Inaug.-Diss.--Leipzig. / Bibliography: p. [55]-60.

Thesis--University of London. / Includes bibliographical references.

El presente trabajo examina las prácticas relacionadas con la gestación, el nacimiento, la nominación y circulación de los niños entre la población mbyá guaraní de Argentina a fin de explorar el lugar social de los niños y la producción de su persona e identidad. Empiezo argumentando que lo religioso ocupa un lugar central en la constitución de las personas. Luego, examino algunas situaciones no ordinarias y disruptivas como el nacimiento de mellizos. Ellas permiten mostrar la manera como se asienta la persona mbyá en el grupo. Finalmente, abordo las excepciones a las prácticas tradicionales, pues la manera de apartarse de ellas muestra que en la cosmovisión mbyá se ha generado nuevos mecanismos de inclusión de los niños. / This paper examines the practices related to pregnancy, birth, naming, and circulation of children in order to approach to their socially constructed place among the Argentine’s Mbyá Guaraní. I begin by arguing that the religious values are central to their production as people. Then I examine some non-ordinary and disruptive situations, such as the conception and birth of twins, to show how a Mbyá person settles down in the group. Finally, I consider the exceptions to the traditional ways for they show that in the Mbyá worldview, new mechanisms of inclusion of children have been generated.

This study analyzes figurations of masculine pregnancy in early modern texts. Because no systematic methodology for conducting such an analysis yet exists, I have synthesized scholarship from anthropology, medicine, and psychoanalysis to construct an appropriate paradigm. Specifically, I bring together the anthropologist's "couvade," the physician's "couvade syndrome," and the psychoanalyst's gender-inflected model of the unconscious. Informed by this interdisciplinary scholarship, I offer a composite theory of couvade desire. I then apply that theoretical model to early modern figurations of masculine pregnancy. I find that the pervasive use of such figurations during the period results from ahistorical bodily disparities and historically-specific epistemological circumstances. The so-called "literary couvade" thus modulates: it directly challenges essentialist claims on the one hand, while simultaneously acknowledging the inexorable link between masculinity and a bodily incapability to give birth. Masculinity, in this model, appears disabled.Mitigating the disability, however, is a cultural imaginary unfettered by modern anatomical knowledge. Key aspects of human reproduction were still seductively obscure in the early modern period. Women birthed babies, that much was plain; but, perhaps men had a compensatory system of reproduction. Perhaps, some speculated, that system was superior to the messy, merely material capability exclusive to women. Masculinity could, in this regard, rival maternity for social significance without disclosing any act of appropriation from maternity. Such a dynamic resembles closely Rene Girard's paradigm of "mimetic desire." Crucial to mimetic desire is an indifference to the ostensible object on the part of both rival subjects. Relating this to the early modern "literary couvade," I conclude that figurations of masculine pregnancy emerge from a compensatory desire: the desire to mollify an apparent lack with the reduction in significance of the rival's manifest capability.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1984.

[pt] Devido a mudanças recentes nas configurações familiares, o lugar do pai vem sofrendo modificações e os homens estão sendo convocados a desempenhar atividades de cuidado que, durante séculos, foram consideradas femininas. No presente estudo, pretendeu-se pesquisar as experiências subjetivas durante a transição para a paternidade na atualidade por meio de um estudo de campo exploratório com a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com oito homens das camadas de média renda da população carioca. As entrevistas foram analisadas por meio do método de análise de conteúdo proposto por Bardin (2011) e do discurso dos sujeitos emergiram oito categorias de análise: Mãe é mãe, Ser pãe, Demandas contraditórias: patriarca e cuidador, O homem grávido; Ultrassonografia como ritual de passagem; O nascimento do pai; A construção de um vínculo; Dos indivíduos à família. Como resultados, destacou-se a crença no instinto materno, ao mesmo tempo que o notável desejo de participação dos homens na criação afetiva dos filhos. Parece ser necessário um descolamento dos aspectos biológicos para que a sociedade em geral compreenda o momento de transformações pelo qual passam os homens na transição para a paternidade e possa, assim, acolher seus sentimentos. Conclui-se que a transição para a paternidade é um momento de adaptação, no qual os pais experimentam sentimentos contraditórios. Para que os homens possam lidar com tais sentimentos é necessário que disponham de uma rede de apoio consistente, na medida em que as transformações no lugar do pai abrem espaço para o desejo, mas também para o sofrimento gerado por imposições sociais. / [en] Due to recent changes in family structures, the role of the father has been suffering modifications, and men are being convoked to assume children s care, which had been considered a feminine activity for many centuries,.The present study was intended to search the subjective experiences during the transistion to fatherhood today. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative research was conducted, in which eight recent fathers from carioca middle-class were interviewed. From the discursive analysis of interviews eight categories have emerged: Mother is mother, Being pãe , Contradictory Demands: patriarch and caretaker, The pregnant man; Ultrasonography as a passage ritual; The birth of the father; The construction of a bond; From individuals to family. The results point to the belief in maternal instinct, as well as to the notable desire of men s participation in their children s emotional upbringing. To understand the transformations inherent to the process of becoming a father, a distance from biological aspects seems to be necessary so that society can recognize and understand fathers feelings. The conclusion is that transistion to fatherhood demands adaptation, because it is a moment in which parents experience contradictory feelings. Fathers might need to have a consistent social support so that they can manage to deal with such feelings, once the transformations in a father s role lead to both desire and to the suffering created by social impositions.

Des del punt de vista psicoanalític, el pare i el seu paper en el desenvolupament integral del seu fill/a, ha estat un tema àmpliament desconegut i desatés. Un fet semblant passa des del punt de vista de la investigació empírica en la psicologia evolutiva, psicologia clínica, psicopatologia, etc. Però, les noves perspectives de la investigació sobre el desenvolupament i creixement de les criatures, tant des del punt de vista de l'observació sistemàtica i clínica, com dels estudis empírics, li atorguen cada cop més importància. Els canvis socials i psicosocials de la família han suposat indubtables canvis del paper de la mare i del paper del pare (i de les seves representacions mentals acompanyants) que fa poc temps han començat a considerar-seHan aparegut estudis i descripcions sobre la sèrie de canvis que pateix el pare dintre de la família, a partir de l'embaràs i del naixement de la criatura.En aquest treball presentarem una visió general sobre el tema, i resultats que hem obtingut en el nostre estudi sobre la transició a la paternitat en pares d'una llar d'infants del districte de Sant Martí de Barcelona.S'han investigat variables biològiques, psicològiques i psicosocials durant l'embaràs, als tres mesos de vida de la criatura, i quan aquesta tenia 12 mesos.En general, els resultats apunten cap la importància de la paternitat com una important transició psicològica, i que ens pot permetre parlar de crisi psicosocial. I ho fa en tres nivells: síndrome de covada, desequilibri emocional post-part i aspectes que continuen en la transició bio-psico-social als 12 mesos de vida de la criatura. / Desde el punto de vista psicoanalítico, el padre y el papel que realiza en el desarrollo integral de su hijo/a, és un tema ámpliamente desconocido y desatendido. Algo similar ocurre desde el punto de vista de la investigación empírica en psicología evolutiva, psicología clínica, psicopatología,.. Y sin embargo, las nuevas perspectivas de la investigación sobre el desarrollo y crecimiento de los niñios/as, tanto desde el punto de vista de la observación sistemática y/o clínica como de los estudios empíricos, le conceden una importancia cada vez mayor. Los cambios sociales y psicosociales que padece la familia han supuesto indudables cambios del papel de la madre y del papel del padre (y de sus representaciones mentales acompañantes), que sólo recientemente han comenzado a estudiarse.En este trabajo presentaremos una visión general sobre el tema, y los resultados que hemos obtenido en nuestro estudio sobre la transición a la paternidad en padres de una guarderia del distrito de Sant Martí de Barcelona.Se han investigado variables biológicas, psicológicas y psicosociales durante el embarazo, a los tres meses de vida del hijo/a, y a los 12 meses de vida de este/a.En general, los resultados apuntan hacia la importancia de la paternidad como una transición psicológica importante, y que nos permite hablar de transición psico-social en tres niveles. Estos puntos son: síndrome de covada, desequilibrio emocional post-parto y aspectos que continuan en la transición bio-psico-social a los 12 meses de vida de la criatura. / From the psychoanalytical point of view the subject of the father and the role he plays in the integral development of his child has been really unknown and neglected. The similar thing happens as far as the empirical investigation in the clinical psychology, evaluative psychology and psychopathology are concerned. Nevertheless, the perspectives in the investigation about the children development and growing up, from the systematically and/or clinical observation and the empiric studies points of view, consider them an increasing importance. The social and psychosocial changes that can be observed in the institution of the family cause undoubted changes in the role of the mother and in the role of the father (and their accompanying representations), changes that have been investigated very recently. Nowadays, there appear many studies and descriptions of the series of the changes that suffers the father and his role in the family, related with the pregnancy and the children's birth.Now we shall present a general vision of the topic and some of the results of a empiric research work carried out about the paternity transition among the fathers of a nursery in Sant Martí¬ district of Barcelona. Biological variables, psychological and psycho-socials ones were investigated during the pregnancy, in the first three months of the son's life and in the first birthday. In general, the results point toward the importance of fatherhood as a psychosocial transition more important than expected at the three levels, and including issues of a psychosocial crisis with elements of couvade syndrome, postpartum fragility and permanent (1 year) psychosocial changes.