Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of Michigan, 1939.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Corynebacterium diphtheriae é um importante patógeno humano e agente causal da difteria. Embora seja observada uma redução mundial no número de casos da doença, a difteria permanece endêmica em muitos países e surtos são esporadicamente notificados. No Brasil, o último surto ocorreu no estado no Maranhão e revelou mudanças em aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos da doença. Diferentemente da maioria das cepas de difteria brasileiras, que pertencem ao biovar mitis, nesse surto dois diferentes pulsotipos de C. diphtheriae biovar intermedius foram isolados. Além disso, sinais patognomônicos da doença não foram relatados em parte dos casos. C. diphtheriae também vem sendo relacionado com quadros de infecções invasivas, apesar de ser reconhecido como patógeno tipicamente extracelular. Em conjunto, estas mudanças no perfil das infecções por C. diphtheriae sugerem a existência de outros fatores de virulência além da produção da toxina diftérica. Neste sentindo, foram realizadas análises de tipagem molecular e de genômica comparativa para avaliar a diversidade genética e o potencial de virulência de cepas de C. diphtheriae isoladas de difteria clássica e infecções invasivas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a circulação de diferentes clones invasores no Brasil. Além disso, revelaram diferenças marcantes na presença e na composição de ilhas de patogenicidade entre as amostras, bem como nos genes sob regulação do DtxR e nas sequências dos corinefagos integradas ao cromossomo bacteriano. Uma vez que o potencial invasor bacteriano e a persistência no ambiente podem estar relacionados à tolerância ao estresse oxidativo, foram procurados nos genomas sequenciados, genes possivelmente envolvidos neste processo. Dentre estes, os genes DIP0906, predito como gene de resistência ao oxidante telurito (TeO32-), e DIP1421, codificador do regulador transcricional OxyR, foram caracterizados funcionalmente e tiveram seus papéis na patogenicidade investigados. Ensaios in vivo utilizando o nematódeo Caenorhabditis elegans demonstraram que ambos são importantes para a virulência de C. diphtheriae. Além da resistência ao TeO32, DIP0906 parece contribuir para a resistência ao peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e para a viabilidade no interior de células respiratórias humanas. Já OxyR, além de controlar negativamente a resposta ao H2O2, parece estar envolvido com a ligação de C. diphtheriae a proteínas plasmáticas e de matriz extracelular. Adicionalmente, foi investigada resistência e a capacidade de adaptação de C. diphtheriae frente a agentes oxidantes, através da indução de resposta adaptativa e/ou resistência cruzada e da formação de biofilme. As cepas de C. diphtheriae apresentaram diferentes níveis de resistência e um comportamento heterogêneo na presença dos agentes oxidantes, o que sugere a existência de diferentes estratégias de sobrevivência e adaptação de C. diphtheriae nas condições de estresse oxidativo. / Corynebacterium diphtheriae is an important human pathogen and the main causal agent of diphtheria. Although a reduction in the number of diphtheria cases is observed worldwide, diphtheria remains endemic in many countries and outbreaks are still reported sporadically. In Brazil, the last outbreak occurred in Maranhão and revealed changes in clinical and epidemiological diphtheria aspects. Despite most Brazilian C. diphtheriae belong to mitis biovar, in this outbreak were isolated two different pulsotypes of C. diphtheriae biovar intermedius. Furthermore, diphtheria pathognomonic features were absent in some cases. C. diphtheriae has also been associated with invasive infections, although typically recognized as extracellular pathogen. Together, these changes in profile of C. diphtheriae infections suggest the existence of other virulence factors besides the diphtheria toxin. In order to access the genetic diversity and the potential virulence of C. diphtheriae strains isolated from classical diphtheria and invasive infections, molecular typing and comparative genomics analyzes were conducted. The results demonstrated the circulation of different invasive clones in Brazil. Furthermore, they revealed differences in the presence and in the gene content of pathogenicity islands among C. diphtheriae strains. Differences were also found in DtxR regulon and in corynephages sequences. Once the bacterial invasiveness and persistence in the environment may be related to the tolerance to oxidative stress, determinants involved in this process were searched in C. diphtheriae genomes. Among these, the genes DIP0906, predicted as tellurite (TeO32-) resistance gene and DIP1421, an oxyR homolog, were characterized. Moreover, their roles in diphtheria bacilli pathogenesis were investigated. In vivo assays, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, showed that both genes are important for C. diphtheriae virulence. DIP0906 seems to contribute to the resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to intracellular survival in human respiratory cells, besides involved in resistance to TeO32-. OxyR negatively controls the H2O2 response and appears to be involved with C. diphtheriae binding to plasma and extracellular matrix proteins. Additionally, bacterial resistance and adaptation, through the induction of adaptive response and / or cross-resistance and biofilm formation, of C. diphtheriae strains against oxidative agents were investigated. C. diphtheriae strains showed different oxidative resistance levels and a heterogeneous behavior in the presence of the agents, which suggest the existence of different strategies for adaptation of diphtheria bacilli under oxidative stress conditions.

