Bibliographic note HRUBÝ, Martin. COVID-19 and the Aviation Industry: Economic Impacts and Policy Responses 59p. Master thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences. Institute of Political Studies. Supervisor Ing. Petr Balcar, M.Sc. Abstract This thesis uses a combination of trend analysis and MACBETH/MABAC multiple criteria decision-making methods to assess the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial health of the aviation industry in 2020. It also examines the efficiency of government measures adopted to mitigate such impact by comparing the results with a hypothetical scenario where no government aid was provided in 2020. The findings show that the novel coronavirus pandemic significantly increased the probability of default across the studied airline sample and had a strong negative impact on profitability. Furthermore, the data indicates that government support improved the overall financial fitness of the studied sample and significantly reduced the probability of bankruptcy while having only a minimal effect on airline profitability. We analyze the mechanisms behind the identified trends and provide explanations that indicate room for improvement in future research. Keywords Aviation, Airlines, COVID-19, Government Support, MABAC, MACBETH, Financial Impacts Range of...

The unexpected COVID-19 pandemic demanded a strong and firm state response in order to curb the unprecedented, multilevel crisis caused by the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The arrival of the virus in the EU in early 2020, including the terrible Italian first-wave outbreak, incited the primacy of health and life over any other right or freedom. Although understandable, this scenario raised concerns over the possibility of instrumentalization of the pandemic by the populist governments, given the affinity between the rise of populism discourse and practices in the event, or narrative, of crisis. With consideration of the conditions of the rule of law in the European Union, the quasi-autocracies of Poland and Hungary become interesting research objects. The present work describes these countries' measures and analyses their legality and compliance to the rule of law, together with considerations to the impact of said measures upon these countries' democratic institutions. Furthermore, the same operation will be performed for the Italian scenario, which leads to a comparison to be made between the three countries' pandemic managements, and, ultimately, a comparison between the Central-Eastern European populism and Western European populism. Due to the novelty of the subject, there is a lack of work on the...

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor har ett ansvar att utveckla och bevara sin kunskap för att tillsammans med samhället främja allmänhetens hälsa. Genom upplevelser i sin yrkesroll erhåller sjuksköterskan kunskaper som utvecklar sjuksköterskans erfarenhet. Under december 2019 upptäcks ett nytt virus i coronavirusfamiljen som tog fart och spreds över världen och fick namnet SARS-CoV-2, även kallat COVID-19. I mars 2020 förklaras COVID-19 som en pandemi av WHO. Syftet: Att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att arbeta med patienter smittade med COVID-19.Metod: En beskrivande litteraturstudie baserat på tio kvalitativa studier.Huvudresultat: Utifrån studiens syfte framkom tre teman ur artiklarnas resultat. Bristen på kunskap och information var påfrestande och påverkade deras möjlighet till vårdande negativt. Sjuksköterskor fick byta arbetsplats för att arbeta med ett virus de inte hade kunskap om och arbeta i okänd skyddsutrustning de inte var van vid. Skyddsutrustningen upplevdes som obekväm och orsakade fysiska symtom. Stödet och lärandet utav kollegor benämns som en viktig del i arbetet under pandemin där samarbete var i fokus. Arbetet under pandemin medförde att sjuksköterskor fick ny kunskap vilket upplevdes som en positiv erfarenhet. Slutsats: Genom att förse sjuksköterskor med relevant information och kunskap i krissituationer ges möjlighet till en förbättrad vård och en bättre arbetsmiljö. Kollegialt lärande kan ses som ett effektivt sätt att lära, erfarenheter utbyts och ny kunskap erhålls. / Background: Nurses have a responsibility to extend and maintain their knowledge to together with society promote the wellbeing of the public. Through situations within their role nurses obtain knowledge which further develops a nurses experience. During December 2019 a new virus was discovered in the coronafamily which spread worldwide and gained the name of SARS-CoV-2, also known as COVID-19. In Mars 2020 COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by WHO.Purpose: To describe the experiences of nurses working with COVID-19 positive patients.Method: A descriptive literature study based on ten qualitative studies. Key findings: Based on the purpose of the study three themes emerged from the articles. Lack of knowledge and information was frustrating and had a negative impact on their ability to provide adequate care. Nurses were forced to change workplace to work with a virus they had no knowledge of and work in PPE they were unfamiliar with. The PPE caused discomfort and physical symptoms. The support of their colleagues and shared knowledge was mentioned as an important part of working through the pandemic where teamwork was considered main priority. Working through the pandemic resulted in newfound knowledge which was viewed as a positive experience by nurses.Conclusion: By providing them with relevant information and resources during a crisis nurses are given the opportunity to provide better care and experience a more positive workenvironment. Collegial learning can be viewed as a effective way to learn, experiences are shared and new knowledge is found and obtained.

