Les Troubles Obsessionnels et Compulsifs (TOC) sont un trouble mental sévère et fréquemment résistant. La physiopathologie du trouble se caractérise par des anomalies au sein des boucle cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical entrainant une hyper-activité du cortex orbito-frontal, du cortex cingulaire antérieur, du putamen. Au cours des dernières années, des anomalies structurales et fonctionnelles du cervelet ont de plus été mise en évidence dans les TOC venant compléter le modèle existant.Nous avons mise au point un protocole de traitement par tDCS ciblant le cortex orbito-frontal gauche et le cervelet droit pour les TOC résistants. Dans une première étude, nous avons étudié la faisabilité de ce protocole de traitement dans une étude ouverte. Cette étude a mis en évidence une réduction significative des symptômes dans une population de patient à haut niveau de résistance. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons évaluer l’effet de ce traitement dans un protocole randomisé, contrôlé et parallèle contre placebo. Cette étude n’a pas confirmé l’efficacité de ce protocole de traitement. Dans cette même population, nous avons au cours du protocole mesuré les paramètres d’excitabilité corticale au niveau du cortex moteur par stimulation magnétique transrânienne. Nous avons ainsi mis en évidence que la tDCS provoquait une augmentation significative des processus d’inhibition (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition : SICI ) et une diminution non significative des processus de facilitation (Intra Cortical Facilitation : ICF). L’étude des effets cliniques et électro-physiologiques de cette approche thérapeutique novatrice dans les TOC résistants n’a pas permis de confirmer son intérêt clinique malgré un impact de ce protocole sur les modifications de l’excitabilité corticale inhérentes aux troubles. Ces données ont été mise en relation avec la littérature afin de proposer des perspectives d’évolution dans l’utilisation de la tDCS dans les TOC résistants / Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe mental illness. OCD symptoms are often resistant to available treatments. Neurobiological models of OCD are based on an imbalance between the direct (excitatory) and indirect (inhibitory) pathway within this cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical loops, which causes hyperactivation in the orbito-frontal cortex, the cingular anterior cortex, the putamen. More recently, the role of cerebellum in the OCD physiopathology has been brought to light by studies showing structural and functional abnormalities. We proposed to use tDCS as a therapeutic tool for resistant OCD by targeting the hyperactive left orbito-frontal cortex with cathodal tDCS (assumed to decrease cortical excitability) coupled with anodal cerebellar tDCS. In a first study, we studied the feasibility of this treatment protocol in an open-trial. This study found a significant reduction in symptoms in a population with a high level of resistance. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of this treatment in a randomized-controlled trial. This study did not confirm the effectiveness of this intervention. We have assessed motor cortex cortical excitability parameters by transcranial magnetic stimulation. We thus demonstrated that the tDCS caused a significant increase of inhibition processes (Short Interval Cortical Inhibition: SICI) and a nonsignificant decrease in the facilitation processes (Intra Cortical Facilitation (ICF)). In addition, clinical improvement assessed by Clinical Global Impression at the end of the follow-up period (3 months) was positively correlated with SICI at baseline.tDCS with the cathode placed over the left OFC combined with the anode placed over the right cerebellum decreased hyper-excitability in the motor cortex but was not significantly effective in SSRI- resistant OCD patients. These works were discussed in light of the available literature to create future prospect in the field of tDCS treatment for OCD resistant patients