A difteria é uma doença imunoprevinível que permanece endêmica em diversas regiões do mundo. Além dos casos de difteria clássica, doenças invasivas como endocardite, osteomielite, pneumonia e infecções relacionadas à cateter, tem acometido indivíduos adultos parcialmente imunizados. A natureza multifatorial dos fatores de virulência que favorecem a formação de biofilme e sobrevivência em macrófagos tem sido evidenciada para o Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Entretanto, escassos são os trabalhos que investigaram a influência de condições ambientais na virulência do patógeno. Uma vez que agentes oxidantes são capazes de gerar radicais livres e levar ao estresse oxidativo que, consequentemente, podem resultar em resposta adaptativa e influenciar na formação do biofilme e na virulência bacteriana, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar os efeitos do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), paraquate e telurito de potássio (K2TeO3) em propriedades biológicas de cepas de C. diphtheriae de origens diversas. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras de C. diphtheriae apresentaram níveis de resistência ao K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate, porém em intensidades variadas e independentes da capacidade de produção da toxina diftérica. Algumas amostras, toxinogênicas ou não, isoladas do trato respiratório superior demonstraram resposta adaptativa para H2O2 passando, portanto, a expressar resistência aumentada após uma prévia exposição ao referido agente oxidante. C. diphtheriae não exibiu respostas adaptativas para o K2TeO3 e paraquate. C. diphtheriae foi capaz de produzir biofilme na superfície de substratos abióticos de natureza hidrofílica (vidro) e hidrofóbica (poliestireno) na presença de agentes oxidantes K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate. A presença dos agentes oxidantes influenciou na formação de biofilme de algumas amostras. O paraquate inibiu a produção de biofilme de todas amostras. A amostra TR241 teve a produçao de biofilme inibida na presença dos três agentes oxidantes analisados. Por outro lado, a presença de H2O2 e do K2TeO3 estimulou a produção de biofilme de algumas amostras. Para todas as amostras de C. diphtheriae testadas, independentes das origens, biotipos e da capacidade de produção de toxina diftérica, os ensaios moleculares indicaram a presença de sequências gênicas cromossômicas homólogas, codificadores da proteína DIP 0906 (TeR) e da proteína DIP 1421 (OxyR), envolvidos na resistência ao telurito e na proteção contra o estresse oxidativo, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação da suscetibilidade e a resposta adaptativa aos agentes oxidantes com as diferentes características bacterianas: origem, sítio de isolamento, produção de toxina diftérica, metabolização de sacarose e produção de biofilme. Em conclusão, o estresse oxidativo foi capaz de influenciar fatores de virulência do C. diphtheriae, como a capacidade de produçao de biofilme, que podem estar contribuindo para a patogenia da difteria clássica assim como de doenças invasivas causadas por cepas atoxinogênicas. / Diphtheria is a disease it could be preventable by immunization although remains endemic in many regions of the world. Besides the classical cases of diphtheria, invasive diseases such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia and catheter-related infections, has affected adults partially immunized. The multifactorial nature of virulence factors that promote biofilm formation and survival in macrophages have been shown to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. However, few are the studies that investigated the influence of environmental conditions on the virulence of the pathogen. Since oxidants are capable of generating free radicals lead to oxidative stress and, consequently, may result in adaptive response and influence in biofilm formation and bacterial virulence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), paraquat and potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) in biological properties of strains of C. diphtheriae of different origins. The results show that the strains of C. diphtheriae showed levels of resistance K2TeO3, H2O2 and paraquat, but in varying intensities and independent production capacity of diphtheria toxin. Some samples, toxigenic or non-toxigenic, isolated respiratory tract demonstrated adaptive