Corruption adversely affects various aspects of economic activity, including international trade. As corruption affects international trade in a number of ways, various countries and international organisations have made co-ordinated efforts to effectively control corruption in general and in the context of international trade. Despite the World Trade Organization's role as a body for making and enforcing international trade rules, it has not actively participated in the fight against corruption in the trade arena. This paper explores why the World Trade Organization has made no anti-corruption initiatives and provides a review of the current role that is played by the organization in the international anti-corruption movement, through its existing framework. The study also includes a review of the different instruments put in place by other organisations and countries that have actively participated in combating corruption in international trade, and whether the World Trade Organization should follow-suit.

Doctor Legum - LLD / This study analyzed the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda. The study assessed the phenomena of corruption and how it can create an unjust society. It also examined the legal framework governing the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda. The study thereafter discussed the institutional framework governing the investigation and prosecution of corruption in Uganda and its limitations. It further appraised the legal framework governing the private prosecution in Uganda. It also dealt with the possibility of using private prosecutions to fight corruption, where public institutions charged with the duty are weak or have been compromised by an undemocratic environment within which they are situated.

Abstract: This master's thesis focuses on the obstacles of state building for the defacto states Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic ( Tranistria) and the Republic of Abkhazia. Both of which are break-away states from former soviet republics: Moldova and Georgia. The purpose is to give a cross country comparison of factors which hinder state building. Both states have their unique sets of challenges to integrating into a fully recognized state yet share many of the same obstacles. The factors that will be analyzed are relations to their Patron states; The Russian Federation and how this patron state contributes to these de facto states inability to democratize and gain outside recognition with other member state. These challenges for integration as full dejure states and participation within international institutions are a result of ethnic tension, corruption, authorities and complete dependence on Russia as a parent state. The other factors that will be analyzed is the Foreign policy of the Russian within its near abroad and their soft power tactics towards their compatriots.

Magister Legum - LLM / Today corruption is a major concern for most countries.1 Civil forfeiture of the proceeds of corruption has been embraced as a key strategy by many states in recovering public funds lost through corruption.2 It may be defined as a remedial statutory device designed to recover the proceeds of a crime as well as its instrumentalities.3 Originally, asset recovery regimes adopted by most states were predominantly criminal forfeiture. This mode of forfeiture is preceded by a conviction, after which the state takes possession of the proceeds of the crime from a convicted individual.4 Its proceedings are in personam and the standard of proof is proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, actual forfeiture only takes place after the issue of a conviction order. As a consequence, it is always lengthy and often results in delayed realisation of the proceeds of crime. 5 The inherent weaknesses of criminal forfeiture gave birth to the idea of developing a civil forfeiture system.6 This mode is different from the former in that its proceedings are in rem. Hence the standard of proof is proof on a balance of probabilities and a conviction order is not required.7

The present research aims to understand how the relationship between management and corruption affects the performance of Water Service Delivery, where performance involves not only efficiency but also access to the service. The research arises from a societal concern shared by scholars and development organizations in the water sector: what can be done about performance, corruption and mismanagement in Water Service Delivery, specifically in the urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa? The author expects that the results of the research in these two countries will provide more general insights in the understanding of the management-corruption-performance relation and how the approach can be used elsewhere.

This Research Report is submitted in partial fulfillment towards the degree of Master of Arts (MA) in International Relations in University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. June 2018 / This research investigates the nature of the correlation between the level of corruption and economic growth across 211 countries over the period from 1996 to 2006. With this intention, initially it reviews the conventional argument on corruption being regarded as an inhibitor of economic growth. This research also aims to investigate whether there are countries which exhibit good economic growth despite the presence of high levels of corruption. If so, are there other factors which may explain the presence of economic growth in these outlier countries? The findings clearly highlight that there are countries that exhibit good economic growth despite the presence of high levels of corruption. The findings also revealed that there are other factors that may contribute to economic growth despite the presence of high levels of corruption in these outlier countries. These other factors include trade openness, foreign direct investment and government spending. Thus, it appears that corruption is not always necessarily a factor that reduces economic growth in all contexts / MT 2019

Past research has confirmed the importance of structural and individual-level factors in predicting voter turnout and citizen trust in the government. In international research particularly, political corruption has been shown to negatively affect citizen trust, though the effect of corruption on voter turnout is mixed. To date, no research has examined the effect of corruption on voting and government trust in the United States over a relatively long period of time. In this dissertation, I aim to answer two primary research questions: how U.S. corruption affects voting and how it affects citizen trust in the government. Using many sources of data for state-level variables, and the American National Election Study (NES) for individual-level variables, I investigate these relationships using multilevel modeling (MLM) of forty-six states and approximately 22,000 individuals in my analysis of voting and forty-one states and about 7,000 individuals in my analysis of political trust. I find that corruption has a small, but significant, negative effect on voting. Surprisingly, I find no effect of corruption on a citizen’s political trust, even after assessing the impact of corruption on four other specifications of trust. I also investigate cross-level interaction effects for each analysis, and find no significant results. I conclude with a discussion of possible explanations for these findings, make policy recommendations with the knowledge gained from this research, and offer suggestions for future investigations.

