Korruption utmålas av biståndsorgan som ett av de största hoten mot ett lands utveckling. Detär inte endast ett problem i sig självt, utan korruption genererar även andra samhällsproblem.Detta gör att anti-korruptionsarbete är på agendan för många biståndsgivare, då ett lyckatresultat kan leda till förbättringar inom många områden. I teorin låter det som att länder medhög korruption bör få hjälp att stävja denna, men är det så i praktiken? Denna studieundersöker hur mottagarländernas korruptionsnivå påverkar biståndet de mottar, genom enfixed effects-regression av paneldata över 79 länder för åren 2005 till 2016. Resultaten visaringen statistisk signifikant effekt av mottagarländernas korruptionsnivå på dess bistånd.Däremot går det att säkerställa att korruptionsnivån påverkar Sveriges bilaterala bistånd.

This thesis deals with the definition of the terms ethics, morals, and others. It also describes specific business issues in health care and health care entities in the Czech Republic. The thesis looks at corruption in the health sector, analyzes the available information about corrupt conduct in the Czech Republic and deals with recommendations on how to behave in corrupt conduct.

Master's Thesis: Tobin Hanspal May 18th, 2012 Variability Among Determinants of Education Attainment: The Effect of Natural Resources and Institutional Quality in Sub-Sahara Africa ABSTRACT: This thesis exploits survey data from 21 Sub-Saharan African countries. After constructing a dataset of over 100,000 households to analyze the variability in traditional determinants of schooling attainment across exogenous domains, results indicate strong heterogeneity across countries in the effects of household composition and parental background. Additionally, findings suggest that 1) marginal effects of parental education are on average three times smaller for secondary compared to primary school attainment, 2) countries with lower corruption are correlated with higher levels of educational mobility, 3) dependence on natural resource revenue is associated with increased educational mobility. And finally 4) household wealth becomes a stronger determinant in countries with better institutions. Exogenous factors appears to have a large correlative impact on schooling outcomes, such as individuals belonging to the richest households have almost ten times the chances of completing primary schooling over the poorest quintile in less corrupt states compared to only a marginal advantage in highly corrupt states.

Esta pesquisa pretende estudar como denúncias e evidências de corrupção mobilizam partidos da oposição, eleitores e prefeitos incumbentes levando à punição de prefeitos corruptos durante as campanhas de reeleição. Usando um banco de dados oriundo de relatórios de auditoria aleatórios elaborados pela Controladoria Geral da União que analisam como as transferências federais foram usadas em pequenos municípios brasileiros, nós mostramos que o momento em que os resultados da auditoria são divulgados aos eleitores desempenha um papel importante para saber se prefeitos corruptos serão punidos. Quando os resultados de auditoria produzem provas de corrupção antes da eleição, os prefeitos são menos propensos a concorrer à reeleição. Além disso, os municípios em que as auditorias foram divulgadas antes e durante o período eleitoral tiveram menores taxas de reeleição dos prefeitos. Mostramos isso devido ao aumento da candidatura de candidatos de partidos da oposição como rivais. Nossa análise é restrita a 270 municípios cujos prefeitos estavam em seu primeiro mandato, e cujas administrações foram auditadas entre 2003 e 2004. Nossas conclusões lançam luz sobre os mecanismos que ajudam a explicar os resultados anteriores que mostram que evidências de corrupção punem prefeitos corruptos. Chamamos à atenção para a importância da dinâmica política como ajudar a explicar porque os prefeitos corruptos vão ou não ser punidos. / This research aims to study how corruption allegations and evidence mobilize opposition parties, voter and incumbent mayors leading to the punishment of corrupt mayors during re-election campaigns. Using a database based on random audit reports prepared by the Controladoria Geral da União examining how federal funds were used in small Brazilian municipalities, we show that the timing of when audit findings are disclosed to voters plays an important role in whether corrupt mayors will be punished. When audit records produce evidence of corruption prior to the election, mayors are less likely to run for re-election. Moreover, municipalities where audits were disclosed before and during the election period had lower rates of re-election of the mayors. We show this due to the increase in the candidacy of opposition party candidates as rivals and votes. Our analysis is restricted to 270 municipalities whose mayors were in their first term, and whose administrations were audited by federal accountants between 2003 and 2004. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms which help to explain previous findings showing that random audit corruption evidence punishes corrupt mayors. We draw attention to the importance of political dynamics as helping to explain why corrupt mayors will or will not be punished.