response to H2O2 passing thus expressing increased resistance after exposure prior to said oxidizing agent. C. diphtheriae seemed not display adaptive responses to K2TeO3 and paraquat. C. diphtheriae was able to produce biofilm on the surface of substrates abiotic hydrophilic in nature (glass) and hydrophobic (polystyrene) in the presence of oxidizing agents - K2TeO3, H2O2 and paraquat. The presence of oxidizing agents influence the biofilm formation of some samples.The paraquat inhibited the production of biofilm from all samples. The sample TR241 had inhibited the production of biofilm in the presence of oxidizing agents three analyzed. Moreover, the presence of H2O2 and K2TeO3 stimulated biofilm production of some samples. For all samples C. diphtheriae tested, independent of the origins and biotypes production capacity of diphtheria toxin, molecular assays indicated the presence of chromosomal gene sequences homologous to genes involved in tellurite resistance and protection against oxidative stress present in other bacterial species, genes encoding protein DIP 0906 (Ter) and protein DIP 1421 (oxyR). No correlation was observed susceptibility and adaptive response to oxidants with different biological activities bacterial: origin, isolation site, production of diphtheria toxin, sucrose metabolism and biofilm production. In conclusion, oxidative stress was able to influence virulence factors of C. diphtheriae, as the capacity of production of biofilm, which may be contributing to the pathogenesis of diphtheria classical as well as invasive disease caused by strains non-toxigenic.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Corynebacterium diphtheriae é um importante patógeno humano e agente causal da difteria. Embora seja observada uma redução mundial no número de casos da doença, a difteria permanece endêmica em muitos países e surtos são esporadicamente notificados. No Brasil, o último surto ocorreu no estado no Maranhão e revelou mudanças em aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos da doença. Diferentemente da maioria das cepas de difteria brasileiras, que pertencem ao biovar mitis, nesse surto dois diferentes pulsotipos de C. diphtheriae biovar intermedius foram isolados. Além disso, sinais patognomônicos da doença não foram relatados em parte dos casos. C. diphtheriae também vem sendo relacionado com quadros de infecções invasivas, apesar de ser reconhecido como patógeno tipicamente extracelular. Em conjunto, estas mudanças no perfil das infecções por C. diphtheriae sugerem a existência de outros fatores de virulência além da produção da toxina diftérica. Neste sentindo, foram realizadas análises de tipagem molecular e de genômica comparativa para avaliar a diversidade genética e o potencial de virulência de cepas de C. diphtheriae isoladas de difteria clássica e infecções invasivas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a circulação de diferentes clones invasores no Brasil. Além disso, revelaram diferenças marcantes na presença e na composição de ilhas de patogenicidade entre as amostras, bem como nos genes sob regulação do DtxR e nas sequências dos corinefagos integradas ao cromossomo bacteriano. Uma vez que o potencial invasor bacteriano e a persistência no ambiente podem estar relacionados à tolerância ao estresse oxidativo, foram procurados nos genomas sequenciados, genes possivelmente envolvidos neste processo. Dentre estes, os genes DIP0906, predito como gene de resistência ao oxidante telurito (TeO32-), e DIP1421, codificador do regulador transcricional OxyR, foram caracterizados funcionalmente e tiveram seus papéis na patogenicidade investigados. Ensaios in vivo utilizando o nematódeo Caenorhabditis elegans demonstraram que ambos são importantes para a virulência de C. diphtheriae. Além da resistência ao TeO32, DIP0906 parece contribuir para a resistência ao peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e para a viabilidade no interior de células respiratórias humanas. Já OxyR, além de controlar negativamente a resposta ao H2O2, parece estar envolvido com a ligação de C. diphtheriae a proteínas plasmáticas e de matriz extracelular. Adicionalmente, foi investigada resistência e a capacidade de adaptação de C. diphtheriae frente a agentes oxidantes, através da indução de resposta adaptativa e/ou resistência cruzada e da formação de biofilme. As cepas de C. diphtheriae apresentaram diferentes níveis de resistência e um