Vast disparities exist between China’s rural and urban areas. Throughout the history of Communist Party rule, ever-widening rural-urban inequality, problems with migration to the cities, and the threat of rural unrest have afflicted the countryside. Efforts by previous administrations have largely failed to solve the nation’s rural problems. China’s current leaders are determined to tackle these issues by means of a change in the direction in policy: the new focus is on sustainable development and social justice rather than rapid economic growth. At the same time, the central government hopes to strengthen the Communist Party’s power base and reduce potential threats to its ongoing reign. While the new policy direction is expected to improve the standard of living of China’s rural people and reduce social conflict in the short term, it may be insufficient to bring peace and satisfaction among the people in the long term.

Der Transformationsprozess in der Mongolei stellt besonders für den wirtschaftlichen Bereich eine große Herausforderung dar. Bei der Umgestaltung von der Plan-zur Marktwirtschaft nehmen dabei Führungskräfte eine Schlüsselfunktion ein, da sie wesentlichen Einfluss auf den Gestaltungsprozess der sich neu orientierenden Unternehmen haben. Die Arbeit untersucht das Verhältnis der Führungskräfte zu ihren Mitarbeitern vor dem Hintergrund neocharismatischer Theorieansätze und kommt zum dem Schluss, dass es Hinweise auf transformationale Führung gibt. Dabei nehmen Gruppenprozesse, die Person der Führungskraft sowie traditionelle und sozialistisch sozialisierte Elemente zentrale Rollen ein. Des Weiteren gibt es Verweise auf Konzepte der Authentizität und der Geteilten Führung. / The postsocialist transformation process in Mongolia represents - particularly for the ecnomic sector - a major challenge.With the transformation of the planned economy to a free enterprise economy top executive personnel, especially entrepreneurs, have a key function, since they have substantial influence on the reorganization process of the newly orienting enterprises. The dissertation examines the relationship of entrepreneurs and top executives to their employees against the background of neocharismatic theory approaches and comes to the conclusion that there are thoroughly indications referring to a transformational leadership. Group processes, the personalities of top executives as well as traditional and socialistically socialized elements play a central role. Moreover there are references to concepts of authenticity and shared leadership.

The aim of this essay is to examine how people living in the Swedish countryside looked upon changes in the interiors through modernization in 1850-90. For the first time, there was an abundance of objects available in stores in the countryside that the majority of the population had money buy. Many novelties were introduced in the interior decoration of ordinary peoples´ homes. This study focuses on the introduction and use of wallpaper and is based on a questionnaire about wallpaper sent from the Nordiska museet, National museum of Culture history in Sweden, to people all over Sweden in 1948. 148 people responded to the questions about use and attitudes toward wallpaper during the second half of the 19th century. My theoretical perspective is cultural diffusion, the spread of cultural items, more specific the diffusion of innovations from larger to smaller places, often influenced by social elites, hierarchical diffusion, and between individuals, contagious diffusion. The analytical perspective used for the analysis is based on the concepts of basic and variable modernity, initiated by the historian Sven-Eric Liedman. Basic modernity describes the structural modernization in society as a whole within the fields of economy, technology and natural sciences. The variable modernity represents the different attitudes, likes and dislikes, opinions, viewpoints and cultural differences every individual possesses, the attitudes that decide how and if the modernity is received in each household. My intent has been to ascertain the factors that made production and distribution of relatively cheap wallpaper all over Sweden possible, pinpoint the most important driving forces for creating an interest in wallpaper within the villages, discover how wallpaper was introduced in the individual homes of farmers and how wallpaper was received. The use of wallpaper in the interiors has been examined in order to find out if, and how the modernization affected and was affected by the way people were living their lives within the home.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Ashland Theological Seminary, 2002. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 164-172).

