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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
121

Inference of evolutionary and ecological processes from reticulate evolution in RNA viruses

Dudas, Gytis January 2016 (has links)
RNA viruses have the fastest evolutionary rates amongst protein-coding organisms on the planet. Ease of sequencing, advanced techniques of analysis and global health and economic concerns have all contributed to the recognition of RNA viruses as a robust research platform. Phylogenetic methods have been at the forefront of analytical techniques used to understand the dynamics of RNA viruses - during natural circulation in populations and in individual hosts, within epidemics, across species barriers and over billions of years that viruses have been around. Most of the work presented in this thesis employs phylogenetic incongruity arising from reassortment and recombination to gain insights into the genomes and populations of RNA viruses. Chapter 2 explores the selection regimes Ebola virus has experienced following a year of circulation in humans inWest Africa, as well as its recent history. Chapter 3 investigates the extent of recombination in MERS-CoV, a novel human pathogen with an obscure epidemiology, which is suggestive of frequent co-infection of some hosts. Chapter 4, on the other hand, documents a pattern of non-intuitive linkage between some segments of the human-endemic influenza B virus genome and explores its potential to speciate. Chapter 5 builds upon chapter 4 and attempts to describe small-scale reassortment between two segments of influenza B virus and the overall migration patterns of influenza B virus in Scotland. Chapter 6 exploits the independence of segments of influenza D virus, a recently described cattle pathogen, and coalescent theory to disentangle the origins of this virus. This thesis exemplifies the success of modern sequencing methods, which, together with the use of sophisticated analytical techniques, have uncovered a wealth of information hidden away in molecular sequences of RNA viruses. The work presented herein demonstrates how reticulate evolution can be exploited as a reliable, and sometimes indispensable, marker to improve inference of evolutionary forces in RNA viruses.
122

Estudo da composição de material particulado e compostos orgânicos voláteis no ar em Catalão - GO / Study of the particulate matter composition and volatile organic compounds in the air in Catalão - GO

Santos, Rafaela Souza 27 February 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T16:51:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafaela Souza Santos - 2015.pdf: 7723635 bytes, checksum: 89791ae5835c5b06e83c5e64b4a28bb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-18T09:08:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafaela Souza Santos - 2015.pdf: 7723635 bytes, checksum: 89791ae5835c5b06e83c5e64b4a28bb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-18T09:08:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafaela Souza Santos - 2015.pdf: 7723635 bytes, checksum: 89791ae5835c5b06e83c5e64b4a28bb5 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The issue of pollution is not new. The burning of biomass used for heat generation already was beginning to anthropogenic processes of air pollution. The pollutants are in the atmosphere in solid, liquid and gaseous state. The set of solid and liquid particles is called particulate matter (PM), and the other form the set of gaseous pollutants. The MP covers a range of 0.1-100 microns and varies greatly in size composition, emission sources and adverse effects on health. The gaseous compounds are formed mostly of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are organic compounds which are gaseous at room temperature. These pollutants can be emitted by natural and anthropogenic sources, among which stand out the combustion processes and soil dust resuspension by wind action. The city of Catalão - GO has grown greatly in recent years, mainly due to the arrival of mining in the city exploring the carbonatite complexes Catalão I and Catalão II. The aim of this study was to monitor the atmospheric air in a region of the city of Catalan through the sampling and analysis of PM and VOCs. Samples MP, which occurred every six days over a period of 24 hours, were carried out for TSP, PM10 and PM2,5 in HI-VOL samplers suitable for each particle size. Gravimetric analysis indicated that the measured concentrations are in accordance with the standards set by law. The elementary MP analysis was performed by EDXRF technique and indicated that the elements present are mostly from vehicle emissions and resuspended soil dust by the wind. Sampling was performed by VOCs microextraction technique of solid phase (SPME - solid phase microextraction) twice a week for 12 hours. The analysis of the sampled VOCs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC / MS - gas chromatography mass spectrometry) in which the compounds were identified by comparison with a NIST library / MS (National Institute of Standards and Technology / Mass Spectral) present in the equipment. The identification of these compounds indicated a strong influence of vehicle emissions in the composition of atmospheric air. / A questão da poluição não é algo recente. A queima de biomassa utilizada para geração de calor já dava início aos processos antrópicos de poluição atmosférica. Os poluentes encontram-se na atmosfera nos estados sólido, líquido e gasoso. O conjunto das partículas sólidas e líquidas constitui o chamado material particulado (MP), e as demais formam o conjunto de poluentes gasosos. O MP abrange uma faixa de tamanho entre 0,1-100 e varia em tamanho, composição, fontes de emissão e efeitos adversos causados a saúde. Os compostos gasosos são formados em sua maioria pelos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs), que são compostos orgânicos que encontram-se no estado gasoso em temperatura ambiente. Esses poluentes podem ser lançados na atmosfera por fontes naturais e antrópicas, dentre as quais destacam-se os processos de combustão e ressuspensão da poeira do solo por ação dos ventos. A cidade de Catalão GO tem crescido bastante nos últimos anos, principalmente devido a chegada de mineradoras na cidade que exploram os complexos carbonatíticos de Catalão I e Catalão II. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o monitoramento do ar atmosférico em uma região da cidade de Catalão pela amostragem e análise de MP e COVs. As amostragens de MP, que aconteceram a cada seis dias por um período de 24 horas, foram realizadas para PTS, MP10 e MP2,5 em amostradores de grande volume adequados para cada tamanho de partícula. A análise gravimétrica indicou que os as concentrações medidas estão de acordo com os padrões definidos pela legislação. A análise elementar do MP foi realizada pela técnica de EDXRF e indicou que os elementos presentes são, em sua maioria, provenientes da emissão veicular e poeira ressuspensa do solo pela ação dos ventos. A amostragem dos COVs foi realizada pela técnica de microextração por fase sólida (SPME do inglês solid phase microextraction), duas vezes por semana por 12 horas. A análise dos COVs amostrados foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas (GC / MS - do inglês gas chromatography mass spectrometry) em que os compostos foram identificados por comparação com a biblioteca NIST / MS (Nacional Institute of Standard and Technology / Mass Spectral) presente no equipamento. A identificação desses compostos indicou uma forte influência das emissões veiculares na composição do ar atmosférico.
123