comportamento heterogêneo na presença dos agentes oxidantes, o que sugere a existência de diferentes estratégias de sobrevivência e adaptação de C. diphtheriae nas condições de estresse oxidativo. / Corynebacterium diphtheriae is an important human pathogen and the main causal agent of diphtheria. Although a reduction in the number of diphtheria cases is observed worldwide, diphtheria remains endemic in many countries and outbreaks are still reported sporadically. In Brazil, the last outbreak occurred in Maranhão and revealed changes in clinical and epidemiological diphtheria aspects. Despite most Brazilian C. diphtheriae belong to mitis biovar, in this outbreak were isolated two different pulsotypes of C. diphtheriae biovar intermedius. Furthermore, diphtheria pathognomonic features were absent in some cases. C. diphtheriae has also been associated with invasive infections, although typically recognized as extracellular pathogen. Together, these changes in profile of C. diphtheriae infections suggest the existence of other virulence factors besides the diphtheria toxin. In order to access the genetic diversity and the potential virulence of C. diphtheriae strains isolated from classical diphtheria and invasive infections, molecular typing and comparative genomics analyzes were conducted. The results demonstrated the circulation of different invasive clones in Brazil. Furthermore, they revealed differences in the presence and in the gene content of pathogenicity islands among C. diphtheriae strains. Differences were also found in DtxR regulon and in corynephages sequences. Once the bacterial invasiveness and persistence in the environment may be related to the tolerance to oxidative stress, determinants involved in this process were searched in C. diphtheriae genomes. Among these, the genes DIP0906, predicted as tellurite (TeO32-) resistance gene and DIP1421, an oxyR homolog, were characterized. Moreover, their roles in diphtheria bacilli pathogenesis were investigated. In vivo assays, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, showed that both genes are important for C. diphtheriae virulence. DIP0906 seems to contribute to the resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to intracellular survival in human respiratory cells, besides involved in resistance to TeO32-. OxyR negatively controls the H2O2 response and appears to be involved with C. diphtheriae binding to plasma and extracellular matrix proteins. Additionally, bacterial resistance and adaptation, through the induction of adaptive response and / or cross-resistance and biofilm formation, of C. diphtheriae strains against oxidative agents were investigated. C. diphtheriae strains showed different oxidative resistance levels and a heterogeneous behavior in the presence of the agents, which suggest the existence of different strategies for adaptation of diphtheria bacilli under oxidative stress conditions.

A difteria é uma doença imunoprevinível que permanece endêmica em diversas regiões do mundo. Além dos casos de difteria clássica, doenças invasivas como endocardite, osteomielite, pneumonia e infecções relacionadas à cateter, tem acometido indivíduos adultos parcialmente imunizados. A natureza multifatorial dos fatores de virulência que favorecem a formação de biofilme e sobrevivência em macrófagos tem sido evidenciada para o Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Entretanto, escassos são os trabalhos que investigaram a influência de condições ambientais na virulência do patógeno. Uma vez que agentes oxidantes são capazes de gerar radicais livres e levar ao estresse oxidativo que, consequentemente, podem resultar em resposta adaptativa e influenciar na formação do biofilme e na virulência bacteriana, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar os efeitos do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2), paraquate e telurito de potássio (K2TeO3) em propriedades biológicas de cepas de C. diphtheriae de origens diversas. Os resultados demonstraram que as amostras de C. diphtheriae apresentaram níveis de resistência ao K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate, porém em intensidades variadas e independentes da capacidade de produção da toxina diftérica. Algumas amostras, toxinogênicas ou não, isoladas do trato respiratório superior demonstraram resposta adaptativa para H2O2 passando, portanto, a expressar resistência aumentada após uma prévia exposição