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Depuração é a atividade responsável pela localização e correção de defeitos gerados durante o desenvolvimento de programas. A depuração ocorre devido à atividade de teste bem-sucedida, na qual falhas no comportamento do programa são reveladas, indicando a existência de defeitos. Diversas técnicas têm sido propostas para automatizar a tarefa de depuração de programas. Algumas delas utilizam heurísticas baseadas em informações de cobertura obtidas da execução de testes. O objetivo é indicar trechos de código do programa mais suspeitos de conter defeitos. As informações de cobertura mais usadas em depuração automatizada são baseadas no teste estrutural de unidade. A cobertura de integração, obtida por meio da comunicação entre as unidades de um programa, pode trazer novas informações sobre o código executado, possibilitando a criação de novas estratégias para a tarefa de localização de defeitos. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova técnica de localização de defeitos chamada Depuração de programas baseada em Cobertura de Integração (DCI). São apresentadas duas coberturas de integração baseadas nas chamadas de métodos de um programa. Essas coberturas são usadas para a proposição de roteiros de busca dos defeitos a partir dos métodos considerados mais suspeitos. As informações de cobertura de unidade são então utilizadas para a localização dos defeitos dentro dos métodos. A DCI também utiliza uma nova heurística para atribuição de valores de suspeição a entidades de integração estática dos programas como pacotes, classes e métodos, fornecendo também um roteiro para a procura dos defeitos. Os experimentos realizados em programas reais mostram que a DCI permite realizar a localização de defeitos de forma mais eficaz do que o uso de informações de cobertura de unidade isoladamente. / Debugging is the activity responsible for localizing and fixing faults generated during software development. Debugging occurs due to a successful testing activity, in which failures in the behavior of the program are revealed, indicating the existence of faults. Several techniques have been proposed to automate the debugging tasks, especially the fault localization task. Some techniques use heuristics based on coverage data obtained from the execution of tests. The goal is to indicate program code excerpts more likely to contain faults. The coverage data mostly used in automated debugging is based on white-box unit testing. Integration coverage data, obtained from the communication between the units of a program, can bring about new information with respect to the executed code, which allows new strategies to the fault localization task to be devised. This work presents a new fault localization technique called Debugging based on Integration Coverage (DIC). Two integration coverages based on method invocations are presented. These coverages are used to propose two search strategies that provides a roadmap to locate faults by investigating the more suspicious methods. The unit coverage information are used to search the faulty statement inside the suspicious methods. The DIC technique also proposes a heuristic that assigns suspiciousness values to static integration entities of the programs, namely, packages, classes, and methods. This heuristic also provides a roadmap to search for the faults. Experiments using real programs show that DIC is more effective to locate faults than solely using unit coverage information.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-22T20:05:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancelenaSousaSilva.pdf: 2963299 bytes, checksum: 6714fa8793eab0608c30a2ebded08b14 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T20:05:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FrancelenaSousaSilva.pdf: 2963299 bytes, checksum: 6714fa8793eab0608c30a2ebded08b14 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The actions of child immunization are important to reducing child mortality, one of the Millennium development goals. For this, it is necessary that the vaccine coverage comply with the Ministry of Health recommendations. The data produced in the vaccination services are less reliable and still occur differences related to socio-economic factors associated to child vaccination. The study aimed to evaluate the factors associated to the incompleteness of basic vaccination schedule (BVS) and vaccination schedule for new vaccines (VSNV) (meningococcal C and pneumococcal 10) in children from 13 to 35 months old, from a birth cohort, in São Luis, Maranhão, Brasil. The sampling was probabilistic at birth, compound 3.076 children born in the year of 2010. The information