Bakgrund: Covid-19-pandemin orsakas av ett coronavirus som upptäcktes i december 2019. Vaccin mot Covid-19 har tillverkats för att skydda människor från att insjukna. Att vaccinera är sjuksköterskans arbetsuppgift. Sjuksköterskan ansvarar över att informera personen och göra hen delaktig vid vaccinationen. Genom att sjuksköterskan arbetar efter omvårdnadsprocessen och sjuksköterskans etiska kod kan personen som vaccineras få personcentrerad omvårdnad och bemötas efter personens behov. Syfte: Att undersöka vuxna personers uppfattningar om Covid-19-vaccin. Metod: Kvantitativ enkätstudie med kvalitativa inslag. Resultat: Viljan att vaccinera sig mot Covid-19 är hög och majoriteten av respondenter är vaccinerade. Trots att Covid-19-vaccin genomgått alla de kontroller vaccin måste genomgå för att bli godkända ses bristande förtroende för vaccinens säkerhet. Biverkningar av vaccinen, misstro för vaccinens effekter och genomgången Covid-19-infektion är bidragande faktorer till att personer inte vill vaccinera sig. Media har påverkat vaccinationsviljan både positivt och negativt. Konklusion: Denna studie bidrar till kunskap som kan öka sjuksköterskans förståelse för olika uppfattningar om Covid-19-vaccin. Sjuksköterskor kan med hjälp av resultatet få stöd i bemötandet av personer som funderar på att vaccinera sig. Det är huvudsakligen personer med negativa uppfattningar gällande Covid-19-vaccin som är i behov av sjuksköterskans stöd. / Background: The Covid-19-pandemic caused by a coronavirus was first discovered in December 2019. Vaccines against Covid-19 has been produced to protect people from the disease. Vaccinating is one of the nurse’s assignments. The nurse is responsible for informing the person and involving them in the vaccination. By using the nursing process and the nurse’s code of ethics, the person being vaccinated can receive person-centered care and be treated according to the person’s needs. Aim: To investigate adults' opinions of Covid-19 vaccines. Method: A quantitative survey study with qualitative elements. Findings: The willingness to get vaccinated against Covid-19 is high and most respondents are already vaccinated. Although Covid-19-vaccines has been tested there is a lack of confidence in the safety of the vaccines. Side effects of the vaccines, mistrust of vaccines effects and a history of Covid-19 infection are contributing factors to people not wanting to be vaccinated. The media has influenced the attitude towards Covid-19 vaccinations both positively and negatively. Conclusion: With the help of the results, nurses can receive support in the treatment of people who are considering getting vaccinated. It is mainly people with negative opinions regarding Covid-19-vaccines who need the nurse’s support.

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Bakgrund: I december 2019 upptäcktes ett nytt virus, SARS-CoV-2, som under 2020 gav upphov till en global pandemi. Pandemin resulterade i ett ökat vårdbehov världen över vilket gav upphov till nya utmaningar för hälso- och sjukvården. Sjukdomen resulterar i såväl fysiska som psykiska symtom och allvarlighetsgraden av dessa varierar mellan individer. Behandlingen riktas mot symtomen och kan kräva sjukhusvård. Sjuksköterskans kompetensområde är omvårdnad och skall utföra personcentrerad vård som innebär att förhålla sig till och vårda patienter som unika personer med individuella behov. Syfte: Att undersöka patienters upplevelser av vårdtiden med en Covid-19-infektion.  Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på 11 artiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom 5 teman: Rädslor och farhågor hos patienter, isolering och ensamhet, patienters behov av kommunikation och information, vårdpersonalens stödjande funktion samt nya insikter och tacksamhet. Konklusion: Patienters upplevelser av insjukna i Covid-19 är förenat med olika typer av lidande. Covid-19-diagnosen är förenat med känslor av rädsla och oro både inför patienters egna hälsa samt vänner och familj. Vikten av personcentrerad vård och att se situationer utifrån ett livsvärldsperspektiv gör att patienters behov bli tillfredsställda. Vårdpersonalen har stödjande funktion som är viktig för patienter som vårdas för Covid-19. / Background: In december 2019 a new virus was discovered, SARS-CoV-2, that during 2020 resulted in a global pandemic. The pandemic resulted in a bigger need for and led to new challenges faced by healthcare services worldwide. The illness leads to physical and mental symptoms and different types of severities. The treatment for Covid-19 is symptomatic and may require hospitalization. Nursing includes person centered-care which includes that the nurse acts and treats patients as unique people with individual needs. Aim: To examine patients' experiences during a hospitalization with a Covid-19 infection. Method: A literature review based on 11 articles with a qualitative approach. Findings: The results revealed 5 themes: Fears in patients, Experience of isolation and loneliness, patients' need for communication and information, the staff's supportive function and new insights and gratitude. Conclusion: The study shows that the patients experience during Covid-19-hospitalization includes different kinds of suffering. The illness is united with different kinds of fears and worries which includes the patients own health and the health of friends and family. Person centered-care is important and to see the patient from a lifeworld perspective can cater the patients needs.