ao referido agente oxidante. C. diphtheriae não exibiu respostas adaptativas para o K2TeO3 e paraquate. C. diphtheriae foi capaz de produzir biofilme na superfície de substratos abióticos de natureza hidrofílica (vidro) e hidrofóbica (poliestireno) na presença de agentes oxidantes K2TeO3, H2O2 e paraquate. A presença dos agentes oxidantes influenciou na formação de biofilme de algumas amostras. O paraquate inibiu a produção de biofilme de todas amostras. A amostra TR241 teve a produçao de biofilme inibida na presença dos três agentes oxidantes analisados. Por outro lado, a presença de H2O2 e do K2TeO3 estimulou a produção de biofilme de algumas amostras. Para todas as amostras de C. diphtheriae testadas, independentes das origens, biotipos e da capacidade de produção de toxina diftérica, os ensaios moleculares indicaram a presença de sequências gênicas cromossômicas homólogas, codificadores da proteína DIP 0906 (TeR) e da proteína DIP 1421 (OxyR), envolvidos na resistência ao telurito e na proteção contra o estresse oxidativo, respectivamente. Não foi observada correlação da suscetibilidade e a resposta adaptativa aos agentes oxidantes com as diferentes características bacterianas: origem, sítio de isolamento, produção de toxina diftérica, metabolização de sacarose e produção de biofilme. Em conclusão, o estresse oxidativo foi capaz de influenciar fatores de virulência do C. diphtheriae, como a capacidade de produçao de biofilme, que podem estar contribuindo para a patogenia da difteria clássica assim como de doenças invasivas causadas por cepas atoxinogênicas. / Diphtheria is a disease it could be preventable by immunization although remains endemic in many regions of the world. Besides the classical cases of diphtheria, invasive diseases such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia and catheter-related infections, has affected adults partially immunized. The multifactorial nature of virulence factors that promote biofilm formation and survival in macrophages have been shown to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. However, few are the studies that investigated the influence of environmental conditions on the virulence of the pathogen. Since oxidants are capable of generating free radicals lead to oxidative stress and, consequently, may result in adaptive response and influence in biofilm formation and bacterial virulence, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), paraquat and potassium tellurite (K2TeO3) in biological properties of strains of C. diphtheriae of different origins. The results show that the strains of C. diphtheriae showed levels of resistance K2TeO3, H2O2 and paraquat, but in varying intensities and independent production capacity of diphtheria toxin. Some samples, toxigenic or non-toxigenic, isolated respiratory tract demonstrated adaptive response to H2O2 passing thus expressing increased resistance after exposure prior to said oxidizing agent. C. diphtheriae seemed not display adaptive responses to K2TeO3 and paraquat. C. diphtheriae was able to produce biofilm on the surface of substrates abiotic hydrophilic in nature (glass) and hydrophobic (polystyrene) in the presence of oxidizing agents - K2TeO3, H2O2 and paraquat. The presence of oxidizing agents influence the biofilm formation of some samples.The paraquat inhibited the production of biofilm from all samples. The sample TR241 had inhibited the production of biofilm in the presence of oxidizing agents three analyzed. Moreover, the presence of H2O2 and K2TeO3 stimulated biofilm production of some samples. For all samples C. diphtheriae tested, independent of the origins and biotypes production capacity of diphtheria toxin, molecular assays indicated the presence of chromosomal gene sequences homologous to genes involved in tellurite resistance and protection against oxidative stress present in other bacterial species, genes encoding protein DIP 0906 (Ter) and protein DIP 1421 (oxyR). No correlation was observed susceptibility and adaptive response to oxidants with different biological activities bacterial: origin, isolation site, production of diphtheria toxin, sucrose metabolism and biofilm production. In conclusion, oxidative stress was able to influence virulence factors of C. diphtheriae, as the capacity of production of biofilm, which may be contributing to the pathogenesis of diphtheria classical as well as invasive disease caused by strains non-toxigenic.