Measurement and modelling of combustion in a spark ignition engine

Brown, Andrew Gavin January 1991 (has links)
A study has been conducted into the causes of cycle by cycle variations in combustion within a spark ignition engine, the best measured engine parameter to use for its characterization, and the effects that: ignition timing, equivalence ratio, fuel type, throttle position and knock, have upon it. A Ricardo E6 single cylinder variable compression ratio research engine was instrumented to allow measurement of: cylinder pressure, temperatures, speed, load, fuel flow and air flow. The engine was also fitted with an optical slice that allowed optical access to the combustion chamber and enabled measurement of the early flame speed (up to 10 mm from spark plug gap) using a laser schileren system. Cylinder pressure data were collected on a dedicated HP1000 computer for every degree of crank angle rotation for up to 300 successive cycles. A phenomenological model was developed for turbulent combustion that split the combustion process into three phases: early laminar burn, turbulent combustion, and final burn. The model allowed the study of the physical phenomena occurring within the combustion chamber and enabled insights to be gained into their effects on combustion and cyclic variations. The study showed: The variation in mixture strength has a far greater effect on the average and Coefficient of Variation (COV) values of all the combustion performance parameters, than does changing the fuel type. Cycle by cycle variations in combustion are best characterized by COV of imep. The onset of knock has no discernible effect on the COVs of the measured parameters. The part throttle results show higher COVs than at Wide Open Throttle (WOT) due to slower burn, supporting the theory that faster initial flame speeds reduce cyclic variations. The combustion model was used to support the hypothesis that cycle by cycle variations are caused by movement of the flame kernel by turbulence within the combustion chamber.
124

Application de la technique de thermodésorption pour l'analyse de 93 COV et le screening des COV dans l'air des lieux de travail / Application of thermodesorption technique to 93 VOC assay and screening of VOC in workplace air