The purpose of this study is to examine and understand why parastatals in Nigeria are on the face of it performing so poorly. Parastatals are critised for being ostensibly immersed with ethnicism, corruption, nepotism, patronage, clientelism, low accountability and transparency. These issues were explored in the context of Ajaokuta Steel; an enterprise that was substantially complete two decades ago but subsequently progressed no further. Ajaokuta Steel is an industrial giant meant to take the lead of industrialising, developing, and taking Nigeria and Africa from poverty and unemployment. To pursue this study the researcher employed mixed methods of research with interpretivism combined with a critical ambition and a case study as the main research strategy. The researcher used questionnaires, observations, interviews to gather data. Theoretical framework based on neopatrimonialism was used to guide the researcher in the empirical work and in the study. The interviews from the case site and stakeholders were analysed from the voice recorder and those from the questionnaires were analysed using descriptive statistics. The use of several data collecting methods was to achieve triangulation and because of the seriousness of the problem which needed an in-depth investigation to unveil the mystery behind the non-completion of the giant moribund industry. The results of the interviews, case study and questionnaires indicated that the problems of governance and accountability of parastatals in Nigeria are that governing board members and chairmen who formulate policies are appointed to boards based on political patronage, ethnic balancing and religious considerations, thereby loading boards with unqualified people who may ultimately compromise an organisation such as Ajaokuta Steel. Interviewees and respondents also identified a lack of political will on the part of the government, suggestions of an international conspiracy, corruption, military incursions in politics, the geographical location of Ajaokuta Steel and the culture of neglecting projects, as further contributory factors. Interviewees and respondents mentioned also lack of accountability and transparency in the affairs of parastatals. These factors have greatly affected all parastatals in Nigeria. It was recommended that parastatals should appoint board members, the CEO and staff based on track records of good antecedents; publish their accounts in the national newspapers; or be privatised by Public Private Partnership (PPP) so that government will be able to concentrate on its primary duties of providing security, health services and education for its citizens.

This thesis analyzes the problem of corruption in the Mexican government procurement system, aiming to provide a mix of legal and policy solutions to combat and prevent it. Comparing the policies and laws that make up the regulatory framework of public procurement in Canada and Mexico, this study seeks to extract the best practices that can improve the Mexican system. This text illuminates how the weaknesses within Mexico’s procurement system has provoked the current exploitation of alternative procurement methods (known as “adjudicación directa” and “invitación a cuando menos tres personas”) to embezzle public resources through fictitious contract awards. Although we have seen a tendency towards including requirements for “transparency” and “accountability” into Mexican procurement law, this on its own is insufficient to combat corruption. Consequently, I argue that procurement units have to enhance these transparency policies by disclosing the rationale behind every procurement and contract award prior to the disbursement of the resources; having competition as the maximum principle to fulfill while doing so. This will allow auditing bodies (and Mexican citizens) to scrutinize the rationale behind these disbursements. The Public Function Secretary could oversee this process to validate the legality and the social benefit justifications claimed by the procurement units prior to utilizing alternative procurement methods.

Utilizing the random effects model and Faccio (2010)’s methodology for classifying political connections, I find that politically connected Southeast Asian firms tend to have higher taxes and accounting performance than non-politically connected firms. The type of connection matters, with state-ownership producing the strongest benefits for market share. Contingent country-level variables, such as the economy, corruption, and the legal environment, also influence the value of corporate political ties. I find that Faccio (2010)’s results are likely more economically important than mine, even when controlling for the panel data effect.

Poverty alleviation in Buea, Cameroon, has been a problem of concern for decades. The study is vital because managers who control the funds given to the government of Cameroon to help reduce poverty are politicians and do not equitably distribute the funds to all on the pretext that the default rate is high. The purpose of this study was to find better ways to make additional capital available to the microbusiness owners of Buea to open or improve businesses. This qualitative case study design was consistent with the aim of understanding the importance of risk management within the microfinance industry and the risks involved in getting loans and paying them back. The key research question concerned how the microbusiness owners of Buea can obtain additional capital to open new businesses or improve existing businesses. The conceptual framework for this study was Rostow's theory of modernization. Twenty purposively sampled loan officers, bank managers, government officials, and microbusiness owners in Buea were interviewed. Six participants from the population also participated in a focus group. Study findings suggest it is possible for microbusiness owners in Buea to get microloans and start or improve businesses with the use of land titles as collateral or family members as cosigners. The government of Cameroon could improve the financial stability of microbusinesses by facilitating the issuance of land titles or certificates, which are acceptable forms of collateral. This study may contribute to positive social change by improving the financial stability of microbusinesses in Cameroon, and possibly in other socially similar countries.

Financial bribery and kickbacks are characteristics of corruption that are considered a serious threat to healthcare development in Nigeria. The influence of corruption leads to financial waste and negative health consequences for citizens. High demand for quality healthcare and other socioeconomic development infrastructures in the rural areas of the state provide opportunities for misappropriation of allocated healthcare development funds. Using Kingdon's multiple streams theory as the foundation, the purpose of this case study of a single city in Nigeria was to understand how state and city legislators and health administrators perceive the influence of corruption on senior healthcare development, its service delivery, and the lives of residents. Data were collected through interviews with 15 individuals representing older adult participants, state and city legislators, and healthcare administrators and publicly available government data. Following a root cause analysis framework, these data were inductively coded and subject to a thematic analysis procedure. Identified key themes from the study findings were (a) healthcare services, (b) poor infrastructure, (c) poverty, (d) healthcare cost, (e) government and corruption, (f) unpaid wages, (g) health centers, and (h) public and private hospitals. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations to National Health Insurance Scheme to formulate policies that may improve quality healthcare service and delivery, improve communication between local government and residents, and reduce the high out-of-pocket cost of healthcare. These recommendations may enhance healthcare provider insight on equal healthcare access to seniors and the entire rural community.

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