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:34:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 422598.pdf: 1351554 bytes, checksum: 22248aa2eb43d9dad9079ea2b7472de1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-22 / Introdu??o: Displasia cortical focal ? uma das formas mais freq?entes de malforma??es do desenvolvimento cortical, estando intimamente relacionada com epilepsia de dif?cil controle em crian?as e adultos. Caracterizam-se por altera??es histol?gicas, imaginol?gicas e eletrofisiol?gicas peculiares. At? o momento foram descritos 5 tipos de achados na resson?ncia magn?tica de pacientes com displasia cortical focal. Objetivos: Estudar as rela??es entre les?es displ?sicas corticais e descargas epileptiformes ao eletroencefalograma de superf?cie e ? Eletrocorticografia. Descrever os padr?es histol?gicos, imaginol?gicos e eletrofisiol?gicos, bem como os resultados cir?rgicos encontrados. Tentar correlacionar padr?es eletrofisiol?gicos e desfecho p?s-cir?rgico. M?todos: Ser?o avaliados a histologia, o eletroencefalograma, a eletrocorticografia e a resson?ncia magn?tica de 63 pacientes operados no servi?o de cirurgia da epilepsia do Hospital S?o Lucas da Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados cir?rgicos (quanto ao controle de crises) foram avaliados atrav?s de revis?o de prontu?rios, verificando-se o status quanto ? taxa de sucesso no controle de crises na consulta de revis?o mais recente. Estes dados foram confirmados e detalhados atrav?s de liga??o telef?nica, onde foram efetuadas perguntas espec?ficas de acordo com ficha estruturada. Resultados: Foi observado que 55,5% dos pacientes estavam livres de crise em um ano ap?s a cirurgia. Na ?ltima visita 47% dos pacientes permaneceram sem crises. As vari?veis que se correlacionaram com progn?stico favor?vel foram ressec??o completa das descargas durante a cirurgia, estar livre de crises no primeiro ano do p?s-operat?rio. A ?nica vari?vel que se correlacionou com o intervalo livre de crises foi ressec??o completa das descargas. A resson?ncia magn?tica de cr?nio se correlacionou de forma significativa com os achados histopatol?gicos. Por fim, devido ao comportamento peculiar das crises epil?pticas nos pacientes com displasia cortical focal, foi descrito uma nova escala de resultados cir?rgicos para esta patologia. Conclus?o: O resultado cir?rgico das crises segundo os dados apresentados se correlaciona de forma estatisticamente significativa com ressec??o completa das descargas epileptog?nicas sugestivas de displasia e com um resultado favor?vel em um ano ap?s a cirurgia.

Cette thèse vise à faire émerger de nouvelles descriptions de la variabilité des plissements du cortex humain en s’appuyant sur des techniques de fouilles de données. L’objectif principal est la conception d’algorithmes permettant de découvrir des motifs de plissement spécifiques à une sous-population d’individus. Le but final est de réaliser un dictionnaire de ces motifs et de les associer à des particularités cognitives ou architecturales, voire à des pathologies. Deux stratégies de « clustering » sont proposées pour mettre en évidence de tels motifs. La première repose sur des descripteurs de formes globaux correspondant aux invariants de moment 3D, la seconde repose sur l’estimation d’une matrice de distances entre chaque paire d’individus. Un algorithme de clustering dédié est conçu pour détecter les motifs les plus fréquents de manière robuste. Une technique de réduction de dimension est utilisée pour mettre en évidence les transitions entre motifs au sein de la population. Les méthodes algorithmiques proposées sont utilisées pour étudier la forme du cortex sensori-moteur d’une population de gauchers contrariés. Des résultats originaux sur le lien entre la forme du sillon central et la latéralité manuelle sont mis en évidence. Les méthodes développées sont ensuite utilisées pour construire le premier dictionnaire des motifs observés dans les plissements corticaux issu d’une approche algorithmique. / This thesis aims at proposing new descriptions of the variability of the folding of the human cortex using data mining. The main objective is the design of algorithms detecting folding patterns specific to a sub-population. The long term goal is the constitution of an exhaustive dictionary of all the folding patterns enriched with links to cognitive or architectural specificities, or to pathologies. Two clustering strategies are proposed to detect such patterns. The first one is based on global shape descriptors called the 3D moment invariants, the second one implies the computation of a pairwise distance matrix. A dedicated clustering algorithm is designed for robust detection of the most frequent patterns. A dimension reduction strategy is proposed to study the transition from one pattern to another across the population. The proposed framework is applied to the study of the shape of the sensori-motor cortex of a population of left-handers forced to write with the right hand. Original discoveries relating the shape of the central sulcus to handedness are achieved. The framework is finally used to build the first computerized dictionary of the cortical folding patterns.