Maret, Laure 20 December 2013 (has links)
Aujourd'hui, la gestion du risque en milieu profesionnel ainsi que l'évaluation de l'exposition aux polluants, tels que les Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) présents dans l'air deviennent une nécessité tant la qualité de l'air des lieux de travail peut être à l'origine de problèmes de santé ou de maladies professionnelles reconnues. Dans le but de répondre à ces exigences de sécurité, l'Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 a institutionnalisé et développé une Cellule Analyse Hygiène Sécurité et Environnement en lien direct avec le service SHS préexistant. Cette cellule est chargée de la mise en place d'une méthodologie de surveillance de la qualité de l'air intérieur de l'ensemble des locaux de l'université (14 sites, environ 80 laboratoires) en accord avec le code du travail et de l'environnement. Afin de pouvoir assurer l'ensemble des analyses inhérentes aux lieux de travail, le SHS a défini 45 composés comme prioritaires ajoutés à la liste du SHS et portent à 93 le nombre de COV identifiés et quantifiés. La méthode de séparation et d'identification mise en place permet d'atteindre des limites de quantification largement inférieures aux VLCT et VLEP 8 heures fixées par la législation. Des campagnes de prélèvement ont pu ainsi être organisées en collaboration avec le SHS et être lancées au sein de l'université / Over the past 10 years, indoor air quality has become a real Health and Safety concern, especialty in the workplace, which has led to the legislation proposal of concentrations guidelines for pollutants such as Volatiles Organic Compounds (VOC). To comply with the Safety requirements, The Claude Bernard University Lyon 1 has institutionalized and developed an Environment, Health and Safety Unit (HSE Unit), to provide the analyses for the Health and Safety team (SHS). This specialist unit has developed a supervision methodology to control the indoor air quality in all the buildings of the university, including all the 80 research and training laboratories. In order to carry out the assessment, the SHS team defined 45 compounds classified as priority, according to their threshold limit values (TLV-TWA or TLV-STEL) to the workers. To this list of 45 VOC another list containing 48 VOC is added. Evaluation of the trapping capacity of each sorbent, for a mix containing 93 VOC has been studied. Moreover, separation and identification methods were developed and optimized allowing to reach a quantification limit lower than professional limit value exposure. Using these methods and the results of the trapping comparisons, different applications were implemented, such as sampling campaigns in different laboratories
125

La chimie des composés organiques dans les nuages : modélisation explicite multiphasique / The chemistry of organic compounds in clouds : multiphase explicit modeling

