Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:27:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariannaPP_DISSERT.pdf: 1396601 bytes, checksum: aaf52b34dbdc02a341c65518d94c4687 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Multilateral Trading System has evolved and presented new international mandatory rules to States. Along with the World Trade Organization constitutive treaty, Brazil has incorporated the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) in the national legal system. That treaty limits de scope of subsidies concession by governments since this practice can constitute a mechanism of commercial disloyalty, affecting national industrial development in the importing country. At the same time, the multilateral agreement grants defense legitimate instruments to States, among them the possibility of domestically and unilaterally imposing countervailing measures to subsidized products that enter the national territory. Since the issue concerns both international and domestic level in complementary grounds, this research, besides investigating the treaty related obligation, aims at studying the national legal fundaments to ASCM s application by the Brazilian State. Therefore, the essential point resides in the State s conduction of its international trading and also in its available and constitutionally established mechanisms of economic intervention. State s regulating power reveals itself as a fundamental prerogative to succeed in the internalization of international agreement s requirements in the domestic legal system, which represents a basic prerequisite to the implementation of countervailing measures. Once the whole normative outlines are apprehended, this study shall scan the administrative process of trading defense main elements, along with the means of controlling public administration acts. The action taken by the public organs that directly intervene in foreign trade shall be analyzed as well, so as to enable reasoning if the unilateral application of countervailing duties by the Brazilian State is happening on legitimacy grounds / O Sistema Multilateral do Com?rcio evoluiu e adveio com normas internacionais de cumprimento obrigat?rio pelos Estados. Juntamente com o acordo constitutivo da Organiza??o Mundial do Com?rcio, o Brasil incorporou em seu ordenamento jur?dico interno o Acordo sobre Subs?dios e Medidas Compensat?rias (ASMC). Este tratado internacional limita a margem de concess?o de subs?dios pelos governos em raz?o de a pr?tica poder constituir um mecanismo de deslealdade comercial, afetando o desenvolvimento da ind?stria nacional do pa?s importador. Ao mesmo tempo, o acordo multilateral outorga aos Estados instrumentos leg?timos de defesa, dentre os quais se destaca a aplica??o, a n?vel interno e de maneira unilateral, de medidas compensat?rias aos produtos que adentrarem o territ?rio nacional com o incentivo das subven??es. Em se tratando de mat?ria em que as ?rbitas internacional e interna complementam-se, a presente pesquisa, al?m de perscrutar acerca dos deveres oriundos do tratado internacional, prontifica-se a estudar os fundamentos jur?dicos dom?sticos para a aplica??o do ASMC pelo Brasil. A quest?o insere-se, por conseguinte, na condu??o estatal de seu com?rcio internacional e tamb?m nos mecanismos de interven??o na ordem econ?mica, consagrados constitucionalmente. O poder regulamentar do Estado brasileiro revela-se fundamental para a internaliza??o dos requisitos do acordo internacional no ordenamento jur?dico p?trio, o que, inclusive, representa requisito basilar para a aplica??o das medidas compensat?rias. Uma vez compreendido todo o arcabou?o normativo pertinente, este estudo procurar? deslindar os elementos essenciais do processo administrativo de defesa comercial, juntamente com os meios de controle da administra??o p?blica. A conduta dos ?rg?os p?blicos diretamente envolvidos no tratamento do com?rcio exterior brasileiro ser?, finalmente, analisada, como forma de se apreender se a implementa??o unilateral dos direitos compensat?rios pelo Estado brasileiro ocorre, como deve ser, de maneira leg?tima

