting the characterization of strongly correlated quantum matter. Another application is geared towards revealing signatures of supersolidity in spin-orbit-coupled Bose gases by exciting the relevant Goldstone modes. Finally, we explore a scenario for quantum-simulating post-inflationary reheating dynamics by parametrically driving a Bose gas into the regime of universal far-from-equilibrium dynamics. The presented protocols also apply to other analog quantum simulation platforms and thus open up promising applications in the field of quantum science and technology. / I simulatori quantistici ad atomi freddi offrono possibilità uniche per preparare, manipolare e sondare sistemi quantistici a molti corpi. Tuttavia, nonostante l'alto livello di controllo raggiunto negli esperimenti moderni, non tutte le osservabili di interesse sono facilmente accessibili. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di stabilire protocolli per misurare delle proprietà statiche e dinamiche dei sistemi quantistici attualmente inaccessibili. La fattibilità sperimentale di questi schemi è illustrata mediante simulazioni numeriche per applicazioni rilevanti nella fisica a molti corpi e nella simulazione quantistica. In particolare, introduciamo un metodo generale per misurare le correlazioni dinamiche basato su una risposta lineare non hermitiana. Ciò consente test imparziali della famosa relazione fluttuazione-dissipazione come sonda di termalizzazione in sistemi quantistici isolati. Inoltre, sviluppiamo tecniche basate su ancilla per la misura di correnti e correlazioni di corrente, consentendo la caratterizzazione della materia quantistica fortemente correlata. Un'altra applicazione è orientata a rivelare l'impronta della supersolidità nei gas Bose con accoppiamento spin-orbita eccitando il corrispondente modo di Goldstone. Infine, esploriamo uno scenario per la simulazione quantistica della dinamica di riscaldamento post-inflazione modulando parametricamente un gas Bose e portandolo nel regime della dinamica universale lontana dall'equilibrio. I protocolli presentati si applicano anche ad altre piattaforme di simulazione quantistica analogica e aprono quindi applicazioni promettenti nel campo della scienza e della tecnologia quantistica. / Quantensimulatoren auf Basis ultrakalter Atome eröffnen einzigartige Möglichkeiten zur Präparation, Manipulation und Untersuchung von Quanten-Vielteilchen-Systemen. Trotz des hohen Maßes an Kontrolle in modernen Experimenten sind jedoch nicht alle interessanten Observablen auf einfache Weise zugänglich. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Protokolle zur Messung aktuell nur schwer erfassbarer statischer und dynamischer Eigenschaften von Quantensystemen zu etablieren. Die experimentelle Realisierbarkeit dieser Verfahren wird durch numerische Simulationen anhand relevanter Anwendungen in der Vielteilchenphysik und Quantensimulation veranschaulicht. Insbesondere wird eine allgemeine Methode zur Messung dynamischer Korrelationen basierend auf der linearen Antwort auf nicht-hermitesche Störungen vorgestellt. Diese ermöglicht unabhängige Tests des berühmten Fluktuations-Dissipations-Theorems als Indikator der Thermalisierung isolierter Quantensysteme. Darüber hinaus werden Verfahren zur Messung von Strömen und Strom-Korrelationen mittels Kopplung an einen Hilfszustand entwickelt, welche die Charakterisierung stark korrelierter Quantenmaterie erlauben. Eine weitere Anwendung zielt auf die Enthüllung spezifischer Merkmale von Supersolidität in Spin-Bahn-gekoppelten Bose-Einstein-Kondensaten ab, indem die relevanten Goldstone-Moden angeregt werden. Schließlich wird ein Szenario zur Quantensimulation post-inflationärer Thermalisierungsdynamik durch die parametrische Anregung eines Bose-Gases in das Regime universeller Dynamik fern des Gleichgewichts erschlossen. Die dargestellten Protokolle lassen sich auch auf andere Plattformen für analoge Quantensimulation übertragen und eröffnen damit vielversprechende Anwendungen auf dem Gebiet der Quantentechnologie.

Cette thèse exploite les liens profonds entre la physique des systèmes quantiques locaux, les propriétés non locales de leurs états fondamentaux et le contenu en information de ces états. Les deux premiers chapitres sont consacrés à l’application des systèmes quantiques locaux pour les fins d’une tâche informationnelle précise, soit le calcul quantique. Au terme d’un bref survol de la théorie, nous proposons un patron pour le calcul quantique universel et évolutif pouvant être réalisé sur une grande variété de plateformes physiques, et démontrons qu’il est particulièrement résilient face à un bruit anisotrope. Les quatre derniers chapitres sont pour leur part consacrés à l’approche informationnelle des systèmes quantiques à corps multiples. Nous décrivons les principales propriétés des corrélations et de l’intrication dans les états fondamentaux des systèmes de dimensions réduites les plus courants, en distinguant systèmes non critiques et systèmes critiques. Nous montrons que ces propriétés sont fortement modifiées par la présence de frustration géométrique dans les chaînes de spins. Enfin, nous réalisons une analyse exhaustive des corrélations et de l’intrication dans les états fondamentaux de deux théories quantiques de champs non triviales. / This thesis exploits the deep connections between the physics of local quantum systems, the nonlocal features in their ground states, and the information content of these states. The first two chapters are dedicated to the application of local quantum systems for the purpose of a definite information-theoretical task, namely quantum computation. After a brief survey of the theory, we propose a scheme for scalable universal quantum computation that, we argue, could be implemented on a wide variety of physical platforms, and show that it is particularly resilient to anisotropic noise. The last four chapters are dedicated to the information-theoretical approach of many-body quantum systems. We describe the main properties of correlations and entanglement in the ground states of the most common low-dimensional many-body systems, distinguishing between noncritical systems and critical ones. We show how these properties can be dramatically modified by the presence of geometric frustration in spin chains. Finally, we perform an intensive study of correlations and entanglement in the ground states of two nontrivial one-dimensional quantum field theories.

