Magister Legum - LLM / Tensions have arisen in Kenya’s devolved system between the Senate - the body representing the sub-national units at the national level and the county governors. The magnitude of the problem is such that it has motivated a publisher in Nairobi, to ‘capture the moment’ by way of a comic book. This is in a bid to fathom the nature and cause of the problem in a fun way for the public good, and to seek to find solutions to the volatile relations. These conflicts threaten to rock Kenya’s nascent devolved system. As figure 1.1 below demonstrates, there is almost a boxing match between the senator and governor. In such an antagonistic atmosphere, realising the full fruits of devolution would become a nearly impossible mission. In first cartoon, the two ‘titans,’ a governor and senator, are seen in a boxing ring ready to take on each other. The senator is portrayed as an enraged aggressor, eager to strike, while the exasperated governor appears to be more on the defensive. Mr Knowings, a neutral character and the narrator of the comic book stands between them, ostensibly as a referee. The second cartoon portrays the senator in a more casual carefree manner, almost like a rogue, holding what could be money in his hands, perhaps an indication of the power that the Senate wields over the county government finances and its oversight role. The governor, on the other hand, is depicted as a smartly dressed, more sober individual, with documents tucked beneath his arms and holding what appears to be a pen in one hand, ostensibly ready to fulfil his executive functions. In the subsequent discussions, this depiction falls into place when the roles of the governor and senator are examined and the causes of the conflicts analysed. Similar to the Mr Knowings, this research study seeks to explore, albeit on a more serious note, the nature and causes of these conflicts, what the law provides concerning the relationship between senators and governors and how the conflicts can be avoided or resolved. Who, if at all, is the ‘bad guy’ here? This study sets to find out.

<p>Hans Olof Alsén, born 16 august 1926, is a Swedish Social Democrat politician who served as the County Governor of Uppsala from 1986 to 1992. During the 1960s, -70s and -80s he had several political commissions including Member of Parliament and government Undersecretary. In addition he had numerous Board of Directors assignments in different business corporations as well as in non commercial associations both prior to, during and after the County Governor period.</p><p>This paper describes the organizing and cataloguing of Hans Alsén's personal archives. The documents at hand were deposited at the regional state archives (Landsarkivet) in Uppsala in 2008 and 2009 by Alsén himself. The documents almost exclusively cover the County Governor years 1986-1992. At a previous occasion Alsén deposited another set of personal documents at the archival institution Folkrörelsearkivet in Uppsala. The Alsén personal archives at Folkrörelsearkivet cover the years 1955-1989 which chronologically corresponds to his political career and activity prior to the County Governor post. The four years of chronological overlapping by the two archives is worth noting.</p><p>This paper addresses some of the principal problems and consequences concerning the mix up of governmental documents in personal archives, for example when it comes to searchability, accountability and secrecy. Furthermore the issue of archives, from one and the same person of origin, split up on several archival institutions is treated as well as some of the more practical problems encountered during the organizing process.</p><p>The Hans Alsén archives 1986-1992 was organized and catalogued by Tony Engström as part of the Master Programme in Archival Science at the University of Uppsala.</p>

Hans Olof Alsén, born 16 august 1926, is a Swedish Social Democrat politician who served as the County Governor of Uppsala from 1986 to 1992. During the 1960s, -70s and -80s he had several political commissions including Member of Parliament and government Undersecretary. In addition he had numerous Board of Directors assignments in different business corporations as well as in non commercial associations both prior to, during and after the County Governor period. This paper describes the organizing and cataloguing of Hans Alsén's personal archives. The documents at hand were deposited at the regional state archives (Landsarkivet) in Uppsala in 2008 and 2009 by Alsén himself. The documents almost exclusively cover the County Governor years 1986-1992. At a previous occasion Alsén deposited another set of personal documents at the archival institution Folkrörelsearkivet in Uppsala. The Alsén personal archives at Folkrörelsearkivet cover the years 1955-1989 which chronologically corresponds to his political career and activity prior to the County Governor post. The four years of chronological overlapping by the two archives is worth noting. This paper addresses some of the principal problems and consequences concerning the mix up of governmental documents in personal archives, for example when it comes to searchability, accountability and secrecy. Furthermore the issue of archives, from one and the same person of origin, split up on several archival institutions is treated as well as some of the more practical problems encountered during the organizing process. The Hans Alsén archives 1986-1992 was organized and catalogued by Tony Engström as part of the Master Programme in Archival Science at the University of Uppsala.