Avec pour problématique une importante variabilité des lots de production vaccinale contre la diphtérie, une analyse intégrative du métabolisme central, du fer et du transcriptome de Corynebacterium diphtheriae, cultivé en conditions les plus proches de la culture industrielle, ont permis d’élargir les connaissances sur le comportement de la bactérie en conditions de production industrielle, et plus particulièrement sur l’existence de corrélations entre activité métabolique et virulence. L'analyse du métabolisme central et la comparaison de l'expression des gènes de C. diphtheriae, ont permis de mettre en évidence l'importance du maltose dans l'établissement de la virulence. Ce sucre, largement présent dans notre alimentation, est ainsi rencontré par la bactérie lors de son processus de colonisation de l'hôte. La consommation du maltose lors de la phase stationnaire, coïncident avec la production de la toxine, semble ainsi liée aux réactions de maintenance et à la production de métabolites secondaires plutôt qu'à la croissance. Plusieurs gènes liés à la capture et au catabolisme du maltose sont liés à la production de la toxine diphtérique. Cependant, les mécanismes de régulation sont complexes, impliquant plusieurs régulateurs. Une étude sur les besoins en fer de la bactérie et les liens avec la pathogénicité a été réalisée. En effet, le gène de la toxine diphtérique est régulé par DtxR, répresseur activé par Fe2+. Elle a permis d'évaluer la capacité de stockage en fer de la bactérie et la limite de concentration intracellulaire pour obtenir une production de toxine. Un effort a été apporté afin de visualiser les ferritines synthétisées par la bactérie par la technique NanoSIMS. Enfin, l'analyse de l'expression des gènes de C.diphtheriae cultivé en condition de limitation en fer et supplémentée en fer a apporté une quantité d'informations sur les liens entre métabolisme central et du fer, virulence et stress oxydatif. Cette démarche a été mise à profit afin de proposer à l'industriel des pistes d'optimisations du procédé et d’améliorations de la productivité en toxine diphtérique. Via l’ajustement de certains paramètres physico-chimiques (visant l'oxygénation et une meilleure métabolisation du maltose), il est possible d'obtenir un gain de production significatif (titre final en toxine multiplié par 2,5). La productivité spécifique en toxine peut être également multipliée par 2,2 par une astucieuse étape de dilution et recyclage de la biomasse en fin de culture / Faced with an important variability in production yields of vaccines against diphtheria, a dynamic systemic approach, including central and iron metabolism and transcriptome analysis, led to an improved knowledge of Corynebacterium diphtheriae physiology, notably as regards the connection of central metabolism and virulence. Gene expression analysis coupled to metabolic characterization enabled a correlation between maltose consumption and virulence to be established. Because of the typical human diet, maltose is present in the human oropharynx where it may serve as a key nutrient source for C. diphtheriae. Maltose consumption during stationary phase, coupled with toxin production, seems to be linked to maintenance and secondary metabolites rather than growth. Several genes, including uptake and catabolism of maltose, are related to diphtheria toxin production. However, mechanisms of regulation are complex and may involve several transcriptional regulators. Bacterial iron requirements and its relation to pathogenicity were considered. Indeed, diphtheria toxin gene is regulated by Fe2+ activated DtxR. These studies revealed that C. diphtheriae is able to store an important quantity of intracellular iron within ferritin-like proteins visualized by NanoSIMS microscopy and the definition of an intracellular threshold concentration provoking expression of toxin production. Finally, genome-wide gene expression analysis of C.diphtheriae in iron starvation and iron excess conditions provided information on relations between central and iron metabolism, virulence establishment and oxidative stress. The resulting knowledge was exploited to suggest process optimization strategies to enhance toxin production, currently being assessed by the industrial partner. Adjusting some key physico-chemical parameters (targeting oxygenation and better maltose metabolization) enabled significant gains in toxin production (2.5 fold increase). Specific productivity could be increased by 2.2 thanks to a novel biomass dilution and recycling step at the end of the culture