La parcellisation du cerveau humain en aires fonctionnelles est un problème complexe mais majeur pour la compréhension du fonctionnement du cerveau et pourrait avoir des applications médicales importantes en neurochirurgie par exemple pour mieux identifier les zones fonctionnelles à sauvegarder. Cet objectif va de pair avec l’idée de construire le connectome cérébral humain, qui n’est autre que le réseau de ses connexions.Pour définir un tel réseau, il faut en effet définir les éléments de ce réseau de connexions : c’est-à-dire avoir un découpage du cerveau en régions. Il existe de multiples manières et critères pour identifier ces régions et à ce jour il n’y a pas de parcellisation universelle du cortex. Dans cette thèse nous étudierons la possibilité d’effectuer cette parcellisation en fonction des données de connectivité anatomique, issues de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique de diffusion, qui est une technique d’acquisition permettant de reconstruire les faisceaux de neurones cérébraux de manière non invasive. Nous nous placerons dans un cadre surfacique en étudiant seulement la surface corticale et les connexions anatomiques sous-jacentes. Dans ce contexte nous présenterons un ensemble de nouveaux outils pour construire, visualiser et simuler le connectome cérébral humain, dans un cadre surfacique et à partir des données de connectivité anatomique reconstruites par IRM, et ceci pour un groupe de sujets. A partir de ces outils nous présenterons des méthodes de réduction de dimension des données de connectivité, que nous appliquerons pour parcelliser le cortex entier de quelques sujets. Nous proposons aussi une nouvelle manière de décomposer les données de connectivité au niveau d’un groupe de sujets en tenant compte de la variabilité inter-individuelle. Cette méthode sera testée et comparée à d’autres méthodes sur des données simulées et des données réelles. Les enjeux de ce travail sont multiples, tant au niveau méthodologique (comparaison de différents algorithmes de tractographie par exemple) que clinique (étude du lien entre altérations des connexions et pathologie). / In-vivo parcellation of the human cortex into functional brain areas is a major goal to better understand how the brain works and could have a lot of medical applications and give useful information to guide neurosurgery for example. This objective is related to the buildong of the human brain connectome, which is the networks of brain connections.Indeed, it is necessary to define the basic element of this connectome, and for doing this to have a subdivision of the cortex into brain regions. Actually, there is no such gold standard parcellation : there are a lot of techniques and methods to achieve this goal. During this PhD., anatomical connectivité based on diffusion-weighted imaging hase been used to address this problem, with a surfacic approach. In this context, we will present a set of new tools to create, visualize and simulate the human brain connectome for a group of subjects. We will introduce dimension reduction methods to compile the cortical connectivity profiles taking into account the interindividual variability. These methods will be apply to parcellate the cortex, for one subject or for a group of subjects simultaneously.There are many applications of this work, in methodology, to compare tractography algorithms for example or in clinical, to look at the relations between connections damages and pathology.

The current thesis addresses some of the unresolved predictions of recent models of the semantic brain system, such as the hub-and-spokes model. In particular, we tackle different aspects of the hypothesis that a widespread network of interacting heteromodal (hub(s)) and unimodal (spokes) cortices underlie semantic cognition. For this purpose, we use connectivity analyses, measures of graph theory and permutation-based statistics with source reconstructed Electro-/MagnetoEncephaloGraphy (EEG/MEG) data in order to track dynamic modulations of activity and connectivity within the semantic networks while a concept unfolds in the brain. Moreover, in order to obtain more accurate connectivity estimates of the semantic networks, we propose novel methods for some of the challenges associated with EEG/MEG connectivity analysis in source space. We utilised data-driven analyses of EEG/MEG recordings of visual word recognition paradigms and found that: 1) Bilateral Anterior Temporal Lobes (ATLs) acted as potential processor hubs for higher-level abstract representation of concepts. This was reflected in modulations of activity by multiple contrasts of semantic variables; 2) ATL and Angular Gyrus (AG) acted as potential integrator hubs for integration of information produced in distributed semantic areas. This was observed using Dynamic Causal Modelling of connectivity among the main left-hemispheric candidate hubs and modulations of functional connectivity of ATL and AG to semantic spokes by word concreteness. Furthermore, examining whole-brain connectomes using measures of graph theory revealed modules in the right ATL and parietal cortex as global hubs; 3) Brain oscillations associated with perception and action in low-level cortices, in particular Alpha and Gamma rhythms, were modulated in response to words with those sensory-motor attributes in the corresponding spokes, shedding light on the mechanism of semantic representations in spokes; 4) Three types of hub-hub, hub-spoke and spoke-spoke connectivity were found to underlie dynamic semantic graphs. Importantly, these results were obtained using novel approaches proposed to address two challenges associated with EEG/MEG connectivity. Firstly, in order to find the most suitable of several connectivity metrics, we utilised principal component analysis (PCA) to find commonalities and differences of those methods when applied to a dataset and identified the most suitable metric based on the maximum explained variance. Secondly, reconstruction of EEG/MEG connectomes using anatomical or fMRI-based parcellations can be significantly contaminated by spurious leakage-induced connections in source space. We, therefore, utilised cross-talk functions in order to optimise the number, size and locations of cortical parcels, obtaining EEG/MEG-adaptive parcellations. In summary, this thesis proposes approaches for optimising EEG/MEG connectivity analyses and applies them to provide the first empirical evidence regarding some of the core predictions of the hub-and-spokes model. The key findings support the general framework of the hub(s)-and-spokes, but also suggest modifications to the model, particularly regarding the definition of semantic hub(s).

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:33:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PotencialCorticalProvocado.pdf: 967305 bytes, checksum: c9d38853b7fb33f61c42d51cac59ada3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-11T13:06:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PotencialCorticalProvocado.pdf: 967305 bytes, checksum: c9d38853b7fb33f61c42d51cac59ada3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T13:06:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PotencialCorticalProvocado.pdf: 967305 bytes, checksum: c9d38853b7fb33f61c42d51cac59ada3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-11 / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / O potencial cortical provocado visual (VECP) são úteis na investigação de mecanismos da visão de cores e disfunções de visão de cores. Redes senoidais cromáticas são geralmente usadas para gerar o VECP, mas exigem medidas psicofísicas antes para realizar a equalização de brilho das redes. Uma alternativa pode ser a substituição delas por estímulos pseudoisocromáticas que fazem uso de ruído de luminância e forçar a percepção do alvo ser dependente de contraste cromático. Neste trabalho, comparamos VECPs gerados por redes senoidais cromáticas isoluminantes e redes pseudoisocromáticas. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical da Universidade Federal do Pará, Protocolo # 570434. Sete tricomatas normais foram testados com redes sinusoidais cromáticas e redes ilusórios proporcionado pelo estimulo pseudoisocromático de 0,33, 0,66, 1, 1,33, 1,66, e 2 cpg, apresentado no padrão reverso (1 Hz) e padrão onset (300 ms) - offset (700 ms) modos. Os sinais foram registrados usando eletrodos de superfície, x30,000 amplificado, digitalizado a 1 kHz, e filtrada entre 0,1-100 Hz. VECP de reversão provocado por redes pseudoisocromáticas teve amplitude e latência semelhante em comparação com aqueles provocada por redes senoidais. VECPs onset-offset desencadeados por redes senoidais teve maior amplitude e menor latência do que os obtidos com o estímulo pseudoisocromático. Diferentes mecanismos visuais são responsáveis pelas respostas corticais provocado por estímulos ilusórios quando apresentado em diferentes modos de estimulação. / Visual evoked cortical potentials (VECP) are useful the investigation of color vision mechanisms and color vision dysfunctions. Chromatic sinusoidal gratings are generally used to elicit VECP, but they require long psychophysical measurements to match the perceptual brightness between their stripes. An alternative is to replace them by pseudoisochromatic stimuli which make use of luminance noise to mask brightness clues and force the target perception to be dependent of chromatic contrast. In this work, we compared VECPs generated by sinusoidal and pseudoisochromatic gratings. This research was approved by the Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Protocol #570434. Seven normal trichromats were tested with chromatic sinusoidal gratings and illusory gratings provided by the pseudoisochromatic design of 0.33, 0.66, 1, 1.33, 1.66, and 2 cpd, presented in pattern reversal (1 Hz) and pattern onset (300 ms) – offset (700 ms) modes. The signals were recorded using surface electrodes, amplified x30,000, digitized at 1 kHz, and filtered between 0.1-100 Hz. Pattern reversal VECPs elicited by pseudoisochromatic gratings had similar amplitude and latency compared to those elicited by sinusoidal gratings. Onsetoffset VECPs elicited by sinusoidal gratings had larger amplitude and shorter latency than those obtained with pseudoisochromatic stimuli. Different visual mechanisms are responsible for the cortical responses evoked by illusory stimuli when presented in different stimulation modes.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:37:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosAdaptacaoFlicker.pdf: 2860740 bytes, checksum: f9abd8848d8f0d11bce4e73516f4fbe8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-11T14:20:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosAdaptacaoFlicker.pdf: 2860740 bytes, checksum: f9abd8848d8f0d11bce4e73516f4fbe8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T14:20:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EfeitosAdaptacaoFlicker.pdf: 2860740 bytes, checksum: f9abd8848d8f0d11bce4e73516f4fbe8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O potencial cortical provocado visual tem sido utilizado para avaliar a visão espacial de luminância. A observação prolongada de um estímulo visual leva a uma série de mudanças na resposta neural em diferentes níveis de processamento do sistema visual. Os resultados destes estudos tem levado à compreensão de como o córtex visual primário processa informações espaciais. Muito tem sido sugerido sobre a ativação das vias paralelas M e P para a contribuição das respostas visuais corticais à partir do uso de estímulos que ativariam preferencialmente uma ou outra via. Uma abordagem para se estudar as interações da atividade atribuída às vias paralelas visuais M e P sobre as respostas corticais poderia ser a aplicação de estímulos que promovessem a adaptação preferencial de uma das vias ou mesmo de ambas e deixar que a via remanescente pudesse se expressar na resposta visual cortical. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os efeitos da adaptação ao flicker para estímulos de contraste de luminância sobre respostas corticais visualmente provocadas em várias condições favoráveis à ativação diferencial ou conjunta das vias paralelas M e P, levando a um aumento ou diminuição das respostas corticais. Foram avaliados 8 sujeitos com visão normal e acuidade normal ou corrigida 20/20. Foram utilizadas várias condições de estimulação, as quais serão três condições de estimulação sem adaptação visual, contendo apenas os estímulos testes, redes senoidais em 0,4 cpg, 2 cpg e 10 cpg com taxa de reversão espacial de 180 graus de 1 Hz (condições controle). As demais condições apresentaram um estímulo de adaptação que será uma máscara gaussiana bidimensional que variará a luminância no tempo cosenoidalmente (flicker) com modulação temporal de 5 Hz, 10 Hz e 30 Hz. O experimento consistiu em apresentar um estímulo de adaptação durante 8 s seguido por um estímulo teste durante 2 s. As respostas corticais foram registradas sobre o couro cabeludo acima do córtex occipital e foram registradas apenas durante a apresentação do estímulo teste. As respostas corticais foram avaliadas no domínio do tempo e das frequências temporais. No domínio do tempo, medido a latência e a amplitude do componente P1 (pico-linha), enquanto no domínio das frequências temporais foram avaliadas as amplitudes das bandas de frequências alfa, beta e gama presentes no registro. As respostas para os estímulos testes foram comparadas entre as condições sem adaptação e com adaptação visual ao flicker. O principal resultado foi que a adaptação visual ao flicker ocorreu de forma diferenciada no domínio das frequências espaciais. Os resultados indicam que o componente P1 foi encontrado em todas as condições de estimulação e adaptação ao flicker na frequência espacial mais baixa (0,4 cpg) em todas as condições temporais. Os resultados também indicam que ocorreu uma diminuição da energia da banda alfa na mesma condição de 0,4 cpg e um aumento da banda gama. Este trabalho concluiu que a adaptação ao flicker levou à diminuição da amplitude do potencial cortical provocado visual causado pela diminuição da energia das oscilações alfa e aumento da energia na banda gama em 0,4 cpg, representando uma modificação do balanço entre as duas vias visuais M e P nas células do córtex. / Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) has been a useful method to evaluate spatial vision in humans. Sustained observation of a visual stimulus produces several changes in neural responses at different processing levels in visual system. Previous studies has elucidated how primary visual cortex processing spatial information. Many others studies has also suggested about the contribution of parallel pathways M and P activation on the visual cortical responses evoked by a stimuli that excite only one of these pathways. Cortical excitation through a kind of stimulus that promotes one or both preferential adaptation could be a valuable approach to study activity from M and P pathways interactions on the visual responses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of luminance flicker adaptation on cortical responses elicited under favorable conditions of joint or differential M and P pathways activation, leading to an increase or decrease cortical responses. Eight subjects (20.25 ± 1.5) with normal vision acuity or corrected to 20/20 were tested. VEPs were recorded under three conditions of visual stimulation with no adaptation: sinusoidal gratings at 0.4, 2 and 10cpd presented at 1 Hz pattern-reversal stimulus (test stimuli). Other conditions was elicited by two-dimensional Gaussian mask adaptation stimulus with luminance variation in time domain (flicker) presented at 5 Hz, 10 Hz and 30 Hz temporal modulation. The experiment consisted on VEPs records above occipital scalp elicited by 8 seconds of adaptation stimulus followed by 2 seconds test stimuli. Cortical responses were evaluated in the time and temporal frequencies domain. In the time domain were measured latency and the P1 component amplitude (peak-line), while in the temporal frequency domain were evaluated amplitudes of alpha, beta and gamma frequency bands present in the in the records. VEPs elicited by the test stimuli were compared between flicker adaptation and no adaptation conditions. Main findings consisted on flicker adaptation that occurred differently at spatial frequencies domain. Results showed P1 component in all stimulation conditions and flicker adaptation at lower spatial frequency (0.4 cpd) in all time conditions. It has also showed a reduction at alpha band energy and an increase in the gamma band at same condition. This study concluded that flicker adaptation led to VEP amplitude decreased due to loss of alpha oscillations energy and gamma band energy increased at 0.4 cpd, and it represented a modification on the balance between M and P visual pathways.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:41:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GanhoContrastePotencial.pdf: 2379799 bytes, checksum: b7c8f6c20a4ffc70c03cd986fadbb07f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-11T15:56:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GanhoContrastePotencial.pdf: 2379799 bytes, checksum: b7c8f6c20a4ffc70c03cd986fadbb07f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-11T15:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_GanhoContrastePotencial.pdf: 2379799 bytes, checksum: b7c8f6c20a4ffc70c03cd986fadbb07f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-29 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste estudo foram avaliadas as possíveis contribuições das vias paralelas visuais M e P para o potencial cortical provocado visual em diferentes excentricidades visuais usando o ganho de contraste como indicador fisiológico no primeiro (K2.1) e segundo (K2.2) slices do kernel de segunda ordem dos potenciais corticais provocados multifocais (mfVEPs). O trabalho foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa (023/2011 – CEP/NMT) do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará. Nove sujeitos (22,5 ± 3,7 anos de idade) com visão normal foram testados. O estímulo foi gerado através do programa VERIS (EDI, San Mateo, CA) e consistiu em um tabuleiro de dardos ocupando 44° do ângulo visual, com 60 setores escalonados considerando a magnificação cortical, onde cada setor continha 16 quadrados (8 pretos e 8 brancos) com contraste espacial de luminância e luminância média de 40 cd/m², mostrados através de um monitor CRT, situado a uma distância de 32 cm do indivíduo testado. Cada setor foi temporalmente modulado por uma sequência-m pseudo-aleatória no modo de apresentação de padrão reverso e padrão de pulso em cinco contrastes de Michelson entre 6,25-100%. Foram extraídos os dados de K2.1 e K2.2 dos mfVEPs. Calcularam-se os valores médios de amplitude de registros correspondentes a 6 diferentes anéis de mesma excentricidade no campo visual (A1 e A6 sendo os anéis mais interno e externo, respectivamente) em função do contraste do estímulo. Os dados de amplitude em função do contraste do estímulo foram modelados por funções de Michaelis-Menten. A constante de semissaturação (C50) do modelo foi o indicador inversamente proporcional do ganho de contraste da função. Em K2.1, respostas para o padrão reverso apresentaram um alto valor do C50 (média, desvio padrão: 35,5% ± 9,3), indicando baixo ganho de contraste na função. Para os anéis mais externos (A2 – A6), foram estimados C50 inferiores aos estimados em A1 (média, desvio padrão: A2: 26,5% ± 6,5; A3: 22,4% ± 8,8; A4: 18,4% ± 4,4; A5: 20,6% ± 9,3; A6: 26,7% ± 12), representando funções de alto ganho de contraste. Em K2.2, no anel central (A1) e no mais periférico (A6), as funções de resposta ao contraste geradas pelo padrão reverso apresentaram um alto valor do C50 (média, desvio padrão: 38,4% ± 4,2; 37,5% ± 10,2), indicando baixo ganho de contraste na função. De A2 a A5, originou funções com valores de C50 inferiores aos estimados em A1 (média, desvio padrão: A2: 27,4% ± 7,4; A3: 20,2% ± 4,9; A4: 22,4% ± 4,2; A5: 18,7% ± 3,2; A6: 23,1% ± 8,9), representando funções de alto ganho de contraste. Para o padrão de pulso, no K2.1 e K2.2, no anel central (A1) e no K2.2 no anel mais externo (A6), as funções de resposta ao contraste geradas não apresentaram valores significativos e confiáveis para a análise. Em K2.1 os anéis intermediários (A2 – A5) originaram funções com alto C50 (média, desvio padrão: A2: 44,7% ± 10,5; A3: 38,3% ± 12,1; A4: 45,8% ± 12,1; A5: 49,4% ± 16,1; A6: 47,8% ± 14,7), representando funções de baixo ganho de contraste. Em K2.2, nos anéis intermediários (A2 – A5, exceto em A4) a estimulação originou valores de C50 maiores do que em K2.1 (média, desvio padrão: A2: 50,2% ± 10,3; A3: 48,2% ± 11,1; A4: 28,5% ± 4,2; A5: 54,3% ± 16,2), representando funções de baixo ganho de contraste. Para o padrão reverso, os resultados sugerem a predominância da via M nos anéis excêntricos intermediários e da via P no anel mais central (A1) e no mais periférico (A6). Para o padrão de pulso, sugere predominância da via P em todas as