<p>The thesis studies the county governors of northern Sweden during the period 1634–1769, altogether 41 men, and their part in the ongoing state formation process during the early modern period. The office of county governor was established in the constitution of 1634 and played an integral part in the modernisation of the local and regional administration of the Swedish realm. The governors’ primary tasks were to monitor the bailiffs and other civil servants and to protect the interests of the Crown. Another task was to maintain the communication between the King and the subjects. The Crown wished to increase its control over the political, economic, ideological and military spheres of society, in the pursuit of greater revenues and more conscripts to army, among other things. Special interest is paid to four different aspects of the governors and their work.</p><p>A study of the governors’ conception of their position and duties of the office shows that their valuation of the office varied with the individual office-holder’s personal status and situation. Many governors uttered sentiments reminiscent of a patrimonial administration, although the system de jure showed many bureaucratic characteristics.</p><p>At the county council, a former arena of regional self-government, the governors met and interacted with the subjects and announced decrees from the Crown. The county council was an important forum for regional administration and interaction, although it was not sanctioned in law, and therefore held at an ad hoc basis.</p><p>The daily work of the governors varied with the changing times and conditions of the region and the realm as a whole. In times of war, military matters were predominant in the governor’s correspondence with the King. But the daily administrative work on the regional and local level was never dominated by military issues. All different aspects of society had to be kept in working order, whether the realm was at war or not. The supplications that were sent from the subjects to the governor also always had a good chance of being granted. This was an important tool for legitimating the prevailing social order. The rulers of the realm thereby presented themselves as benign and ready to attend to the subjects’ needs.</p><p>A few governors of northern Sweden were subjected to the investigations of royal commissions, but none of the them were deposed by such commissions. The investigations were caused by complaints from other civil servants, military officers and also from the populace. The accusations pertained to abuse and neglect of office and violations of the rights of specific groups.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with the space for action available to women of the regional elite. The interaction of such categories as gender and class are discussed. The overall purpose is to describe and analyze the role of the county governor’s wife during the period 1900- 1940. The study takes its point of departure in the lives of Ellen Widén and Hanna Rydh, both wives of county governors, and especially treats the area of cultural heritage as the potential public arena for women. Special attention is focused on the cultural heritage as a possible public sphere of activity for women at that time. Cultural heritage has been defined as the cultural and material expressions that were regarded as possessing symbolic value and that have therefore been the focus for various kinds of preservation. Cultural heritage is associated here with a growing field for professional interest and work.</p><p>Women in general were given specific tasks within the nation. One of these was to safeguard aesthetic and cultural characteristics within the nation, the province and the home region. By working within the sphere of cultural heritage, with arts and crafts and with the preservation of the home region, women were regarded as links between the older and younger generations. The specific characteristics of the home region could be expressed through various textiles. The work of creating specific parish costumes can be seen as one of many examples of a female cultural heritage.</p><p>The study has shown that the wives of county governors could have a direct and immediate influence on activities in the area of cultural heritage. This research has established that these women formed a more independent power factor than earlier research has maintained. The county governor’s wife did not automatically gain a position of power. She had potential power, an opportunity derived from both class and gender. To transform this potential into power and influence demanded success and skill in the field.</p><p>When Hanna Rydh, the wife of a county governor, declared herself a candidate for the position of county governor in 1938, it was too much of a challenge to the prevailing gender order. Through a form of ”tyranny of difference” women were prevented from establishing themselves within public spheres that were more masculine by tradition. This could be true of specific fields or of the formal power exercised by the parliament, the government and public offices. If the female elite challenged the men of their own class, their opportunities were circumscribed. I have chosen therefore to speak of both power and “non-power.” Within certain contexts there were good opportunities for the regional female elite to obtain their own space for action. Yet, in other situations the limitations were greater than the opportunities; “non-power” also existed. </p>