Mouchel Vallon, Camille 02 July 2013 (has links)
L'oxydation des composés organiques émis dans l'atmosphère est progressive et conduit à la formation d'une multitude de composés organiques secondaires. Ces composés organiques secondaires (COS) peuvent être hydrosolubles et donc réagir dans la phase aqueuse atmosphérique. La communauté scientifique s'intéresse actuellement à l'impact environnemental de la réactivité de la matière organique atmosphérique en phase aqueuse. Des études récentes montrent par exemple que ces modifications pourraient entraîner une augmentation de la production d'aérosol organique secondaire (AOS). Pour explorer les effets de la réactivité aqueuse, une modélisation détaillée de la dissolution des COS et de leur oxydation aqueuse a été menée dans ce travail. Cette modélisation repose sur l'extension du générateur de schémas chimiques explicites GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere).La fraction soluble des COS est peu connue. Il est donc nécessaire de la quantifier en fonction du contenu en eau liquide. GECKO-A permet de générer des schémas explicites d'oxydation en phase gazeuse. Pour intégrer la dissolution des composés organiques formés, leurs constantes de Henry ont été documentées. Le faible nombre de données disponibles (600) comparé au très grand nombre d'espèces secondaires formées (>103) demande d'estimer empiriquement la majorité des constantes de Henry. Nous avons eu recours à une méthode d'estimation de type structure-propriété développée au LISA, GROMHE (GROup contribution Method for Henry's law Estimates). Ceci a permis de décrire le transfert de masse de toutes les espèces solubles générées lors de l'oxydation de trois précurseurs d'intérêt atmosphérique : l'isoprène, l'octane et l'α-pinène. Pour un contenu en eau liquide typique d'un aérosol déliquescent, seule une très faible fraction des COS est dissoute. Cependant, nous avons montré qu'une proportion significative des COS est susceptible de se dissoudre dans une phase aqueuse nuageuse. La dissolution et la réactivité des COS issus de l'oxydation des composés à chaîne longue doivent donc être représentées dans les modèles. Pour décrire la réactivité aqueuse des composés organiques dissous, un module de réactivité aqueuse a été ajouté à GECKO-A. La génération des mécanismes d'oxydation aqueuse repose sur l'écriture d'un protocole d'oxydation systématique. En s'appuyant sur les connaissances disponibles, ce protocole définit les règles d'oxydation et d'estimation des constantes inconnues. Implémenté dans GECKO-A, il permet dorénavant d'écrire des schémas d'oxydation multiphasique explicites pour les composés organiques. Pour l'instant, les espèces précurseur sont limitées en longueur de chaîne carbonée à cause de la taille des schémas générés. Le traitement de l'octane et de l'α-pinène est par exemple impossible. Néanmoins, à partir du mécanisme généré pour l'isoprène, le modèle a été utilisé pour explorer l'impact de la réactivité aqueuse sous différentes conditions environnementales. La réactivité aqueuse modifie significativement la distribution du carbone entre les phases ainsi que la spéciation de la matière organique dans les deux phases. Nous avons en particulier montré une production importante de diacides carboxyliques, espèces régulièrement identifiées dans la phase particulaire lors de mesures de terrain. Le mécanisme généré permet pour la première fois d'identifier environ 360 voies de formation différentes pour l'acide oxalique / The atmospheric oxidation of organic compounds is progressive and leads to the formation of a myriad of secondary organic compounds. These secondary organic compounds (SOC) can be hydrosoluble and react in the atmospheric aqueous phase. The scientific community is currently interested in the environmental impact of the atmospheric organic matter aqueous phase reactivity. For example, recent studies show that these modifications could increase the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production. In order to explore effects of the aqueous reactivity, this work consists of a detailed modeling study of the SOC dissolution and their aqueous oxidation. The modeling is based on the extension of the explicit chemical schemes generator GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere).There is little known about the soluble fraction of SOC. It is thus needed to quantify it as a function of the liquid water content. GECKO-A enables the generation of explicit oxidation schemes for the gas phase. To integrate the dissolution of produced organic compounds, their Henry's law constants have been documented. The low number of available data (600) compared to the large number of formed secondary species (>103) requires the empirical estimate of the majority of Henry's law constants. We relied on an estimate method based on a structure-activity relationship developed at LISA, GROMHE (GROup contribution Method for Henry's law Estimates). This allowed us to describe the mass transfer of every soluble species generated during the oxidation of three precursors of atmospheric interest: isoprene, octane and α-pinene. For a liquid water content typical of a deliquescent aerosol, only a very small fraction of SOC is dissolved. However, we showed that a significant proportion of SOC could dissolve in a cloud aqueous phase. Dissolution and reactivity of SOC produced from the oxidation of long chain compounds need to be represented in models. In order to describe the aqueous reactivity of dissolved organic compounds, a aqueous reactivity module was added to GECKO-A. The generation of aqueous oxidation mechanisms is based on the writing of a systematic oxidation protocol. Supported by available knowledge, this protocol defines rules for oxidation and estimates of unknown constants. Implemented in GECKO-A, it now enables us to write multiphase explicit oxidation schemes for organic compounds. For now, precursor species are limit in the carbon skeleton length by the size of generated schemes. Treatment of octane and α-pinene is for example impossible. Nevertheless, from the mechanism generated for isoprene, the model has been used to explore the aqueous reactivity impact under different environmental conditions. Aqueous reactivity modifies significantly the carbon distribution between phases as well as the organic matter speciation in both phases. In particular, we showed an important production of carboxylic diacids, species that are regularly identified in the particulate phase during field measurements. For the first time, the generated mechanism allows the identification of approximately 360 different formation pathways for oxalic acid
126

Biomarkers of evaluation of complex environmental exposure : exposure assessment of sewage workers to genotoxicants / Biomarqueurs d'évaluation d'une exposition envionnementale complexe : évaluation de l'exposition des égoutiers aux substances génotoxiques.