regarding to vaccination was obtained from the vaccine card. The vaccines considered to BS were BCG, hepatitis B, polio, tetravalent, rotavirus, yellow fever and MMR, and for VSNV, were meningococcal and pneumococcal. An hierarchical analysis was held using Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated and respective confidence intervals 95% (CI95%). The BS was incomplete in 33.2 % of children and VSNV at 51.1%. Largest incompleteness ratios of BS as VSNV were found in children whose mothers were teens (BS: PR=1.26 and CI 95% 1.10-1.45; NV: PR=1.15 and CI 95% 1.05-1.27), resided with other children (BS: PR=1,32 and CI95% 1,17-1,49; NV: PR=1,29 and CI95% 1,19-1,40 with one: BS: RP=1,55 and CI95% 1,34-1,80; NV: PR=1,3 and CI95%1,24-1,52 with two or three; BS: PR=1.81 and CI95% 1.41-2.33; NV: PR=1.36 and CI95% 1.11-1.67 with more than three), had smoking habit (BS: PR=1.52 and CI95% 1.28-1.82: NV: PR=1.22 and CI95% 1.07-1.40), don’t planned pregnancy (BS: PR=1.18 and CI95% 1.05-1.31; NV: PR=1.09 and CI95% 1.00-1.10), got pregnant just after the birth of the child under study (BS: PR=1.22 and CI95% 1.04-1.43; NV: PR=1.16 and CI95% 1.03-1.29), made a few prenatal appointment (BS: PR=1.25 and CI95% 1.11-1.40; NV: PR=1.15 and CI95% 1.06-1.25) and started it late (BS: PR=1.40 and CI95% 1.06-1.86; NV: PR=1.27 and CI95% 1.07-1.52). Sociodemographic and behavioral vulnerability indicators and low prenatal service using, were associated to incompleteness of childhood vaccination. It is suggested to consider these vulnerabilities at vaccination strategies, in order to contribute to the achievement of high vaccine coverage both from basic schedule as new vaccines introduced in childhood vaccination, and with that, to enable the child population greater protection against imunopreventable diseases. In addition to provide that pregnant women perform more prenatal appointment and do it so early. / Ações de imunização são importantes para a redução da mortalidade infantil, um dos objetivos de desenvolvimento do milênio. Para isso, é essencial que as coberturas vacinais estejam de acordo com a recomendação do Ministério da Saúde. Dados produzidos nos serviços de vacinação são inconsistentes e há divergências quantos aos fatores associados à vacinação infantil. O estudo objetivou avaliar os fatores associados à incompletude do calendário básico de vacinação (CBV) e esquema vacinal para novas vacinas (EVNV) (meningocócica C e pneumocócica 10) em crianças de 13 a 35 meses de idade, de uma coorte de nascimento, em São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Amostra foi probabilística no momento do nascimento, composta de 3.076 crianças do seguimento, nascidas no ano de 2010. Informações sobre a vacinação foram obtidas a partir da caderneta de saúde da criança. As vacinas consideradas para o CBV consistiram em BCG, hepatite B, pólio, tetravalente, rotavírus, febre amarela e tríplice viral e para EVNV, meningocócica e pneumocócica. Realizou-se análise hierarquizada, com regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância. Foram estimadas razões de prevalência (RP) e respectivos intervalos de confiança a 95% (IC95%). O CBV foi incompleto em 33,2% das crianças e EVNV em 51,1%. Maiores proporções de incompletudes tanto para CBV, quanto para EVNV ocorreram em crianças cujas mães eram adolescentes (CB: RP=1,26 e IC95% 1,10-1,45; NV: RP=1,15 e IC95% 1,05-1,27), residiam com outros filhos (CB: RP=1,32 e IC95% 1,17-1,49; NV: RP=1,29 e IC95% 1,19-1,40 com um; CB: RP=1,55 e IC95% 1,34-1,80; NV: RP=1,33 e IC95% 1,24- 1,52 com dois a três; CB: RP=1,81 e IC95% 1,41-2,33; NV: RP=1,36 e IC95% 1,11-1,67 com mais de três), fumavam (CB: RP=1,52 e IC95% 1,28-1,82; NV: RP=1,22 e IC95% 1,07-1,40), não planejaram a gravidez (CB: RP=1,18 e IC95% 1,05-1,31; NV: RP=1,09 e IC95% 1,00- 1,10), engravidaram logo após o nascimento da criança em estudo (CB: RP=1,22 e IC95% 1,04-1,43; NV: RP=1,16 e IC95% 1,03-1,29), realizaram poucas consultas de pré-natal (CB: RP=1,25 e IC95% 1,11-1,40; NV: RP=1,15 e IC95% 1,06-1,25) e o iniciaram tardiamente (CB: RP=1,40 e IC95% 1,06-1,86; NV: RP=1,27 e IC95% 1,07-1,52). Indicadores de vulnerabilidade sociodemográficas e comportamentais, e baixa utilização dos serviços de pré-natal foram associados à incompletude vacinal infantil. Sugere-se considerar essas vulnerabilidades nas estratégias de vacinação, a fim de contribuir para o alcance de altas coberturas vacinais tanto do calendário básico, quanto de novas vacinas introduzidas na vacinação infantil, e com isso, possibilitar à população infantil maior proteção contra as doenças imunopreveníveis. Além de oportunizar que as gestantes realizem mais consultas de pré-natal e o iniciem precocemente.