The thesis studies the county governors of northern Sweden during the period 1634–1769, altogether 41 men, and their part in the ongoing state formation process during the early modern period. The office of county governor was established in the constitution of 1634 and played an integral part in the modernisation of the local and regional administration of the Swedish realm. The governors’ primary tasks were to monitor the bailiffs and other civil servants and to protect the interests of the Crown. Another task was to maintain the communication between the King and the subjects. The Crown wished to increase its control over the political, economic, ideological and military spheres of society, in the pursuit of greater revenues and more conscripts to army, among other things. Special interest is paid to four different aspects of the governors and their work. A study of the governors’ conception of their position and duties of the office shows that their valuation of the office varied with the individual office-holder’s personal status and situation. Many governors uttered sentiments reminiscent of a patrimonial administration, although the system de jure showed many bureaucratic characteristics. At the county council, a former arena of regional self-government, the governors met and interacted with the subjects and announced decrees from the Crown. The county council was an important forum for regional administration and interaction, although it was not sanctioned in law, and therefore held at an ad hoc basis. The daily work of the governors varied with the changing times and conditions of the region and the realm as a whole. In times of war, military matters were predominant in the governor’s correspondence with the King. But the daily administrative work on the regional and local level was never dominated by military issues. All different aspects of society had to be kept in working order, whether the realm was at war or not. The supplications that were sent from the subjects to the governor also always had a good chance of being granted. This was an important tool for legitimating the prevailing social order. The rulers of the realm thereby presented themselves as benign and ready to attend to the subjects’ needs. A few governors of northern Sweden were subjected to the investigations of royal commissions, but none of the them were deposed by such commissions. The investigations were caused by complaints from other civil servants, military officers and also from the populace. The accusations pertained to abuse and neglect of office and violations of the rights of specific groups.

This thesis deals with the space for action available to women of the regional elite. The interaction of such categories as gender and class are discussed. The overall purpose is to describe and analyze the role of the county governor’s wife during the period 1900- 1940. The study takes its point of departure in the lives of Ellen Widén and Hanna Rydh, both wives of county governors, and especially treats the area of cultural heritage as the potential public arena for women. Special attention is focused on the cultural heritage as a possible public sphere of activity for women at that time. Cultural heritage has been defined as the cultural and material expressions that were regarded as possessing symbolic value and that have therefore been the focus for various kinds of preservation. Cultural heritage is associated here with a growing field for professional interest and work. Women in general were given specific tasks within the nation. One of these was to safeguard aesthetic and cultural characteristics within the nation, the province and the home region. By working within the sphere of cultural heritage, with arts and crafts and with the preservation of the home region, women were regarded as links between the older and younger generations. The specific characteristics of the home region could be expressed through various textiles. The work of creating specific parish costumes can be seen as one of many examples of a female cultural heritage. The study has shown that the wives of county governors could have a direct and immediate influence on activities in the area of cultural heritage. This research has established that these women formed a more independent power factor than earlier research has maintained. The county governor’s wife did not automatically gain a position of power. She had potential power, an opportunity derived from both class and gender. To transform this potential into power and influence demanded success and skill in the field. When Hanna Rydh, the wife of a county governor, declared herself a candidate for the position of county governor in 1938, it was too much of a challenge to the prevailing gender order. Through a form of ”tyranny of difference” women were prevented from establishing themselves within public spheres that were more masculine by tradition. This could be true of specific fields or of the formal power exercised by the parliament, the government and public offices. If the female elite challenged the men of their own class, their opportunities were circumscribed. I have chosen therefore to speak of both power and “non-power.” Within certain contexts there were good opportunities for the regional female elite to obtain their own space for action. Yet, in other situations the limitations were greater than the opportunities; “non-power” also existed.