Die Gattung Corynebacterium gehört, neben Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus und weiteren nahverwandten Gattungen, dem unverwechselbaren, gattungsübergreifenden Taxon Mycolata an. Viele Spezies aus dieser heterogenen Gruppe Mycolsäure-haltiger Actinomyceten sind entweder aufgrund ihrer medizinischen oder ihrer biotechnologischen Bedeutung bekannt. Beispielsweise zählen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae und Nocardia farcinica, welche weltweit Verursacher besonders gefährlicher bakterieller Infektionskrankheiten sind, zu dieser ungewöhnlichen Gruppe Gram-positiver Bakterien. Ebenso bedeutsam sind einige apathogene Mycolata-Arten, die industrielle Anwendung finden. Corynebacterium glutamicum und Corynebacterium efficiens sind leistungsfähige Bakterien, die zum Beispiel in der Produktion des Geschmacksverstärkers Glutamat und des Tierfuttermittelzusatzes Lysin eingesetzt werden, während verschiedene Rhodococcus Spezies Anwendung bei der Herstellung von Acrylsäuren finden. Die Zellwand der Mycolata zeigt, verglichen mit der klassischer Gram-positiver Bakterien, eine außergewöhnliche Zusammensetzung und Struktur auf. Abgesehen von einem Arabinogalactan-Peptidoglycan-Komplex enthält die Zellwand der meisten Actinomyceten einen hohen Anteil an Mycolsäuren. Diese langkettigen, verzweigten Fettsäuren formen eine, mit der äußeren Membran Gram-negativer Bakterien vergleichbare, stark undurchlässige, hydrophobe äußere Hülle, welche die Grundlage der außergewöhnlichen Medikamentenresistenz bei den Mycolata bildet. Wie die äußere Membran Gram-negativer Bakterien enthält die Zellwand der Mycolata porenformende Proteine, die den Durchlass hydrophiler Substanzen gestatten. Indem sie eine Verbindung zwischen dem Zellinneren und der Umwelt, in der das Bakterium lebt, schaffen und einen kontrollierten Austausch zwischen beiden ermöglichen, tragen die Kanalproteine entscheidend zur Funktion der bakteriellen Zellhülle bei. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war das Wissen über Zellwandkanäle in Corynebakterien zu erweitern. Deshalb untersuchten wir PorA und PorH Proteine, die basierend auf früheren Studien Zellwandkanälen in C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und Corynebacterium callunae zugeordnet werden, um ungeklärten Fragen nachzugehen und um Wissen über deren Struktur zu erlangen. Ferner inspizierten wir Zellwände pathogener Corynebakterien, genauer gesagt von Corynebacterium diphtheriae und Corynebacterium jeikeium, um herauszufinden, ob diese Spezies wie ihre harmlosen Verwandten Kanalproteine besitzen. In dieser Arbeit wiesen wir mit C. diphtheriae und C. jeikeium in zwei weiteren Corynebacterium-Arten offene, mit Wasser gefüllte Zellwandkanäle nach. Des Weiteren stellten wir fest, dass sich die Zellwandkanäle von C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und C. diphtheriae aus zwei Proteinen zusammensetzen, einem zugehörig zu der Gruppe der PorH Proteine und einem weiteren aus der Gruppe der PorA Proteine. Diese heteromere Struktur von Zellwandkanälen bei Corynebakterien stellt ein Novum für Zellwandkanäle bei den Mycolata dar. Indessen besteht der Zellwandkanal von C. jeikeium aus nur einem Protein, CjPorA, angeordnet zu einem Oligomer. Obgleich das Molekulargewicht dieses Proteins (4 kDa) mit dem von PorH und PorA Proteinen vergleichbar ist (5-7 kDa), weißt seine Primärsequenz keine eindeutige Homologie zu diesen auf. Dennoch deutet vieles auf eine Verwandtschaft zwischen CjPorA und PorH/PorA Proteinen hin, da das Gen jk0268, welches für CjPorA kodiert, sich in einer Region des C. jeikeium Chromosoms befindet, die der Genomregion entspricht in welcher die porH/porA Gene der anderen Corynebakterien lokalisiert sind. Dies lässt vermuten, dass jk0268 (welches für den homomeren Zellwandkanal in C. jeikeium kodiert) und die porH/porA Gene von C. glutamicum, C. efficiens und C. diphtheriae (die einen heteromeren Zellwandkanal kodieren) wahrscheinlich Nachkommen eines gemeinsamen Vorläufergens sind. Phylogenetische Analysen der Gattung Corynebacterium unterstützen diese Annahme. Desweitern legen sie nahe, dass die hier untersuchten Zellwandkanäle innerhalb dieser Gattung wahrscheinlich weit verbreitet sind. Ein umfassendes Wissen über Zellwandkanäle, denen beim Transport gelöster Stoffe über die äußere Membran in Corynebakterien und anderen Mitgliedern der Mycolata eine entscheidende Rolle zukommt, könnte von großem wirtschaftlichem und medizinischem Nutzen sein. / The genus Corynebacterium belongs, together with Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and further closely related genera, to the distinctive suprageneric taxon mycolata. Many species within this diverse group of mycolic acid containing actinomycetes are known either because of their medical or biotechnological relevance. For instance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Nocardia farcinica, causer of most dangerous bacterial infectious diseases world-wide, are among this exceptional group of Gram-positive bacteria. Likewise of importance are some harmless mycolata species which find use in industrial settings. Corynebacterium glutamicum and Corynebacterium efficiens are, e.g., potent producers of the flavour enhancer glutamate and the animal feed additive lysine, while several Rhodococcus species are applied in the production of acrylic acids. The cell wall of mycolata species, compared with that of Gram-positive bacteria, exhibits an unusual composition and organization. Besides an arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, the cell walls of most actinomycetes contain large amounts of mycolic acids. Comparable to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, these long-chained branched fatty acids form a highly impermeable hydrophobic outer layer which provides the basis of the