Measurement collection is a primary step towards analyzing and optimizing performance of a telecommunication service. With an Mobile Broadband (MBB) network, the measurement process has not only to track the network's Quality of Service (QoS) features but also to asses a user's perspective about its service performance. The later requirement leads to "user-side measurements" which assist in discovery of performance issues that makes a user of a service unsatisfied and finally switch to another network. User-side measurements also serve as first-hand survey of the problem domain. In this thesis, we exhibit the potential in the measurements collected at network edge by considering two well-known approaches namely crowdsourced and distributed testbed-based measurements. Primary focus is on exploiting crowdsourced measurements while dealing with the challenges associated with it. These challenges consist of differences in sampling densities at different parts of the region, skewed and non-uniform measurement layouts, inaccuracy in sampling locations, differences in RSS readings due to device-diversity and other non-ideal measurement sampling characteristics. In presence of heterogeneous characteristics of the user-side measurements we propose how to accurately detect mobile coverage holes, to devise sample selection process so to generate a reliable radio map with reduced sample cost, and to identify cellular infrastructure at places where the information is not public. Finally, the thesis unveils potential of a distributed measurement test-bed in retrieving performance features from domains including user's context, service content and network features, and understanding impact from these features upon the MBB service at the application layer. By taking web-browsing as a case study, it further presents an objective web-browsing Quality of Experience (QoE) model.

Nos ambientes de desenvolvimento de sistemas integrados da atualidade, os requisitos dos sistemas devidos ao alto grau de funcionalidades incorporadas vêm-se incrementando, gerando uma alta complexidade nos projetos. Isto traz como consequência o aumento na quantidade de ciclos dentro do fluxo de projeto. Uma solução tem sido o uso de blocos IP para acelerar o desenvolvimento. Entretanto, para garantir um grau elevado de confiabilidade destes componentes, os processos de verificação devem comprovar que todas as propriedades do circuito estejam sendo cumpridas. Uma das técnicas utilizadas para isto é verificação funcional por simulação, que procura explorar, através da injeção de vetores de teste, a maior porção possível de todo o espaço de estados do circuito. Quanto maior o número de estados possíveis, maior o número de vetores de testes que devem ser inseridos. Portanto, o número de vetores de teste deve ser reduzido de forma considerável, entretanto, por este fato, métricas para determinar a completeza do processo de verificação, definidas como modelos de cobertura, têm sido necessárias. As métricas de cobertura são estabelecidas segundo as estratégias de observação do projeto sob verificação, DUV, sendo bastante comum na indústria a de caixa preta que tem como objetivo a estimulação das entradas e a observação dos eventos de saída do DUV. Neste caso, para determinar se o sistema cumpre com as especificações, o engenheiro de verificação, deve definir os eventos à saída que considera relevantes e as métricas para determinar a quantidade de vezes que devem ser observadas. Este tipo de modelagem é conhecido como cobertura por itens. A quantidade de itens e os eventos a serem observados podem ser dfinidos pelo conhecimento especialista, dos engenheiros de verificação ou, para simplificar esta tarefa, uma distribuição uniforme é adotada. Como estas formas de modelagem não abstraem todas as propriedades do circuito, o perfil da distribuição de valores dos eventos (parâmetros) escolhidos, em geral, não estão correlacionados com o perfil real verficado durante a execução dos testbenches , tendo como consequência o aumento dos tempos de simulação. Para tratar do problema acima, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para obter um modelo de cobertura de saída que apresente um perfil de distribuição semelhante ao real e que, assim, assista o engenheiro de verificação na seleção dos pontos ou intervalos de saída de interesse, adicionado-os às decisões derivadas de seu conhecimento especialista. Pela metodologia utilizada, encontra-se a(s) equação(ões) que define(m) a(s) saída(s) do circuito sob verificação e, a partir destas, a distribuição probabilística por evento observável. No centro da metodologia está a ferramenta PrOCov (Probabilistic Output Coverage), projetada com os objetivos acima. A metodologia e a ferramenta foram testadas com alguns exemplos de circuitos, modelos em alto nível do filtro FIR, do processador FFT e do filtro Elliptic, todos descritos em SystemC. Nos três casos testados, o PrOCov encontrou satisfatoriamente os respectivos perfis de saída. Estes foram comparados com os perfis obtidos por simulação, mostrando que uma excelente precisão pode ser obtida; apenas pequenas variações foram encontradas devidas a erros de aproximação. Também variações de precisão e tempo de simulação em função da resolução dos parâmetros de saída (eventos) foram analisadas nesta dissertação. / In current integrated system development environments, the requirements for the design of multi-function systems have increased constantly. Consequently, the number of iterations in the design flow has also grown. A solution for this problem has been the use of IP-cores to speed up the hardware development. However, to guarantee high level of reliability for