Submitted by CIBELE MARTO DE OLIVEIRA null (martocibele@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-14T14:34:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão final.pdf: 10328445 bytes, checksum: 5fad0b6b4311f725994c171d51471a63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-01-15T16:40:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cm_dr_rcla.pdf: 10079276 bytes, checksum: 7491da66ac34e3a37f4bc70c3b4d09ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-15T16:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_cm_dr_rcla.pdf: 10079276 bytes, checksum: 7491da66ac34e3a37f4bc70c3b4d09ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As constantes mudanças por que tem passado a área rural brasileira nas últimas décadas, incluindo as atividades desenvolvidas, que deixaram de ser exclusivamente de produção de alimentos, ocasionam uma série de estudos que contemplam as dinâmicas ocorridas e suas implicações. A fim de abordar uma parte dessa transformação em uma tese de doutorado, se apresenta o propósito deste trabalho, tendo como questão central a análise de festas realizadas no campo. Como recorte de estudo optou-se por pesquisar dois bairros rurais paulistas: Cascalho, localizado no município de Cordeirópolis - SP e Santana, situado no município de Piracicaba - SP. Por serem os bairros uma unidade de investigação menor, permitem uma análise minuciosa que denota a condição de unidade social e a identidade da comunidade residente. Cascalho e Santana possuem raízes históricas comuns, pois foram formados por meio de comunidades de imigrantes italianos que chegaram ao Brasil no século XIX para trabalharem na lavoura de café. Ainda hoje parte das tradições e costumes herdados de seus antepassados permanecem, incluindo a realização das festas em função da religiosidade e da perpetuação das tradições. O estudo das festas perpassa pela análise de seus aspectos históricos, características sociais, estruturas espaciais, a relação entre campo e cidade, além da compreensão de sua existência e importância atual em meio às transformações do lugar. Os elementos avaliados envolvem um olhar para a identidade, a memória e o sentimento de pertencimento das comunidades envolvidas em uma perspectiva trabalhada sob a óptica da Geografia Cultural tendo como viés metodológico o uso do relato oral e entrevistas. As festas se revelaram como um elemento primordial de união, identidade e, principalmente, como meio de perpetuação e prática da religiosidade católica. / The constant changes the brazilian rural area has been through in the last decades, including developed activities, are no longer solely of food production, causes a series of studies that contemplate the dynamics occurred and their implications. To show part of this transformation in a doctoral thesis, the purpose of this paper being as central point the analysis of parties being made in the countryside. As study cutout it was chosen to research two rural neighborhoods in São Paulo state: Cascalho, located in Cordeirópolis – SP city and Santana, situated in Piracicaba – SP city. Because these neighborhoods are a unit of minor investigation, they allow a careful analysis which denotes a condition of social unit and identity of the resident community. Cascalho and Santana have the same historical roots because they were made by communities of Italian immigrants that arrived in Brazil in the 19th century to work in the coffee crop. Within today, part of the tradition and customs inherited from the ancestors remain, including the execution of religious parties as well the traditions perpetuation. The study of the parties pass through the analysis of their historical aspects, social characteristics, spatial structures, the relationship between countryside and city, yet the understanding of its existence and current importance on space transformations. The elements evaluated involve a look at the identity, memory and the feeling of belonging of communities involved in a perspective to be worked by the optical of Cultural Geography as its methodological way the usage of oral report and interviews. The parties have revealed themselves as a primordial element of union, identity and, mainly, as a means of perpetuating and practicing catholic religiosity. / CNPq: 159096/2015-4

The aim of the thesis was the reconstruction of vanished subrecent settlement in the surroundings of Ktiš, as a consequence of the expulsion of German population after 1946, having focused its attention on three former villages Křížovice, Ktiška and Ostrá Hora. It was monitored the archaeological transformation at this area from 1946 until nowadays and its evaluation.