Thesis focuses on impact of covid-19 pandemic on employees of retail chain store, who couldn't work during the lockdown. Using self-evaluation questionnaire and CD - RISC 10 scale we mapped selected aspects like well-being, perception of risk of infection, teamwork, experienced emotion and resilience. Survey was completed during both spring and autumn lockdown. We processed the results using correlations, linear regressions and paired t-test on sample of n=199 employees during the spring, n=192 employees during autumn. We managed to pair 41 answers. During the spring survey we found several significant correlation between variables: percieved difficulty of lockdown and percieving the infection as risky (r=0,313, p <0,001), satisfaction of employee with: the communication with superior and need to communicate (r=0,424, p <0,001) and feeling of being informed (r=0,545, p <0,001). Percieved difficulty of lockdown weakly correlated with emotion of fear (r=0,346, p <0,001). For variables well-being we found two significant predictors: emotion of sadness (p=0,004) and anger (p=0,039), for variable percieing the difficulty of lockdown we managed to find two predictors: percieving the infection as risky (p=0,001) and importance of emotion in respondent's life (p=0,035). Feeling of being informed from the...

The aim of this thesis is to explore the needs of clients of one of the helplines for seniors in time of the state of emergency in spring 2020. Before the exploration itself, theoretical background is described - definition of important terms, researches on experience and impact of the covid-19 pandemic and also selected theories of needs. The aim was achieved by the use of the method of grounded theory, I analysed the records about calls in the given time frame (12.3. - 17.5.2020). This resulted in determination of six categories of needs, which were being expressed by the line's clients in association with the given situation. The importance of practical help was decreasing, on the other hand, needs of contact, information and dignity were increasing. Emotional needs were important during the whole time period, least important during the second period. Need of certainty was the least expressed one. The results of this thesis can be used as a foundation of follow-up research and also as an inspiration in solving similar situations.