Le progrès technologique de nos sociétés est intimement lié aux matériaux. La physique de la matière condensée cherche à expliquer, décrire et prédire leurs propriétés à partir de lois fondamentales. Bien que l’on connaisse assez bien les axiomes qui régissent notre univers, la combinaison d’un grand nombre de petits systèmes compris individuellement mais interagissants ensemble mène à des propriétés émergentes qui peuvent être complexes et difficilement prévisibles. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions la supraconductivité non-conventionnelle dans les matériaux corrélés, un phénomène émergent des fortes interactions électroniques qui possède un immense potentiel technologique. Pour ce faire, nous réalisons des simulations numériques sur un matériau bien spécifique: le ruthénate de strontium. Dans un premier temps, nous discutons des états normaux des matériaux corrélés devenant supraconducteurs. Alors que la théorie des bandes permet de décrire le continuum entre un isolant électrique et un métal, elle n’arrive pas à décrire les phénomènes émergeant des interactions à plusieurs électrons. Nous expliquons comment la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité permet d’obtenir la densité du niveau fondamental d’un système interagissant en le transformant vers un problème non-interagissant effectif. Elle peut également être employée pour les systèmes possédant un important couplage spin-orbite. Cependant, les fonctionnelles disponibles n’arrivent pas à bien incorporer les fortes corrélations électroniques. Une manière de corriger ce manque est d’employer la théorie du champ moyen dynamique. Cette dernière permet de capturer la dépendance en temps des interactions locales à un corps. Toutefois, la supraconductivité impliquant des paires d’électrons, il faut plutôt étudier des objets à deux corps afin de la caractériser. Nous discutons des critères nécessaires à la provocation de transitions supraconductrices, exprimés en termes de corrections du vertex. Également, nous présentons les paramètres d’ordre pour caractériser une phase supraconductrice. La seconde partie se concentre sur la supraconductivité. D’abord, nous faisons un survol son historique, depuis sa découverte en 1911 jusqu’à celle de l’état supraconducteur du ruthénate de strontium. Ensuite, nous décrivons la supraconductivité conventionnelle, une classe particulière pour laquelle l’état ordonné est attribué à l’interaction entre les électrons et les vibrations du réseau cristallin. Puis, nous introduisons un autre mécanisme d’appariement: l’échange de fluctuations de spin et de charge. Finalement, nous présentons l’état des connaissances collectives modernes en ce qui a trait au ruthénate de strontium. Nos articles proposent de nouvelles avenues impliquant le couplage spin-orbite et les corrélations impaires en fréquences. Nous terminons en introduisant différentes perspectives de recherche dans le domaine de la supraconductivité. / The technological progress of our societies is intimately linked with materials. Condensed matter physics tries to explain, describe and predict their properties from fundamental laws. Although we are quite familiar with the axioms that govern our universe, the combination of a large number of small systems understood individually but interacting together leads to emerging properties that can be complex and difficult to predict. In this thesis, we study unconventional superconductivity in correlated materials, a phenomenon emerging from strong electronic interactions that has immense technological potential. To do this, we carry out numerical simulations on a very specific material: strontium ruthenate. First, we discuss the normal states of correlated materials becoming superconducting. While band theory can describe the continuum between an electrical insulator and a metal, it cannot describe the phenomena emerging from interactions with several electrons. We explain how density functional theory makes it possible to obtain the density of the fundamental level of an interacting system by mapping it into an effective non-interacting problem. It can also be used for systems with a large spin-orbit coupling. However, the available functionals do not manage to incorporate strong electronic correlations well. One way to correct this deficiency is to employ dynamical mean field theory. The latter makes it possible to capture the time dependence of interactions at the one body level. However, since superconductivity involves pairs of electrons, it is rather necessary to study two body objects in order to characterize it. We discuss the criteria necessary for inducing superconducting transitions, expressed in terms of vertex corrections. Also, we present the order parameters to characterize a superconducting phase. The second part focuses on superconductivity. First, we review its history, from its discovery in 1911 to that of the superconducting state of strontium ruthenate. Next, we describe conventional superconductivity, a particular class for which the ordered state is attributed to the interaction between electrons and the vibrations of the crystal lattice. Then, we introduce another pairing mechanism: the exchange of spin and charge fluctuations. Finally, we present the state of modern collective knowledge about strontium ruthenate. Our articles propose new avenues involving spin-orbit coupling and odd frequency correlations. We end by introducing different research perspectives in the field of superconductivity.