excentricidades. / This study evaluated effects of eccentricity and mode presentation on the multifocal visual evoked potential (mfVEPS) recordings extracted by second-order kernels and its possible contributions from parallel visual pathways. Nine subjects (22.5 ± 3.7 years-old) were studied. All the subjects had 20/20 or corrected visual acuity and no previous history of neuro-ophtahlmic diseases or degenerative diseases. The subjects were tested with non dilated pupil in a monocular way. All the experimental procedures agreed to the tenets of Helsinki and were approved by Committee for Ethic in Research of Nucleus of Tropical Medicine (023/2011 protocol, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil). A CRT monitor displayed a 22º radius, 60 sectors dartboard, each sector with 16 checks (8 white and 8 black), pattern mean luminance of 40 cd/m2. The pattern selection to be shown in each sector was temporally modulated according to a binary pseudorandom m-sequence. Two stimulation protocols were used and we called them as pattern reversal and pattern pulse. Stimulus was presented at five Michelson contrast levels (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) in two trials with increasing and decreasing contrast order. The subject was instructed to keep the eye in a red cross (1º) placed at the center of the screen. Veris 6.01 was used to configure the stimuli. mfVEPs were recorded with gold cup electrodes: the reference electrode was placed at the inion; the recording electrodes were placed at, 4 cm above the inion (channel 1), 1 cm above and 4 cm to the right of the inion (channel 2), 1 cm above and 4 cm to the left of the inion (channel 3). Ground surface electrode was placed at the forehead. Skin impedance was kept below 5 KOhm. Recordings were amplified 100.000x, band-pass filtered between 3 and 100 Hz. The Veris 6.1 performed an offline low-pass filtering at 35 Hz. Veris 6.1 was used to extract first (K2.1) and second (K2.2) slices from second-order kernels data from original channels. Using MATLAB routines three additional channels were computed from the subtraction of the three original channels. For each subject, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) evaluation was performed over the averaged data of two trials in each one of the 6 channels. We measured the RMS amplitude of signal and noise interval of each recording. Finally, we analyzed the waveforms with best SNR for each sector. Mean RMS amplitude for each of six eccentric rings (R1 and R6 are the inner and outer rings, respectively) and for all rings together as a function of stimulus contrast was modeled using Michaelis-Menten functions. Semi-saturation constant (C50) of the contrast-response function was used as indicator of response contrast gain. For pattern reversal protocol contrast-response functions from K2.1/K2.2 had the following C50 values: R1: 35,5% ± 9,3; R2: 26,5% ± 6,5; R3: 22,4% ± 8,8; R4: 18,4% ± 4,4; R5: 20,6% ± 9,3; R6: 26,7% ± 12 / R1: 38,4% ± 4,2; R2: 27,4% ± 7,4; R3: 20,2% ± 4,9; R4: 22,4% ± 4,2; R5: 18,7% ± 3,2; R6: 23,1% ± 8,9. For pattern pulse protocol contrast-response functions from K2.1/K2.2 had the following C50 values: R1: 0; R2: 44,7% ± 10,5; R3: 38,3% ± 12,1; R4: 45,8% ± 12,1; R5: 49,4% ± 16,1; R6: 47,8% ± 14,7 / R1: 0; R2: 50,2% ± 10,3; R3: 48,2% ± 11,1; R4: 28,5% ± 4,2; R5: 54,3% ± 16,2; R6: 0. Two contrast sensitivity mechanisms contribute to mfVEPs elicited by stimuli located in the central visual field, one mechanism with higher contrast gain (pattern reversal mfVEP) and other mechanism with low contrast gain (pattern pulse). For stimulus at the periphery visual field, mechanism with high contrast gain contributed to the generation of mfVEPs elicited by all stimulation modes.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_PotencialCorticalProvocado.pdf: 1399042 bytes, checksum: 90d7af315a20900e30bafefdf4af2e73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / O potencial cortical provocado visual convencional (VECP, sigla em inglês) apresenta polaridade positiva em resposta ao modo de apresentação reversa para estímulos cromáticos isoluminantes e estímulos de luminância, enquanto o modo de apresentação onset tem polaridade positiva em resposta a estímulos de luminância, mas negativa em resposta a estímulos cromáticos. Foi avaliado como o modo de apresentação afeta o VECP pseudo-aleatório gerado em resposta a estímulos de luminância e compostos (cromáticos e de luminância). Onze tricromatas normais e 17 voluntários discromatópsicos foram avaliados. Uma sequência-m modulou temporalmente os estímulos de grades senoidais com contraste de luminância e composto tanto para o padrão de apresentação reverso quanto para o onset. Uma rotina de correlação cruzada foi usada para extrair o kernel de primeira ordem (K1) e o primeiro e o segundo