Butiksdöden och Covid-19 har båda ändrat förutsättningarna för hur detaljhandelsföretag behöver tänka kring sina fysiska butiker för att hålla sig konkurrenskraftiga. Det har börjat ske att konsumenter köper allt mer online och med den globala epidemin så innebär det att strategierna som fungerade tidigare möjligen inte längre gör det. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken påverkan som externa händelser har på hur detaljhandelsföretag arbetar med sina försäljningskanaler. Studien gjordes genom att intervjua fem olika butiks/varuhuschefer inom stora detaljhandelsföretag som är verksamma i Sverige. Studien använder sig av en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer användas för att samla in empirin. Teorierna som används inom studien delades in i två spår: teorier kring olika flerkanalsstrategier och konsumentbeteende. Resultatet som genererades av studien var att detaljhandelsföretagen inte har kommit fram med helt nya arbetsmetoder och strategier som åtgärd mot covid-19, utan de har istället förbättrat och utvecklat redan befintliga arbetsmetoder och strategier. Detta skiljer sig från påverkan av butiksdöden där dessa företag behövt öppna nya verksamheter och komma fram med nya strategier i samband med användningen av internet. Det här visar även på att företagen inte kan behålla sina vanliga strategier när det förekommer problem utanför deras kontroll. Resultaten visade också att det var Covid-19 som var den händelse som hade störst påverkan angående hur företagen arbetar. / The retail apocalypse and Covid-19 have both changed the landscape of retail businesses and the way these companies have to think about their physical stores. More and more customers are choosing to buy online and Covid-19 has seemed to increase this behavior even further meaning that the old strategies may no longer work. The purpose of this study was to examine what impact external events have on how retail businesses work on their sales channels. This was achieved by interviewing five different store managers in the retail business active in Sweden. The study used a qualitative method where semi structured interviews were used to collect data. The theories used were divided in two categories: theories regarding multi-channel strategies and theories regarding consumer behavior. The results that the study generated were that the retail businesses did not create new methods and strategies as a measure against Covid-19, they had instead improved and developed the already existing methods and strategies. This is in contrast to the effect of the retail apocalypse where these companies have had to open new operations and had to come up with new strategies in conjunction with the usage of the internet. This also shows that these businesses can not retain their regular strategies when faced with problems outside their own control. The results showed that Covid-19 was the event that had the biggest impact on how the companies operated.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka arbetspendling med kollektiva färdmedel i VästraGötalandsregionen under covid-19-pandemin samt faktorer som spelar in vid val av kollektiv trafik som färdmedel för att förklara eventuell påverkan på mobilitet. De frågeställningar som besvarats är: 1. Hur har resandet med kollektiva färdmedel i Västra Götalandsregionen förändrats till följd avcovid-19-pandemin? 2. Hur kan valet av kollektiva färdmedel för arbetspendling under covid-19-pandemin förklaras? 3. Hur har mobiliteten bland personer som använder kollektiva färdmedel för arbetspendlingpåverkats av covid-19-pandemin? För att besvara frågeställningarna har en induktiv studie med kvantitativa och kvalitativa metoder genomförts. Ett omfattande material om antalet resor med kollektivtrafik i Västra Götalandsregionen från 2019 och 2020 har använts för att visa hur resandet förändrats. En enkätundersökning med personer som arbetspendlat med kollektiva färdmedel under covid-19-pandemin har genomförts. Studien bekräftar att antalet resenärer i kollektivtrafiken har minskat kraftigt i majoriteten av kommunerna i VästraGötalandsregionen. Ekonomiska faktorer visas vara en stark förklaringsfaktor för valet av kollektivtrafik som färdmedel. Studien visar även att en avgörande faktor för möjligheten att arbeta hemifrån ligger i vilken typ av arbete en individ har och att covid-19-pandemin kan ha bidragit till en ökad transportrelaterad social exkludering. Studiens tydligaste slutsats är att personer som använt kollektivafärdmedel för arbetspendling har tagit till olika mobilitetsstrategier för att kringgå de barriärer i form av oro och upplevd otrygghet som pandemin givit upphov till. Slutligen visade studien att covid-19-pandemin har mobilitetsbegränsande effekter på den grupp som inte haft några alternativa färdmedel än kollektivtrafik för sina resor till och från arbetet. / The purpose of this study was to investigate commuting by public transport in the Västra Götaland region during the covid-19 pandemic and the factors that play a role in the choice of public transport as a meansof transport to explain any impact on mobility. The questions answered are: 1. How has travel by public transport in the Västra Götaland region changed as a result of the covid19 pandemic? 2. How can commuting for work with public transportation during the covid-19 pandemic beexplained? 3. How has the mobility of people using public transport for commuting been affected by the covid19 pandemic? To answer these questions, an inductive study with quantitative and qualitative methods has been conducted. Extensive material on the number of travels with public transport in the Västra Götaland region from 2019 and 2020 has been used to show how travel has changed. A survey of people who commuted to work by public transport during the covid-19 pandemic has been conducted. The study confirms that the number of passengers using public transport has decreased vastly in the majority of municipalities in the Västra Götaland region. Economic implications are shown to be a strong explanatoryfactor for the choice of public transport as a means of transport. The study also shows that a key factor for the opportunity to work from home lies in the type of work an individual has and that the covid-19pandemic may have contributed to an increased transport-related social exclusion. The clearest conclusion of the study is that people who have used public transport for work commuting have resorted to different mobility strategies to circumvent barriers in the form of anxiety and perceived insecurity that the pandemic has given rise to. Moreover, it can be concluded that the covid-19 pandemic has mobility limiting effects on the group that does not have any other means of transport than public transport for their commuting to and from work.