Alzabadi, Hamzeh 25 March 2010 (has links)
Les égoutiers sont exposés à une grande variété de mélanges de produits chimiques beaucoup ce sont des substances génotoxiques ou cancérigènes. Le but de cette étude transversale était d'explorer des biomarqueurs intégrés d’exposition et des effets précoces chez les égoutiers afin de mieux apprécier leur risque cancérogène (article I-protocole). L'article II expose l'étape de validation préalable effectuée sur la lignée cellulaire pour nos objectifs. Avec un recueil en 10 mois et sur une base hebdomadaire, nous avons, a) évalué l'exposition personnelle des égoutiers (n=34) et administratifs (n=30) (groupe témoin) à des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) et composés organiques volatils (COV) dans l'air des lieux de travail, b) évalué la génotoxicité de leurs extraits organiques urinaire par des tests in vitro : tests des comète et des micronoyaux sur les cellules Hep G2, c) évalué la réponse à un stress oxydatif de l'ADN par la mesure du 8 oxo 2' deoxyguanosine urinaire (8 oxodG) dans les urines de 24h (Article III). Les tests ont montré la présence de plus de génotoxiques dans les urines des égoutiers (P <0,001). La moyenne du 8 oxodG urinaire chez les égoutiers était plus élevée (non significatif, P = 0,28) que les administratifs et ses valeurs moyennes ont été associées (P = 0,04) avec les années de travail dans le système des égouts. Les concentrations des HAP et COV dans l'atmosphère professionnelle des égoutiers étaient élevées par rapport à celles des administratifs (P <0,01) et il a été montré une augmentation de risque du cancer en utilisant les facteurs d'équivalence de toxicité et de risque unitaire de cancer. En conclusion, les biomarqueurs intégrés urinaire d’exposition et non spécifiques montrent que les égoutiers sont professionnellement exposés aux mélanges des substances génotoxiques. Il n’est pas possible de relier nos résultats avec l’accroissement du risque cancérogène chez les égoutiers. / Sewage workers are exposed to a wide variety of mixtures of chemicals many were shown to be genotoxicants or carcinogens. The aim of this cross sectional study was to explore integrated biomarkers of exposure and of early effects among sewage workers in order to better assess their carcinogenic risk (Paper I-protocol). Paper II, describes the validation step performed prior to choose the cellular line that meet our objectives. Over 10 months and on weekly basis, we, a) assessed the personal exposure of sewage (n=34) and office (n=30) workers (control group) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air of workplaces, b) evaluated the genotoxicity of organic urine extracts by in vitro comet and micronucleus assays on Hep G2 cells, c) assessed the DNA oxidative stress by the 24h urinary 8 oxo 2' deoxyguanosine (8 oxodG) (Paper III). The tests showed greater genotoxicity in the urine extracts of sewage workers (P<0.001). The 24hr urinary 8 oxodG mean level in sewage workers was higher (nonsignificant, P=0.28) than office workers and its mean values were associated (P=0.04) with working years in sewage system. Workplace air concentrations of PAHs and VOCs were elevated in sewage compared to office workplaces (P<0.01) and resulted in an increased lifetime cancer risk using toxicity equivalent factors and inhalation unit risk of cancer. In conclusion, the applied integrated and non-specific urinary biomarkers show that sewage workers experience exposure to multiple genotoxicants at the workplace. It is not possible to simply link our results with the increased cancer risk in sewage workers.
127

Etude des mécanismes d'oxydation des composés terpéniques par le radical OH

Rio, Caroline 18 December 2009 (has links)
Ce travail a eu pour objectif d’étudier la formation des Aérosols Organiques Secondaires (AOS) à partir de réactions de composés monoterpèniques (alpha-pinene, béta-pinene, d-limonene et gamma-terpinene) avec les radicaux OH. Il s’agissait dans un premier temps de se focaliser sur la première étape d’oxydation qui consiste en l’addition du radical OH sur la double liaison ou en l’abstraction d’un atome d’hydrogène avec formation de H2O. Le rapport de branchement entre l’addition et l’abstraction a donc été mesuré à différentes pressions. Ces réactions ont été étudiées à pression atmosphérique en utilisant la photolyse laser associée à la détection par absorption UV et à basse pression en utilisant un réacteur à écoulement couplé à un spectromètre de masse à temps de vol. Dans un second temps les produits d’oxydation formés à pression atmosphérique, qui composent les AOS, ont été piégés puis analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. / This aim of this work was to study the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from reactions of monoterpene compounds (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, d-limonene, and gamma-terpinene) with OH radicals. In a first time, we focused on the first oxidation steps which may occur by two different reaction pathways: OH addition on the double bond and abstraction of a hydrogen atom (with formation of H2O). The branching ratio between addition and abstraction has been measured at different pressures. These reactions were studied at atmospheric pressure using laser photolysis coupled with detection by UV absorption and at low pressure using a fast flow reactor coupled to a time of flight mass spectrometer. In a second time, the oxidation products formed at atmospheric pressure, which composed the SOA, were trapped and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
128

Etude et réalisation d'un système miniaturisé pour l'analyse de composés organiques volatils considérés comme des marqueurs chimiques du cancer du poumon / Detection and qualification oh lung cancer biomarkers by a micro-analytical device using a single metal oxide-based gas sensor

Gregis, Geoffrey 27 January 2017 (has links)
L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse est de contribuer au développement d’un outil de diagnostic miniaturisé permettant d’identifier et de quantifier une combinaison de composés organiques volatils (COVs) présents dans l’haleine et qui sont considérés comme des marqueurs chimiques du cancer du poumon. Les principaux verrous scientifiques de ce projet sont liés aux très faibles concentrations de ces composés cibles (de l’ordre de quelques ppb) et également à la présence de nombreux autres composés chimiques qui sont naturellement présents dans l’haleine. La voie de développement proposée dans ce projet est d’utiliser un micro-capteur résistif à base de SnO2 associé à un micro-préconcentrateur et une micro-colonne chromatographique afin d’aboutir à un dispositif sélectif et présentant des limites de détection très basses. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs adsorbants ont été caractérisés en vue d’être utilisés dans le micro-préconcentrateur afin de concentrer les marqueurs du cancer du poumon. Les résultats ont permis de sélectionner deux types de zéolites (DaY et NaY) ainsi que des microsphères de carbone W5. Par la suite, les unités de préconcentration et de séparation des COVs ont été développées en s’appuyant sur la technologie silicium/verre disponible en salle blanche. La dernière étape de cette étude a concerné l’évaluation des performances du système d’analyse alors assimilable à un micro-chromatographe en phase gazeuse. Après avoir déterminé les conditions optimales d’élution et de préconcentration des COVs, le système miniaturisé a permis d’analyser une haleine artificielle constituée de trois COVs présents à des concentrations proches des celles mesurées dans l’haleine (toluène (24 ppb), propanol (21 ppb) et o-xylène (5 ppb)) même en présence des interférents majeurs de l’haleine (vapeur d’eau et dioxyde de carbone). / The main goal of this research is to develop a miniaturized diagnostic equipment in order to identify some volatile organic compounds present in exhaled breath and referred as lung cancer biomarkers. The main scientific and technical obstacles of this project are linked to the very low concentrations of these chemical compounds and the presence of high concentrations of H2O and CO2 naturally present in exhaled breath. To address these issues, we suggest to use a SnO2-based gas sensor combined with a micro-preconcentrator and a chromatographic micro-column in order to engineer a low detection limit system. First, some specific adsorbents have been characterized with a view to concentrate chemical biomarkers trough the micro-preconcentrator. In accordance with research findings, two types of zeolites (DaY and NaY) and one type carbonaceous microspheres (W5) have been selected. Then micro-preconcentrators and chromatographic micro-columns have been developed on silicon wafers by using clean room facilities. The last step of this study was to evaluate the performances of the analytical device. After determining optimal elution and pre-concentration conditions of each VOCs, the miniaturized system achieved the analysis of an artificial breath constituted of toluene (24 ppb), 1-propanol (21 ppb) and o-xylene in presence of high concentrations of water vapors and carbon dioxide.
129

Visualisering av ett osynligt hot : Semiotisk bildanalys av Centers for Disease Control and Preventions 3D-gestaltning av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2

Grundvik Ördell, Moa, Åström, Sophie January 2021 (has links)
År 2020 slog coronapandemin till mot världen med full kraft, orsakad avviruset SARS-CoV-2. Nyheter och information om pandemins utvecklingpräglade informationsflödet tillsammans med åtskilliga visuella elementmed informativa syften. Antal insjuknade i sjukdomen COVID-19 samtett snabbt växande antal dödsfall i kombination med nyheter om ensjukvård nära bristningsgränsen rapporterades kontinuerligt i olikainformationskanaler. En bild som ofta förekom tillsammans medinformation om pandemin var en 3D-gestaltning gjord av två grafiskaformgivare på uppdrag av amerikanska Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC). Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hurett urval mottagare upplevde CDC´s 3D-gestaltning av viruset SARS-CoV-2. Metod: Metoden som användes för studien var semiotiskbildanalys där den denotativa nivån undersöktes objektivt med hjälp avanpassade frågor och den konnotativa nivån byggde på intervjuer medelva respondenter. Resultat: Ur intervjuerna framkom både ikoniska- ochsymboliska tecken som främst indexerade negativa upplevelser hosrespondenterna, kopplade till både personliga- och samhälleligaperspektiv.
130

Boletín diario de información científica N° 27

Asociación Peruana de Bibliotecas Académicas ALTAMIRA 25 May 2020 (has links)
Boletín que incluye información científica sobre el COVID-19, incluye artículos científicos y artículos preprint actualizados al 25 de Mayo de 2020.

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