exceptional drug resistance of mycolata species. Like the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall of mycolata contains channel-forming proteins that allow the passage of hydrophilic solutes. By permitting and controlling the exchange and communication between the interior of the cell and the environment in which the bacterium lives, the channels play an important role for the function of the bacterial cell envelope. This thesis aimed to extend our knowledge about cell wall channels in corynebacteria. For this purpose, we examined PorA and PorH proteins that have been associated by previous studies with cell wall pores in C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and Corynebacterium callunae in order to resolve unanswered questions and to gain structural knowledge. We also investigated cell walls of pathogenic corynebacteria, in particular of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium jeikeium, to investigate if these species possessed channels as is the case with their harmless relatives. In this work we provided evidence for the existence of large and water-filled cell wall channels in C. diphtheriae and C. jeikeium. Moreover, we demonstrated that the major cell wall channels of C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and C. diphtheriae consist of two distinctive polypeptides; one of whom belongs to the class of PorH proteins and the other to the class of PorA proteins. This heteromeric structure of channels of corynebacteria represents a novelty for channels of the mycolata. In contrast, the C. jeikeium channel is solely constituted by a single protein, CjPorA, arranged as an oligomer. Although the molecular mass of this protein (4kDa) is comparable to those of PorH and PorA proteins (5-7 kDa), it shares no distinctive homology in its primary sequence with them. However, there is evidence for relationship between CjPorA and PorH/PorA proteins because the gene jk0268, coding for CjPorA, is localized in a chromosomal region of C. jeikeium that corresponds to the genomic region containing the porH/porA genes in the other corynebacteria. This suggests that jk0268 (coding for the homomeric cell wall channel in C. jeikeium) and the porH/porA genes of C. glutamicum, C. efficiens and C. diphtheriae (coding for heteromeric cell wall channels) are presumably descendants of a common ancestor gene. This assumption gets support from data on phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corynebacterium. Moreover, these data suggest that the here investigated cell wall channels are presumably widespread within this genus. A profound knowledge of cell wall channels, building the main passage of solutes through the outer mycolate membrane in corynebacteria and other members of the mycolata, can be of great economical and medical value.

In Streptococcus pyogenes, the protein SiaA (HtsA) is part of a heme uptake pathway system and involved in heme transfer from Shp to the ABC transporter. SiaA mutants, in which alanine replaces the axial histidine (H229) and methionine (M79) ligands, as well as a lysine (K61) and cysteine (C58) located near the heme propionates, are reported. Studies on a mutant of a cysteine expected to be at a distance from the propionates (C47A) are also reported. The coordination state and spin state of the selected mutants were determined via Resonance Raman studies. The pKa values of mutants ranged from 9.0 to 9.4, which were close to the pKa of the WT SiaA (9.7). The midpoint reduction potential of lysine (K61A) mutant was determined by spectroelectrochemical titration to be 61 ± 3 mV vs. SHE, similar to the WT protein (68 ± 3 mV). The addition of guanidinium hydrochloride resulted in protein denaturation that could show more than one process and occurred over days. The ease of protein unfolding was directly related to the extent of interaction of the residues with the heme: changes in the axial ligands resulted in far greater changes in heme protein stability than changes in the residues near the heme propionates. The causative agent of diphtheriae, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, imports heme via an ABC uptake transporter. In this research, two of the five proteins in the heme uptake pathway of C. diphtheriae were studied. These proteins were HmuT, lipoprotein component of the ABC transporter, and HtaA, the heme receptor. UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy showed that HmuT protein as isolated bound a porphyrin, rather than heme. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) studies suggested that two tetrapyrroles were bound. To assess stability of this protein towards heme release, thermal denaturation studies were performed. For HtaA, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy also showed the protein as isolated was also bound a porphyrin, rather than heme. Homology studies showed that HtaA protein is quiet distant from homologous heme uptake proteins and could be a member of novel heme binding domain family.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Microbiology) -- University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 142-160). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;