Teigiama visuomenės nuomonė apie instituciją prasideda nuo sėkmingos jos veiklos. Visuomenės nuomonei formuoti naudojama ryšių su visuomene veikla. Tačiau valstybinių institucijų ryšių su visuomene tikslai skiriasi nuo privačių institucijų. Kadangi valstybinės institucijos negamina parduodamo produkto, jų ryšių su visuomene pagrindinis tikslas – kad visuomenė teisingai suprastų institucijos misiją ir naudojamas priemones tikslams pasiekti. Valdžios institucijų ryšių su visuomene specialistai turi viešai pateikti kuo daugiau reikalingos informacijos, kuri įgalintų visuomenę teisingai įvertinti priimamus sprendimus. Valstybinių institucijų ryšių su visuomene veikla yra mažai tyrinėta, todėl jos procesų, pritaikymo specifinėms šių įstaigų reikmėms galimybių ir trūkumų analizė yra labai aktuali. Ryšių su visuomene sfera plačiausiai išplėtota centrinėse vykdomosios valdžios institucijose bei savivaldos institucijose. Teritorinėse vykdomosios valdžios institucijose ryšių su visuomene padaliniai įsteigti visai neseniai. Šiuo darbu siekta išnagrinėti teritorinių vykdomosios valdžios institucijų – apskričių viršininkų administracijų (Vilniaus, Kauno, Šiaulių, Klaipėdos, Panevėžio, Marijampolės, Utenos, Tauragės, Telšių bei Alytaus) išorinės komunikacijos strategijos kūrimo bruožus. Analizuojama apskričių viršininkų administracijų atstovų spaudai naudojamos išorinės komunikacijos priemonės bei kanalai, ir jų efektyvumas, siekiant institucijos strateginių tikslų, atsižvelgiant į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The positive opinion of the society about institution begins from the successful institution work. To form the opinion of society, it is used public relations. But the purposes of public institutions differ from the purposes of private ones. Since the public institutions do not make products for sale, their main public relations purpose is to define their mission and useable implements to reach the aims. The public relations specialists of authorities have to officially render as much needed information as possible, in order that society could fairly measure the decisions made by public institutions. Public relations of public institutions are not explored very much, that‘s way this is very relevant. The sphere of public relations is streamed the most in the self-government and central Executive Branch institutions. The packs of public relations in the territorial Executive Branch institutions are established newly. The aim of this work is to research the creation traits of external communication strategy in the territorial Executive Branch institutions – County Governors administrations (of Vilnius, Kaunas, Šiauliai, Klaipėda, Panevėžys, Marijampolė, Utena, Tauragė, Telšiai and Alytus). In these papers, it was analyzed external communications implements and channels (and their efficiency) used by spokespersons of County Governors administrations. The analyses were made from the territorial Executive Branch institutions with society aspect. In these papers, there are... [to full text]

Disertacijoje analizuojami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos tobulinimo teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Pirmame disertacijos skyriuje nagrinėjami decentralizacijos teoriniai-metodologiniai aspektai: decentralizacijos turinio analizės problemos ir decentralizacijos privalumai bei trūkumai. Aptariama subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta viešojo valdymo sistemoje, analizuojamos teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos sampratos, teritorinių savivaldybių ir kitų viešojo valdymo subjektų kompetencijos atskyrimas, teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos apibūdinimas, nagrinėjami subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir teritorinių savivaldybių kompetencijos nustatymo teoriniai aspektai. Antrame skyriuje analizuojama Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūra ir vieta šalies viešojo valdymo sistemoje, išryškinamos teritorinio valdymo reformų kryptys 1995-2008 m. rugpjūtį, nagrinėjama Lietuvos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencija ir sąveika 1995-2008 m. rugpjūčio laikotarpiu. Trečiame skyriuje pagrįsta disertacinio projekto metu atlikto empirinio tyrimo metodologija. Pristatomi ir apibendrinami Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir vietos savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos tyrimo rezultatai. Atlikto empirinio tyrimo pagrindu pateikiamos alternatyvios Lietuvos subnacionalinio valdymo struktūros ir savivaldybių bei apskričių viršininkų institucijų kompetencijos modelio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Theoretical and practical aspects of sub-national government structure and territorial municipalities‘ competence are developed in a dissertation. The first chapter of the thesis examines the theoretical-methodological aspects of decentralization: problems of decentralization contents analysis as well as shortcomings and advantages of decentralization. It discusses the sub-national government structure and its place within the public governance system; analyzes the conceptions of territorial municipalities’ competence, division of competence of territorial municipalities and other subjects of public government as well as description of competence of territorial municipalities; examines theoretical aspects of establishing the sub-national government structure and the competence of territorial municipalities. The second chapter analyses the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and its place within the country’s public governance system, highlights the directions of territorial government reforms made in 1995- August 2008, examines the competence of Lithuanian municipalities and county governors’ institutions during the period of 1995-August 2008. The third chapter substantiates the methodology of empirical research, carried out in the course of thesis project. Research results of the sub-national government structure of Lithuania and of the competence of local municipalities and county governors’ institutions are presented and summarized. Based on the conducted... [to full text]