these components, the verification process has to be kept strict in other to prove if the all system properties have been satisfied. The mainstream technique that has been used in the industry for the verification process is the dynamic functional verification. It aims to explore, by test vector injection, all the state space of the circuit. The higher the number of possible states, the higher the number of test vectors to be inserted. Therefore, the number of test vectors must be kept as low as possible. Due to that, completion and sufficiency metrics, identified as the coverage model, should be carefully defined. The coverage metrics are established according the observation strategies of the design under verification, DUV, where the black box approach is very common in the industry, being aimed at the stimulation of the inputs and observing the events of the DUV output. To determine whether the system meets the specifications, the verification engineer must define the events (s)he considers relevant at the output and the metrics used to determine the amount of times that the results must be observed. This type of modeling is known as item coverage. The amount of items and events to be observed may be defined by the experience of the engineer, but in most cases, to simplify this task, a uniform distribution is adopted. Those forms of modeling do not abstract the functionality of the circuit, then, the probability distribution of the chosen events is uncorrelated to the real simulated distribution, when the testbenchs are implemented. Therefore, the resulting simulation time increases. To solve the problem that is mentioned above, this work aims the development of a methodology to compute the output coverage, which should be similar to the real output value distribution and thus assist the engineer in the selection of the proper check points or output ranges of interest, by adding them to the decisions derived from his(her) knowledge. This methodology finds the equations that represent the outputs of the DUV and, from them, it computes the output probabilistic distribution. At the core of this methodology is the PrOCov (Probabilistic Output Coverage) tool, which was developed with the goals above. Both methodology and tool were tested with three circuits described in high level language, the FIR filter, FFT processor and Elliptic filter, written in SystemC. In all three cases, PrOCov presented a satisfactorily output distribution. Excellent precision could be achieved by the results, with only small variations found due to approximation errors. Also variations of accuracy and simulation time due to different resolutions of the output parameters (events) were analyzed in this dissertation.

A tecnologia da aplicação tem papel fundamental na agricultura, pois proporciona uma correta aplicação do produto biologicamente ativo no alvo, ocasionando um melhor aproveitamento dos agrotóxicos. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes pontas e pressões na qualidade da pulverização na cultura do tomate por meio da quantificação do depósito e da cobertura foliar. Foram estudadas as pontas GA 11002 (jato plano com indução de ar), TTJ 60-11002 (jato plano duplo) e TT 11002 (jato plano padrão), todas nas pressões de 200, 350 e 500 kPa. Para todos os tratamentos a taxa de aplicação foi de 180 L ha-1. O percentual de cobertura foliar foi quantificado por meio da análise de imagens que detectaram o traçador fluorescente LRM 100 com o auxílio de luz ultravioleta. As imagens foram capturadas por uma câmera digital e processadas pelo software QUANT. O depósito foi quantificado pela extração e quantificação do traçador azul brilhante FD&C N°1 por meio de espectrofotometria. Para ambos os parâmetros foram analisadas amostras do estrato superior e inferior da planta. Houve diferença estatística somente para a cobertura foliar, sendo que na parte superior da planta a ponta de jato plano duplo apresentou menor cobertura na menor pressão. Nas maiores pressões houve um aumento da cobertura foliar favorecido pela formação de gotas médias e finas pelas pontas avaliadas. No estrato inferior a eficiência na cobertura foliar da ponta de jato plano diminui com o aumento da pressão. O depósito de pulverização foi favorecido pelo aumento da cobertura foliar. / The application technology plays a key role in agriculture as it provides a correct application of the product biologically active in the target, causing a better use of pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different nozzles and spray pressures acting on tomato by quantifying the deposit and leaf coverage. Were studied the nozzles GA 11002 (flat fan air induction), TTJ 60-11002 (twin flat fan) and TT 11002 (standard flat fan), all pressures of 200, 350 and 500 kPa. For all treatments, the application rate was 180 L h-1. The percentage of leaf coverage was quantified by image analysis to detect the fluorescent tracer LRM 100 with the aid of ultraviolet light. The images were captured by a digital camera and processed by software QUANT. The deposit was quantified by extraction and quantification of tracer bright blue FD&C N° 1 by spectrophotometry. For both parameters were analyzed samples of top and bottom of the parts plant. Statistical difference only for leaf coverage, and at the top of the plant to twin flat fan nozzles showed lower coverage in less pressure. In the higher pressures there was an increase of leaf coverage favored by the formation of fine droplets medium and evaluated nozzles. In the bottom part plant coverage efficiency of foliar flat fan nozzles decreases with increasing pressure. The spray deposit was favored by increased leaf coverage.