In this dissertation I use data from 19 archaeological surveys in central Tyrrhenian Italy to understand how craft and commodity production were organized across landscapes, what factors contributed to rural site longevity, and how rural sites interacted with market centers. The surveyed sites spanned the second century BC to fourth century AD. Most survey areas centered on towns or small cities, but several were within Rome's vast suburbium or adjacent to key trade corridors, such as the Tiber River and consular roads. To enable the comparison of more than 3000 rural sites considered in this study, I standardized published survey data into a relational database and analyzed site types, sizes, locations, and finds statistically as well as via Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools. Site types included constructions (e.g., aqueducts, roads) and settlements (towns, farms, connected farms). The latter two are the most common; they differ in that connected farms had more resources and better access to road networks. Production evidence for various industries (e.g., ceramic, metal, and textile) appear at both farms and connected farms, contradicting traditional views that such activities were confined to large establishments. Many rural sites were located in areas with workable and nutritious soils, and with maximum annual sun exposure. Nevertheless, advantageous location was no guarantee of longevity. Instead, the most consistent factor in rural site longevity was easy access to trade and transport networks. From the first century AD, inhabitants of sites with market connections within a 20-kilometer radius declined in prosperity or abandoned their homes, while those linked to more distant networks were able to maintain, or even expand, their territories. Wide access for buying and selling goods helped sites endure over time. This investigation demonstrates that market networks trumped site resources as the key factor in site longevity. By incorporating the types and patterns of finds, and mapping sites in relation to resources and roads, archaeological survey can help chart the ebb and flow of rural production and assess the relationship of that production to site durability.

This diploma thesis deals with comparison of architectural development of rural municipalities in the selected regions of the Czech Republic. Assessment, which facts in history had an influence for origin buildings in a South Bohemia, but at two different regions, where subject of research was at Soběslavsko-veselská blata and Hlubocko-zbudovská blata. Also it was necessary to emphasize how exceptional and momentous importance has rural municipalities in a history of architecture, which can influence rural development in a future.

Esta dissertação trata das transformações ocorridas no município de Dom Pedrito, no Rio Grande do Sul, com foco na relação cidade-campo. Para tanto, foram levantadas as peculiaridades do local, desde a formação histórica e ocupação do território, quando a pecuária era a principal atividade desenvolvida no campo, até os dias atuais, quando o agronegócio assumiu a posição de destaque na produção agrícola. Além de dados populacionais e da produção municipal, organizados em séries históricas, a pesquisa aborda as transformações na paisagem do campo e da cidade. O campo é atualmente caracterizado pelas presenças das lavouras de arroz e soja, que assumem papel importante na paisagem e na economia do município. A cidade, outrora importante como suporte da produção pecuária, hoje se encontra descolada da produção do campo, estabelecida sob uma lógica verticalizante. As mudanças são identificadas como peculiaridades locais do processo de urbanização brasileira, que teve na modernização do campo um dos pilares. Identificamos assim um espaço que se encontra em transformação, no qual campo e cidade respondem a um tempo diferente. O campo, menos rugoso, é hoje dotado de novas formas realizadas sobre uma antiga estrutura, e a cidade encontra-se perdida em um anacronismo entre as antigas formas e os processos que se desencadearam no campo, exigindo novos objetos para a resposta do local às necessidades da produção agrícola moderna. As metamorfoses do espaço são analisadas tendo por base a questão da técnica predominante em cada período histórico, estabelecendo os processos espaciais de horizontalidades e verticalidades, que estão bem demarcados na realidade de ontem e hoje. A pesquisa conclui que atualmente o município de Dom Pedrito passa por uma reconfiguração territorial, conduzida pela modernização do campo, com impacto direto na cidade local. O espaço local responde assim ao período técnico-científico-informacional. O entendimento dos problemas e das possibilidades da cidade requer um esforço de análise que considere as técnicas remanescentes junto das novas, permitindo que a renovação seja entendida como potencialidade que incorpore a vida da cidade à produção de riqueza local. / This master’s dissertation addresses the changes which occurred in the town of Dom Pedrito, Rio Grande do Sul, and focuses on the town-countryside relationship. Therefore, we have brought up the peculiarities of this place, since its historical formation and occupation, when cattle breeding was the main activity in the countryside, until currently, when agribusiness has taken the leading position in agricultural production. Besides population and production data, the research addresses the changes in the landscape of the town and of the countryside. The countryside is currently characterized by the presence of rice and soybean production, which assume an important role in the local landscape and economy. The town, once important in supporting livestock production, is nowadays distant from field production, handed down vertically. The changes are seen as local peculiarities of the Brazilian urbanization process, which had one of its pillars in the modernization of agriculture. We identify a dynamic space, in which countryside and town respond to a different time. The countryside, with less roughness, nowadays has new shapes held on an old structure, and the town is lost in an anachronism between the old shapes and the processes that have taken place in the countryside, and required new objects so that the place can meet the needs of modern field production. The changes of space and time are analyzed based on the techniques used in each period, by establishing the spatial processes of horizontality and verticality, which are well marked in the past and present time. The research concludes that currently Dom Pedrito goes through a territorial reconfiguration, driven by the modernization of the countryside, with direct impact in the local town. The local space responds to the technical, scientific and informational period. To understand the problems and the possibilities of the town requires an analysis that takes into account the remaining and the new techniques to allow innovation to be understood as a power that places the town into the production of local wealth.

Com o advento da modernização e tecnificação da agricultura, as cidades locais especializam-se para atender a determinados tipos de produção que se encontram desenvolvidas no seu entorno rural. Esses fatores podem ser observados no município de Santa Vitória do Palmar, situado no extremo sul do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A urbanização afeta tanto a cidade como o campo, e induz mudanças análogas; o que nos leva a questionar de que maneira, através e a partir da paisagem urbana, pode ser percebido o movimento inerente ao processo de (re) produção espacial e seu conteúdo. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma discussão sobre as relações sociais que consolidam a estrutura atual da cidade de Santa Vitória do Palmar, bem como sobre o papel do poder público no processo de produção da cidade e definição de seu papel urbano. Ao longo dos anos, observa-se uma diminuição da população total do município e da população rural, e aumento da população urbana, visto que a cidade torna-se residência dos trabalhadores agrícolas. A expansão da população urbana faz surgir novos atores sociais o que traz consequências políticas importantes, implicando analisar quais escalas de agentes sociais e relações de poder que atuam neste local. A especialização de atividades e do comércio para atender o processo de produção realizado no campo, bem como a construção de moradias populares por parte do poder público para atender a população de baixa renda, proveniente do campo, são mudanças perceptíveis na paisagem da cidade que traduzem as relações existentes na sociedade. Portanto, analisar as mudanças impressas na paisagem urbana é uma maneira de compreender o mundo em que vivemos, ou seja, o espaço da sociedade humana, onde os homens habitam e, ao mesmo tempo, produzem modificações que constroem e (re) constroem a si e ao espaço permanentemente. / As modernization and implementation of technologies in agriculture arise, local cities specialize to assist some kinds of production which are developed at the rural areas. These aspects may be observed in the city of Santa Vitória do Palmar, which is in the Deep South of Rio Grande do Sul state. Urbanization affects both city and countryside, and it takes to analogue changes. These changes lead us to question how the intrinsic movement to the process of spatial (re)production and its content may be understood through and from urban landscape. This research presents a discussion about social relationships which consolidate the current structure of Santa Vitória do Palmar, as well as the public administration's role in the process of production of the city and the definition of its urban role. Over the years, it is observed that the total amount of people of the city and the countryside is decreasing, while the urban population is increasing, as the city is home of many farmers. The expansion of urban population creates new social actors, which brings important political consequences, implying the analysis of the kinds of social agents and the relations of power in this place. The government's specialization of activities and trade intending to answer to the process of production in the countryside, as well as to build popular dwellings to help low class people, from the countryside, are noticeable changes in the landscape of the city, which translate the relationships in the society. Therefore, analyzing changes in the urban landscape is a way of understanding the world where we live, in other words, the space of human society, where men live and, at the same time, produce changes to (re)build themselves and their space permanently.