slice do kernel de segunda ordem (K2.1 e K2.2, respectivamente) das respostas ao VECP. Calculou-se a integral das amplitudes dos componentes do registro em um intervalo de tempo para a estimar a magnitude do sinal para cada condição de estímulo. Foi utilizada uma correlação cruzada normalizada para restar a similaridade dos componentes do VECP. Para avaliar como o tempo de interação afeta a amplitude do VECP foi calculado o valor quadrático médio (RMS, sigla em inglês) em uma janela temporal e correlacionado com ao intervalo de interação das respostas referentes ao slice do kernel de segunda ordem avaliado. Os componentes do VECP variaram segundo o modo de apresentação e a presença de contraste cromático verde-vermelho nos estímulos. Para os tricromatas, K1, K2.1 e K2.2 do padrão onset, bem como K2.1 e K2.2 do padrão reverso nas condições de estimulação composta apresentaram forma de onda predominantemente negativa em 100ms. Para os discromatópsicos, nas mesmas condições, foi observado pequena positividade ou pequena negatividade. Tricromatas apresentaram maior magnitude no VECP do que os discromatópsicos nas condições compostas no padrão onset em K1, no padrão onset e reverso em K2.1 e no padrão reverso em K2.2. Tricromatas e discromatópsicos tiveram amplitudes similares no VECP em resposta aos estímulos compostos no padrão reverso em K1, no padrão onset em K2.2 e em todas as condições de luminância. A correlação cruzada mostrou grande similaridade entre as formas de onda geradas pelo estímulo composto no padrão onset em K2.1 e no padrão reverso em K2.2, assim como entre o padrão reverso em K2.1 e K2.2. A amplitude do VECP foi menos quanto maior era o intervalo de interação das respostas. Nós sugerimos que K2.1 do padrão reverso composto é a resposta mais apropriada para o estudo da visão de verde-vermelho. / Conventional pattern-reversal visual evoked cortical potential (VECP) shows positivity for luminance and chromatic equiluminant stimuli while conventional pattern-onset VECP shows positivity for luminance pattern-onset and negativity for chromatic pattern-onset. We evaluated how the presentation mode affects VECPs elicited by luminance and compound (luminance plus chromatic) pseudo-random stimulation. Eleven normal trichromats and 17 red-green color-blinds were studied. Pattern-reversal and pattern-onset luminance and compound (luminance plus red-green) gratings were temporally modulated by m-sequence. We used a cross-correlation routine to extract the first order kernel (K1) and the first and second slices of the second order kernel (K2.1 and K2.2, respectively) from the VECP response. We integrated the amplitude of VECP components as a function of time in order to estimate its magnitude for each stimulus condition. We also used a normalized cross-correlation method in order to test the similarity of the VECP components. In order to assess how the interection time afects the VECP’s amplitude we calculate de root mean square (RMS) amplitude into differents time windows and correlated it with the response time interval relative to the sencond order kernel slice avaliated. The VECP components varied with the presentation mode and the presence of red-green contrast in the stimuli. In trichromats, for compound conditions, pattern-onset K1, K2.1, and K2.2, and pattern-reversal K2.1 and K2.2 had negative-dominated waveforms at 100 ms. Small negativity or small positivity were observed in dichromats. Trichromats had larger VECP magnitude than color-blinds for compound pattern-onset K1 (with large variability across subjects), compound pattern-onset and pattern-reversal K2.1, and compound pattern-reversal K2.2. Trichromats and color-blinds had similar VECP amplitude for compound pattern-reversal K1 and compound pattern-onset K2.2, as well as for all luminance conditions. The cross-correlation analysis showed high similarity between waveforms of compound pattern-onset K2.1 and pattern-reversal K2.2 as well as pattern-reversal K2.1 and K2.2. The amplitude of VECP was smaller as higher was the response time interval. We suggest that compound pattern-reversal K2.1 is an appropriate response to study red-green color-opponent activity.

Behavioral perceptions and cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) from native English (N=10) and Spanish speakers (N=10) were recorded for speech stimuli that constitute phonetically relevant categories of voicing. The stimuli were synthesized bilabial stop consonant-vowel syllables in a continuum ranging from/ba/to/pa/that varied in voice onset time (VOT) from 0 to 60ms. Different behavioral perceptions were evidenced by significantly different categorical phonetic boundaries between the two groups (p.05). Peak P1, N1, and P2 response latencies and P1–N1 and N1–P2 amplitudes increased significantly with increasing VOTs (p