This dissertation considers corruption and education in Iraqi Kurdistan. The sample comes from survey interviews conducted at nineteen universities in the three Kurdistan cities of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. The survey was administered between May and July of 2017. The survey focuses on couple areas: students’ basic demographic information as well as characteristics associated with their personal education such as GPA and field of study; perceptions regarding the quality of education in Kurdistan, not only at the university level but in an individual’s schooling at lower levels; the quality of the Iraqi Kurdistan government, including the prevalence of different types of corruption; and students’ expectations for their future prospects, including their expectation of receiving a high ranking government job. 957 surveys were completed. In Chapter 1, we consider corruption in Iraqi Kurdistan from university students perspectives. We provide three sets of results. The first shows how perceptions of corruption differ across different demographic characteristics. A second set looks at how corruption differs based on one’s city. A final set of results considers how perceptions of corruption differ across political parties. Our results suggest that corruption perceptions do not vary across most individual characteristics as few strong associations are uncovered. Family income is an exception with higher income families reporting greater incidences of corruption. Students, however, living in different cities do report different levels of corruption. One possibility is that corruption is more prevalent in Duhok and so attention at diminishing corruption should focus there. We also find that students not belonging to any political party report lower levels of corruption. Chapter 2, we examine associations between corruption and measures of educational quality but take a different approach than do others in this literature. I use a sample of university students and examine how their views of corruption within society relate to their perceptions of the quality of education they have received. The quality of education (QEDUC) measure is constructed similarly to the quality of education component of the human capital index from World Economic Forum (2013). The quality of education has five criteria: internet access in schools, quality of the education system in meeting the needs of a competitive economy; quality of primary schools; quality of math and science education; and administrative quality of schools. I use this index since it encompasses a wide variety of characteristics of the education system. We found that Internet access is strongly associated with corruption. The other aspect of educational quality most strongly associated with corruption is the extent to which education prepares one for a competitive economy. Although students do not generally associate corruption with specific components of their education like math or primary school, they do believe that corruption is impacting how well they educational system is preparing them beyond their days as students. Finally, in chapter 3, we consider to what extent self-reported political affiliation matters for expectations of university students in Iraqi Kurdistan anticipating public sector employment. The sample data was gathered from students I interviewed at nineteen universities in the Kurdish cities of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymaniyah. The survey was administered between May and July of 2017.The survey focuses on four areas: students’ basic demographic information as well as characteristics associated with their personal education such as GPA and field of study; perceptions regarding the quality of education in Kurdistan, not only at the university level but in an individual’s schooling at lower levels; the quality of the Iraqi Kurdistan government, including the prevalence of different types of corruption; and students’ expectations for their future prospects, including their expectation of receiving a high ranking government job. 957 surveys were completed. We find that party affiliation appears to influence one’s expectation of obtaining a good government job after graduating. As long as party affiliation does not correlate with attributes that increase productivity in public employment, then party affiliation is a characteristic not based on merit. the specific party to which one is affiliated does not seem to matter as much. The PDK is the largest party in the KRI but students in smaller parties such as the PKK are more likely to believe that they will find good public-sector jobs (although less can be said about members of the Goran Party). Nevertheless, we hope that these findings provide at least a first approach as to what extent party affiliation could matter in hiring.

Does power lead to corruption (Kipnis, 1972), and if so, why? Here, a novel mechanism is proposed for understanding the complex relationship between power and corruption by incorporating recent work on morality (Janoff-Bulman, Sheikh, & Hepp, 2009). By bridging the power, self-regulation, and morality literatures we proposed that powerful individuals, because of their approach tendencies, are oriented more towards moral prescriptions or “shoulds” and thus focus more on moral acts and moral intentions while minimizing the importance of moral proscriptions (neglect pathway). We proposed an alternative path to corruption for powerholders via moral self-regard. Powerholders, because of their approach-based moral focus, would experience an automatic boost of implicit moral self-regard that would license future immorality. In three studies we found suggestive evidence that the approach tendencies of participants primed with power maximized the role of good moral acts and intentions and minimized the impact of moral transgressions, because the individual’s monitoring system focused on and valued instances of moral successes rather than moral failures (neglect pathway). We did not find support for the moral self-regard pathway.

There are 2 terms - sustainability and corruption, one of them is widely familiar among people and the other sounds unfamiliar. Sustainability has many aspects and since 2015 The United Nations adopted The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in which the key 17 Sustainable Development Goals were created. Overall sustainability can be divided into three categories, known as 3 pillars of sustainability - Social, Economic and Environmental. Corruption on the contrary is a more familiar term for people, some people only know this in theory, while other people were part of corruption. Corruption can be presented in many forms, such as bribery, service for a favour, misusing or embezzlement of public money and contracts or job granting to friends and relatives. This study takes an in depth look if corruption has a negative effect on higher education specifically in the case of Russia. The result of empirical analyses showed that corruption has no negative effect on education both in long and short-run term.