This research project is designed to understand the relationship between states and Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), especially how they influence one another. In this study, I argue that the theoretical relationship between states' foreign policy behaviors and the behavior of NGO is dynamic and conditional, with the influence of NGOs on states' behaviors depending on the host states' regime type and the age of the influencing NGOs. I also argue that NGOs influence states' foreign policy behaviors toward other states both directly and indirectly, functioning as information providers, lobbying groups, agenda setters, and norm generators. By applying these theoretical arguments to the field of international development, the influence of NGOs on states' decisions about foreign aid is analyzed with the case of the United States. A new time-series cross-sectional dataset of the activities of US-based NGOs in developing countries is constructed by utilizing annual reports of NGOs, websites, and through personal communication with NGO officers. In addition, another new dataset is constructed about the number of New York Time articles. With constructed datasets, the quantitative studies are conducted. The quantitative studies show that as number of US-based NGO field operations in developing countries increase, that country is significantly more likely to receive higher amounts of aid from the United States. NGOs that have longer operations in developing countries are also more effective at lobbying the United States to provide more foreign aid. Furthermore, empirical analyses show that as number of US-based NGO activities increase in a country, the media coverage of that country increases. The qualitative analyses of NGOs' influence on states' foreign policy behaviors are also conducted. Interviews with NGO workers, governmental officials, and a reporter from the New York Times provide insight about how NGOs interact with the US government. In addition, these interviews show that NGOs function as information providers, lobbying groups, agenda setters, and norm generators. The theoretical understand of NGO-state relationships will contribute to the study of NGOs and NGOs' interaction with states. In addition, empirical analyses with newly constructed dataset and interviews with people in the field will become an important asset to social scientists in this field. The study also has a great potential to be expanded by including more NGO data, issue areas, and other countries' NGOs.

This study examined The Margin Protection Program for Dairy’s impact on the “effective margins” or margins realized by dairy producers in various regions. Each selected margin and percentage of production history offered by the national policy was analyzed in a forecasting, national and regional manner. Couplet margins were simulated for fifteen regions from 2017 through 2020. Five scenarios were analyzed for the change in MPP’s effects under a 15%, 10%, and 5% drop in the price of milk as well as a 50% increase in the price of corn and a scenario where milk decreases 15% while corn prices simultaneously increases 25%. The results demonstrate that more than half of the regions have higher probabilities of triggering indemnities at every coverage level when compared to the US, MPP margin. Margins change in response to the policy effects, where lower coverage levels experience margin increase, and higher coverage levels experience margin decrease. In the US, MPP margin, risk reduction is observed at every coverage level. The program was found to decrease risk at most coverage levels, where higher shocks to the margin increased the protection offered by the program’s effects.

<div>Path planning is the generation of paths for the robots to navigate based on some constraints. Coverage path planning is where the robots needs to cover an entire work space for various applications like sensing, inspection and so on. Though there are numerous works on 2D coverage and also coverage using a single robot, the works on 3D coverage and multi-agents are very limited. This thesis makes several contributions to multi-agent path planning for 3D structures.</div><div><br></div><div>Motivated by the inspection of 3D structures, especially airplanes, we present a 3D coverage path planning algorithm for a multi-UAV system. We propose a unified method, where the viewpoints selection and path generation are done simultaneously for multiple UAVs. The approach is scalable in terms of number of UAVs and is also robust to models with variations in geometry. The proposed method also distributes the task uniformly amongst the multiple UAVs involved and hence making the best use of the robotics team. The uniform task distribution is an integral part of the path planner. Various performance measures of the paths generated in terms of coverage, path length and time also has been presented. </div>

This study addresses the media depiction of professional athletes involvement in protest and its impact for public consumption. This paper will further seek to analyze the role of social media and its framing of political protest specifically within professional sports. The purpose of this research is to study the progression in professional athletes’ participation in protest and through textual analysis aim to understand how newspapers frame an athlete’s message. The more recent study that will be used as a frame of reference is the newspaper coverage on the Kaepernick protest and the dual relationship that the local/national media and social media had in its framing and impact on sports and society. There is existing work that has focused on the up’s and down’s for African Americans in sports, but those sources only highlight small political protest in professional sports without highlighting newspaper coverage. This study will display through three top nationally circulated newspaper companies (and the top circulated newspaper in San Francisco where the Kaepernick protest started) how the media illustrates protest and the reaction to protest through the lens of social media.