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese ANA CARLA BLIACHERIENE.pdf: 1983408 bytes, checksum: e8bb52bda7466ff200fc0557d3c299a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-19 / This thesis defines classifies and explores the applicable laws to subsidies and countervailing measures which are regulated by international rules of commercial defense issued by the World Trade Organization It introduces the historical evolution of the laws related to the multilateral trade by the international community and emphasizes the importance to maintain the mechanisms of commercial defense separated from those derived from the competition law Furthermore it presents out new themes related to subsidies raised in the Doha Agenda in addition to pointing out the Brazilian line of thought concerning other WTO-members propositions By classifying subsidies it discriminates financial subsidies between credit and tributary showing how the State acts as a regulator of the economical order It emphasizes the existence of a specific law system applicable to countervailing and antidumping measures in opposition to the one applicable to safeguards and it is compared with the Brazilian federal law It points out the vital importance of the maintenance of the judicial safety of the national court decisions about the application and interpretation of the WTO-derived Agreements specifically the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement Finally it shows the mechanisms available for application of the commercial defense measure by the States and international trade subjects / Aborda a definição classificação e o regime jurídico aplicável aos subsídios e às contramedidas segundo as regras do Acordo sobre Subsídios e Medidas Compensatórias da Mundial do Comércio e a Legislação brasileira Trata do histórico da regulamentação jurídica do comércio multilateral pela comunidade internacional e ressalta a importância da autonomia dos mecanismos de defesa comercial em relação àqueles derivados do direito da concorrência Destaca os novos temas em matéria de subsídios levantados na Agenda Doha de Negociação bem como a posição brasileira quanto às propostas presentadas por outros membros da Organização Diferencia subsídios financeiros tributários de ditícios e aborda a atuação do Estado como regulador da ordem econômica Destaca a existência de um regime jurídico especial e próprio aplicável às medidas antidumping e compensatórias diferente daquele aplicável às salvaguardas fazendo uma análise das visões jurisprudencial legislativa e doutrinária brasileiras Demonstra a necessidade de manutenção da segurança jurídica nas decisões do Poder Judiciário nacional no que se refere à aplicação e à interpretação dos acordos derivados da OMC mais precisamente do Acordo de Subsídio e Medidas Compensatórias Por fim aponta os mecanismos disponíveis para a aplicação dos instrumentos de defesa comercial pelos Estados e as pelas partes interessadas

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Magister Legum - LLM

美國與歐盟在航空產業的補貼爭議已有數十年之久，雙方互相指控對方補貼其國內民用航空器製造業，此一爭議雖經雙方談判協商，但終究談判破裂而進入世界貿易組織（WTO）爭端解決機構，成為WTO歷史上涉案金額最大的一次貿易糾紛案。雖然美國與歐盟就航空器補貼爭議相互於WTO下提出訴訟，總計成立了四個爭端案件，在如此複雜的情況下，目前僅歐盟航空補貼案（DS316）已進入至言詞辯論程序，其他爭議案均未進入實質審理程序，尚無資料可得分析，因此僅就DS316一案而為討論。 / 在該案中，美方指控歐盟以開發補助、基礎設施、研發技術補助等措施為空中巴士進行補貼，提升空中巴士之市場競爭力，對美國波音公司產生不良影響。上述措施是否違反WTO規定，著實進一步分析探討之必要，因此本文將介紹補貼及民用航空器的相關規定，由SCM協定下之補貼構成要件－政府財務補助、利益及特定性之要件，判斷歐盟是否構成補貼，而其中尚須檢驗美國與歐盟首次書狀中論點之合理性、考量過去小組類似判斷之見解與顧及1992年美歐航空器的雙邊協定，最後嘗試預測未來小組判斷中，對補貼之構成與否及其法律效果之意見。 / Subsidy dispute of aviation between the US and EU has been lasting over the past decades. Both sides accused each other of subsidizing domestic civil aircraft industry. In spite of having made efforts to solve the trade clash through negotiations, they eventually took the subsidy dispute before Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization（WTO） after the negotiations had failed. In the biggest case ever to come before WTO, US and EU separately filed legal complaints against each other at the WTO, which set up four dispute cases. However, except the oral arguments were held in the European Communities-Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft（DS316）, the three other cases have not yet entered into substantial procedures. Therefore, this thesis intends to focus on the DS316 due to no related data available to analyze the rest of the cases. / In DS316, the US argued that EU subsidized Airbus by way of such measures as Launch Aid, Infrastructure & Regional Aid and Research & Technology to improve Airbus’s competitiveness in the aviation market and put its US rival Boeing at disadvantage. Given that whether the EU subsides are against the trade rules of the WTO needs further studies, this thesis would like to interpret related rules which regulate subsidy and civil aircraft industry. It would also like to decide if the EU involved in subsidizing by examining the constitutive requirements of subsidy under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures（SCM agreement）including financial contribution, benefit and specificity. This thesis will review the rationality of arguments in the first written submissions both by the US and EU, and then deliberate the opinions of similar decisions from the WTO panel in the past as well as take into account the Agreement between the European Economic Community and the Government of the United States of America concerning the Application of the GATT Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft on Trade in Large Civil Aircraft in 1992. Finally, this article tries to forecast the opinions about what is regarded as subsidy and the related legal effects in future decisions by the WTO panel.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted