Thesis (M. P. A.)--Texas State University-San Marcos, 2005. / "Spring 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-84).

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Kaplan and Norton developed the Balanced Scorecard in 1992. This framework has given the management the opportunity to better understand how the organization is functioning. Communication is the vital factor for success with the Balanced Scorecard and the organization. Nowadays, in a world of rapid change and competition the organizations face an untold quantity of leadership challenges, and by applying the Balanced Scorecard the management will get the chance to achieve results by putting their strategies into action. The Jönköping County Council is responsible for the healthcare within its area, and is one of numerous organizations that have implemented the Balanced Scorecard.</p><p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons the healthcare department within Jönköping County Council applied the Balanced Scorecard, how they use it, and to understand from their perspective how it benefits them. In addition to this we will present advice from employees to the management that is considering implementing the tool.</p><p><strong>Method:</strong> This is a qualitative study with an abductive approach, where we used both primary and secondary data in this research paper. The primary data was gathered through interviews with different departments at Jönköping County Council, which contributed to different views on the use of the Balanced Scorecard. Theories about the Balanced Scorecard were gathered through secondary data.</p><p><strong>Results/conclusions:</strong> Overall the management at Jönköping County Council are pleased and satisfied with the Balanced Scorecard. In addition to this they are all motivated and engaged in using the framework. However, they believe that the main drawbacks with the Balanced Scorecard are to make employees understand and connect the daily work to the framework, as well as finding the “correct” numerical values that reflects the organization. The benefits according to the management are the multidimensional view of the organization through the four perspectives in the Balanced Scorecard, and also the fact that they now have a framework which encourage the staff to strive to achieve a unison vision through action plans. The nursing staff was not aware of the term ‘Balanced Scorecard’ or the four perspectives, and therefore wanted to get more information about it from their executives, since they are expected to work in accordance with the framework. Through interviews with the upper- and middle management and the nursing staff we can draw the conclusion that the Jönköping County Council implemented the Balanced Scorecard since they wanted to have a system that could be used at all levels within the organization, this to get an overview and a better control of what is happening within the business.</p>

Background: Kaplan and Norton developed the Balanced Scorecard in 1992. This framework has given the management the opportunity to better understand how the organization is functioning. Communication is the vital factor for success with the Balanced Scorecard and the organization. Nowadays, in a world of rapid change and competition the organizations face an untold quantity of leadership challenges, and by applying the Balanced Scorecard the management will get the chance to achieve results by putting their strategies into action. The Jönköping County Council is responsible for the healthcare within its area, and is one of numerous organizations that have implemented the Balanced Scorecard. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons the healthcare department within Jönköping County Council applied the Balanced Scorecard, how they use it, and to understand from their perspective how it benefits them. In addition to this we will present advice from employees to the management that is considering implementing the tool. Method: This is a qualitative study with an abductive approach, where we used both primary and secondary data in this research paper. The primary data was gathered through interviews with different departments at Jönköping County Council, which contributed to different views on the use of the Balanced Scorecard. Theories about the Balanced Scorecard were gathered through secondary data. Results/conclusions: Overall the management at Jönköping County Council are pleased and satisfied with the Balanced Scorecard. In addition to this they are all motivated and engaged in using the framework. However, they believe that the main drawbacks with the Balanced Scorecard are to make employees understand and connect the daily work to the framework, as well as finding the “correct” numerical values that reflects the organization. The benefits according to the management are the multidimensional view of the organization through the four perspectives in the Balanced Scorecard, and also the fact that they now have a framework which encourage the staff to strive to achieve a unison vision through action plans. The nursing staff was not aware of the term ‘Balanced Scorecard’ or the four perspectives, and therefore wanted to get more information about it from their executives, since they are expected to work in accordance with the framework. Through interviews with the upper- and middle management and the nursing staff we can draw the conclusion that the Jönköping County Council implemented the Balanced Scorecard since they wanted to have a system that could be used at all levels within the organization, this to get an overview and a better control of what is happening within the business.

How do municipalities and county councils work with gender mainstreaming? What tools are used and which are the conditions and obstacles in the working process? Gender mainstreaming has been an official strategy in Sweden since 1994. In all policy decisions at all levels, a gender perspective shall be integrated. This will ultimately have an impact on the citizen level. The essay shows that despite the fact that the strategy has been official for 21 years, it is not used everywhere. I examine how the county council and municipalities in the county of Västmanland are working with gender mainstreaming. In Västerås, there is much work going on, on the basis of the strategy. While in other municipalities, no work at all can be found. Within the framework of gender mainstreaming, the municipalities and the county council are using a set of tools. There is talk about several conditions and obstacles in the work with gender mainstreaming, where knowledge is a recurring element. This makes the study particularly interesting when we get an insight of how much the work within gender mainstreaming can be separated for each municipality.

Cette recherche porte sur l’une des traditions urbanistiques britanniques de l’après-guerre, le town design, et sur sa transmission en France dans le cadre de la construction des villes nouvelles. Ma thèse se développe ainsi en deux temps : la première partie définit ces savoirs urbanistiques dans le milieu britannique et étudie leur mise en pratique ainsi que leur formalisation ; la seconde partie analyse leur réception et leur reformulation dans le contexte français, ainsi que les motivations des acteurs impliqués. Mon travail s’attache à analyser la façon dont la tradition du town design se codifie progressivement au travers des plans anglais des années d’après-guerre, ces études urbaines commanditées par des municipalités dans lesquelles s’exprime et se formalise une façon de faire la ville. Un enjeu important de mon travail est de replacer, dans l’histoire des débats urbains, l’apport de ces professionnels « installés », modernistes, en tant qu'inventeurs de formes et de doctrines. Cette histoire des savoir-faire étudie plus spécifiquement la façon dont des concepts sont mobilisés par les acteurs et transformés par leur pratique. Au fondement de la tradition du town design se trouve la méthode du neighbourhood planning, qui repose sur l’opérationnalisation du concept d’unité de voisinage. Ce concept opératoire, appliqué au développement d’un territoire, se traduit directement par l’usage de trois outils de conception : le programme (distribution spatio-temporelle et fonctions des équipements), la mobilité (connexions et temporalité des déplacements) et la composition par groupements (et non via un tracé ordonnateur). Ces outils se trouvent appliqués dans la centralité avec l’opération du Barbican Centre, chef d’œuvre ambigu du town design qui, s’appuyant sur un dispositif de precinct, propose un environnement autonome et attractif comme réponse au défi de la construction de logements dans les conditions de la centralité. Un autre enjeu, qui fait l’objet de la seconde partie de ce travail, est d’étudier différents modes de transmission de ces savoir-faire urbanistiques et d’identifier des « chaînes de transmission » et les « agents de transfert » dans le contexte français. Je montre l’intérêt profond des concepteurs français de villes nouvelles pour le travail sur la programmation et pour l’exigence rationnelle générale (accumulation de données, élaboration d’hypothèses…) qui caractérisent l’approche britannique. À la fin des années 1960, les acteurs des villes nouvelles veulent rompre avec l’urbanisme de plan, caractéristique des savoir-faire urbains appliqués en France depuis l’après-guerre. Une étude de cas autour de la collaboration de la Mission de Cergy-Pontoise avec Shankland et Cox fournit un exemple clair de transfert de savoir-faire entre deux grandes institutions publiques : il s'agit d'une part du département d’architecture du London County Council (LCC) – en charge, notamment, de l’élaboration du plan de Londres de 1944 et de sa mise en application – et d'autre part de l’Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (IAURP), en charge de la création des villes nouvelles autour de la capitale. L’intérêt pour l’expérience britannique s’explique par les instructions très claires du ministère, relayées par le directeur de la Mission, Bernard Hirsch, qui exigent de laisser aux sociétés privées une plus grande part d’initiative dans le développement de la ville nouvelle. L’expérience britannique permet aussi aux jeunes architectes de la Mission, comme l’ont fait avant eux les jeunes architectes du LCC, de définir une nouvelle pratique d’aménageur-concepteur : un concepteur dont l’action n’est ni exclusivement réglementaire ni celle d’un « auteur », et qui accepte l’incertitude de l’évolution du projet dans le temps / My research focuses on a post-war British planning tradition called “town design”, and on its transfer and diffusion in France through the work of new towns designer. The first part of the dissertation defines this tradition as a specific set of urban skills and concepts developed during the British post-war years. The second part analyses its reception and reformulation in the 1960’s French context. The dissertation aims to show how the tradition of town design was gradually codified through the making of urban plans commissioned by municipalities in the post-war years. An important issue was to establish that “mainstream” professional modernist architects could be inventors of forms and doctrines. This study shows more specifically how concepts are mobilised and transformed by professional pratice. The tradition of town design relies on neighbourhood planning and uses the neighbourhood unit’ as an operational concept in the development of central areas. As such, the Barbican Center may be considered an ambiguous masterpiece of town design. It confronts the challenge of building dwellings in central areas within a pedestrian precinct conceived as an autonomous and attractive environment. The second part of this work is dedicated to the study of the different ways in which the urban tradition has been “transmitted” to France and of its "transmission chains" and "transfer agents" in the French context. The thesis shows that the French new town designers praise the British tradition for its emphasis on briefing and programming, as well as its data-driven, firmly rational approach. The case study of the close collaboration between the Mission de Cergy-Pontoise and the Shankland and Cox practice demonstrates that a full set of skills and concepts was transferred between two major public institutions: the architects’ department of London County Council (LCC) and the Institut d’aménagement et d’urbanisme de la région parisienne (IAURP), which was in charge of the creation of new towns around the capital

Den här uppsatsen undersöker Landstinget i Värmlands personaltidning Intryck och dess betydelse för organisationskulturen. Huvudsyftet med studien är att titta närmare på hur de fem olika yrkesgrupperna läkare, sjuksköterskor, undersköterskor, sjukgymnaster och dietister framställs i tidningen. Uppsatsen tittar också på hur personal inom yrkesgrupperna själva anser att de representeras i tidningen, samt om tidningens syfte når fram till personalen.   Studien utgår från teorier om kommunikation, internkommunikation, organisationsteori och organisationskultur. Ett viktigt begrepp för uppsatsen är bland annat transmissionsmodellen som ger en grundläggande syn på hur kommunikation fungerar genom en personaltidning.        För att uppnå uppsatsens syfte har en fallstudie, genom två metoder, gjorts. Personaltidningen Intryck analyserades genom en kvalitativ innehållsanalys där tre frågor ställdes till texterna: Hur framställs yrkesrollerna i tidningen?, Fokuserar texterna på team eller individer? och Är kommunikationen tillgänglig för alla? Frågorna syftade till att få svar på uppsatsens övergripande frågeställning angående hur yrkesrollerna framställs. Den andra metoden var en enkätundersökning som riktades till urvals-yrkesgrupperna läkare, sjuksköterska, undersköterska, sjukgymnast och dietist. Undersökningen gjordes på Centralsjukhuset i Karlstad och på de tre utvalda vårdcentralerna Västerstrands vårdcentral, Vårdcentralen Gripen och Kronoparkens vårdcentral. Samtliga vårdcentraler är belägna i Karlstads kommun. Enkätundersökningen syftade till att svara på två av uppsatsens frågeställningar: huruvida personaltidningen upplevs bidra till gemenskap inom organisationen samt vilket av personaltidningens syften som når fram till personalen.   Av den kvalitativa undersökningen av personaltidningen framkom vissa skillnader mellan hur de olika yrkesrollerna framställdes och då främst mellan läkare och sjuksköterskor. Slutsatsen blev att läkare framställs som "hjältefigurer", medan sjuksköterskorna förminskas och framställs som osäkra personer utan pondus. Svarsfrekvensen i enkätundersökningen visar att personalen anser att tidningen till viss del bidrar till Landstinget i Värmlands organisationskultur, samt att "Informera personalen om vad som händer på arbetsplatsen" är det syfte som i högst utsträckning når fram till den tillfrågade personalen. / This essay investigates the organizational staff magazine of county council in Värmland. The purpose of the essay is to investigate the culture in the organization and how the professional groups, doctors, nurses, assistant nurses, physiotherapist and dietitian, are being represented in the magazine. The essay also investigates if the professional groups find themselves represented in the magazine and if the professional groups understand the intention of the magazine.   Communication, internal communication, organizational theory and organizational culture are the theories of this essay. The model of transmission is one, among other, important tenets in the essay.   To secure the purpose of the essay the investigation was made by using content analysis and a survey. The content analysis gave the answers to three questions asked to the text. The questions were: ”How do the magazine represent the professional groups?”, ”Do the magazine focus on team or individuals?” and ”Do the readers understand the diction in the magazine?”. These three questions were used to answer the major purpose of the essay: ”How the professional groups, doctors, nurses, assistant nurses, physiotherapists and dietitians, are being represented in the magazine”. The survey was dispensed to the professional groups at Centralsjukhuset in Karlstad (the hospital in Karlstad) and to three care centres in Karlstad: Västerstrand care centre, Gripen care centre and Kronoparken care centre. The survey was made to answer two of the major questions of the essay: ”Does the magazine contribute to the organizational culture” and ”The magazine has several purposes – which one is the readers most aware of?”.   The result of the essay shows big differense between how the magazine represents the professional groups. The content analysis shows among other things that the doctors are represented as heroes and the nurses as a lower-ranking professional group. The result of the survey shows that the magazine is helping to build an organizational culture at the county council. ”To give the staff important information about the workplace” was the most frequent answer given to the question about the main purpose of the magazine.

The consumer society exploits the earth’s resources more than the earth itself has capability to produce. This over-consumption causes a mass production of products, which mean that more greenhouse gases are being emitted to the atmosphere. This is one of the reasons why the earth’s temperature is rising, where the result of it is worldwide disasters. The paper consumption is part of the causes to climate change, but this is something we can prevent by just changing little things in our everyday lives. Our question is: What does it actually take for us to stop wasting paper as we do? Is it possible at all? We decided to study what the IT-center of Jonkoping county council need to do to reduce their office paper printing. A survey and interviews were made to get to know the employees way to work. Many are very positive towards electronic documents and do not mind a change, as we can see in the results. But many admitted that they have a way to work that is hard to break. With these studies and previous cases, we found a solution for the IT-center. The solutions are reported in an electronic brochure.

<p>The consumer society exploits the earth’s resources more than the earth itself has capability to produce. This over-consumption causes a mass production of products, which mean that more greenhouse gases are being emitted to the atmosphere. This is one of the reasons why the earth’s temperature is rising, where the result of it is worldwide disasters. The paper consumption is part of the causes to climate change, but this is something we can prevent by just changing little things in our everyday lives. Our question is: What does it actually take for us to stop wasting paper as we do? Is it possible at all? We decided to study what the IT-center of Jonkoping county council need to do to reduce their office paper printing. A survey and interviews were made to get to know the employees way to work. Many are very positive towards electronic documents and do not mind a change, as we can see in the results. But many admitted that they have a way to work that is hard to break. With these studies and previous cases, we found a solution for the IT-center. The solutions are reported in an electronic brochure.</p>

This thesis concentrates upon a largely neglected subject wi thin contemporary political history, that is the transition in London government from the London County Council (L.C.C.) to the Greater London Council (G.L.C.). It is a study of the actions and reactions of poli tical parties at central government, county council, and district council level, and incorporates the role of non-political party pressure groups. The bulk of the thesis is concerned with the L.C.C. area. Consideration is, however, given to the non-L.C.C. area incorporated into the larger C.L.C. This work demonstrates that there was no consensus regarding the need for reform. It is argued that the lack of consensus led to compromises that failed to satisfy many interested groups and thus the C.L.C. was often perceived to be flawed. This thesis derives from an exhaustive literature search and extensive reading. The records of political parties were very useful. Newspapers and journals aided research, as did a series of interviews with key surviving individuals. A further source of information were the minutes of various local authorities and connected bodies. Previously unavailable records have been used, for example, Conservative Party and Government records. With the aid of these new sources this work uniquely concentrates on exposing the political constraints and biases that caused a flawed local government system to be introduced.

Orientador: Cláudia Maria Daher Cosac / Banca: Rosalinda Chedian Pimentel / Banca: Mário José Filho / Resumo: No século XXI, o desenvolvimento tecnológico alcançado não foi capaz de manter o equilíbrio ecológico do planeta, comprometendo a sobrevivência das futuras gerações, gerando debates sobre a necessidade de uma nova visão de mundo. O crescimento econômico passou a ser questionado, enquanto o desenvolvimento social e a preservação do meio ambiente passaram a integrar os princípios racionais que informam a defesa dos direitos humanos e a cooperação entre os povos, originando o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável. Ao conhecer o passado, torna-se possível compreender o presente e estabelecer estratégias de ação capazes de modificar o futuro. Nesta percepção de mundo, a preservação da memória é vista como instrumento de formação do cidadão, sujeito histórico de direitos e deveres, capaz de perceber os limites e as possibilidades da vida em sociedade. Memória, cidadania e educação constituem o tripé da preservação do patrimônio cultural. A predominância da população mundial nas cidades cria possibilidades de transformar o cenário urbano em espaço de educação, de valorização da memória e de formação de cidadãos, na medida em que, utilizando o desenvolvimento tecnológico na adequação do patrimônio ao uso contemporâneo, os atores políticos podem ser capazes de agir em direção à sustentabilidade. A Constituição Federal de 1988 instituiu o regime democrático de direito e seu exercício pelo povo, de forma indireta e direta. Permitiu a participação da sociedade na gestão pública, garantiu a preservação do meio ambiente e do patrimônio cultural para as futuras gerações. No entanto, o histórico constitucional brasileiro revelou como é complexo o caminho existente entre a norma abstrata e a realidade concreta. Entre as possibilidades de exercício da democracia direta, encontram-se as instâncias denominadas Conselhos Municipais. / Abstract: Technological development was not able to keep the ecological balance in the planet in the 21st century, jeopardizing the survival of future generations, producing debates about the need for a new view of the world. Economical growth has been questioned; meanwhile, social development and environment preservation became part of rational principles which inform the defense of human rights and the cooperation amongst people all over the world, originating the concept of sustainable development. Knowing the past makes it possible to understand the present and settle action strategies that can modify the future. In this perception of the world, the preservation of memory is seen as a tool of character formation and historic subject of rights and duties capable of noticing the limits and possibilities of life in society. Memory, citizenship and education form the trivet for the cultural heritage preservation. The predominance of the world population in cities makes it possible to change the urban scenery into a space of education, heritage awareness and citizenship; once using technological development in the suitability of the patrimony to the present use, the political actors must be able to act towards the sustentability. The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1998 established the democratic regimen of law and its practice by the people, both in direct and indirect form. It allowed the participation of society in public management, assured the preservation of environment and cultural heritage for future generations. Nevertheless, the Brazilian constitutional history showed how complex is the way between abstract rule and factual reality. Amongst the possibilities for the practice of direct democracy, there are the instances named County Councils - Conselhos Municipais. Referring to the Federal Constitution, which defined them as a municipality duty in its management, assuring the community cooperation in the process. / Mestre