CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral verificar como se caracteriza a atividade empreendedora na feira de artesanato da Beira Mar. Para tanto, foram definidos os seguintes objetivos especÃficos: 1) Identificar o perfil dos expositores da Feira de artesanato da Beira Mar; 2) Identificar as tipologias de artesanato mais comercializadas na Feira de artesanato da Beira Mar; 3) Identificar as principais tÃcnicas do artesanato comercializado na Feira de artesanato da Beira Mar; 4) Identificar os principais motivadores, facilitadores e barreiras para a atividade empreendedora dos expositores da feira; 5) Avaliar o potencial empreendedor dos expositores da feira de artesanato da Beira Mar. Tendo em vista a realizaÃÃo de tais objetivos, utilizaram-se como instrumentos de coleta de dados o Carland Entrepreneurship Index â CEI desenvolvido por Carland, Carland e Hoy (1992) e instrumento prÃprio desenvolvido pelo autor com base no referencial teÃrico abordado. A pesquisa trata-se de uma survey quantitativa, analÃtica descritiva, sendo sua populaÃÃo composta pelos artesÃos que atuam na Feira de artesanato da Beira Mar. Tal populaÃÃo foi escolhida por conveniÃncia. Pelo fato da ―feirinha da Beira Mar‖ ser um tradicional ponto de amostra e venda do artesanato cearense um nÃmero considerÃvel de artesÃos que se reÃnem ali diariamente comercializando seus produtos. Tal populaÃÃo à composta de cerca de 645 pessoas, sendo a amostra estudada composta por 68 pessoas. PÃde-se verificar que os artesÃos cearenses sÃo em sua maioria classificados como empreendedores. Sendo a maioria do sexo feminino, os artesÃos encontram-se em geral entre 36 e 50 anos de idade possuindo nÃvel mÃdio de escolaridade completo. As feiras sÃo a principal forma dos artesÃos comercializarem sua mercadoria que se enquadra em sua maioria na tipologia de ―fios e tecido‖ utilizando-se da tÃcnica de produÃÃo de bordado e renda. Como principais facilitadores para a atividade foi citado o turismo e os baixos custos para atuaÃÃo no ramo, enquanto que como barreiras foram apontadas a intensa concorrÃncia, as incertezas de ganhos, as questÃes legais e de fiscalizaÃÃo e a falta de estrutura para o ramo. A necessidade de emprego e renda, a alta demanda e a satisfaÃÃo pessoal foram os fatores mais citados como motivadores para se empreender no ramo do artesanato. / This research has as main objective to verify characterized as entrepreneurial activity at Beira Mar craft fair. To this end, the following specific objectives were: 1) Identify the profile of the exhibitors at the Craft Fair of Beira Mar; 2) Identify the types of crafts sold at most craft fair Beira Mar; 3) Identify the key techniques of the crafts sold at the Fair craft Beira Mar; 4) Identify key motivators, facilitators and barriers to entrepreneurial activity of the exhibitors at the fair; 5) Assess the entrepreneurial potential of the craft fair exhibitors Beira Mar. In order to achieve these objectives, we used as instruments of data collection the Carland Entrepreneurship Index - CEI developed by Carland, Carland and Hoy (1992) and own instrument developed by the author based on the theoretical framework discussed. The research is a descriptive-analytical quantitative, survey, and its population composed of artisans who work in the Crafts fair Beira Mar. This population was chosen for convenience. Because the "feirinha da Beira Mar" is a traditional point and sample sale Cearà craft a considerable number of artisans who gather there daily marketing its products. This population consists of about 645 people, with the study sample comprised 68 people. It was verified that the Cearà artisans are mostly classified as entrepreneurs. The majority being female artisans are generally between 36 and 50 years of age possessing average level of education completed. Fairs are the main form of artisans to market their merchandise that fits mostly in the type of "wire and fabric" using the technique of production of embroidery and lace. Main facilitators for the activity was cited tourism and low cost to operate the branch, whereas barriers have been identified as intense competition, the uncertainty of earnings, legal and supervisory issues and the lack of infrastructure for the branch. The need for jobs and income, high-demand and personal satisfaction were the main factors cited as motivators to engage in the business of craft.

A renda de bilros é uma tipologia da renda que utiliza bilros (pequenos fusos onde se enrolam os fios) para a sua produção; de tradição secular, aportou no Brasil por meio das mulheres portuguesas. O Estado do Ceará tornou-se um importante centro da tradição, sendo citado em diversas publicações, tornando a renda de bilros conhecida como renda do Ceará em outras localidades brasileiras. Os conceitos acerca do artesanato e do design foram debatidos a fim de analisar a técnica de rendar com bilros e seu uso. Também foi analisada a trajetória que a tradição percorreu desde a primeira publicação a respeito do tema: de 1948 até o ano de 2013, com o propósito de compreender as mudanças ocorridas na mesma. Foram descritos os utensílios utilizados na fabricação da renda de bilros, bem como sua técnica e pontos. Um breve relato acerca de como a técnica tem se desenvolvido em Morros da Mariana (PI) e Florianópolis foram realizados a fim de validar outras formas de manejo da tradição / Bobbin lace is a type of lace craft which utilizes bobbins (small spindles around which the threads are wound) in its production, it is a secular tradition which was brought to Brazil by Portuguese women. The state of Ceara became an important hub of this tradition, being cited in various publications and as a result bobbin lace came to be known as Ceara lace in other places throughout Brazil. The concepts surrounding the craft and the design have been discussed in order to analyse the bobbin lace technique and its use. Also, trajectory of bobbin lace was assessed, since the first publication regarding the subject: from 1948 until 2013, with the objective of understanding the changes that took place in the craft. The tools which are used in the fabrication of bobbin lace were described, as well as the technique and points. Brief reports were written about how the technique has developed in Morros da Mariana (PI) and Florianopolis, with the aim of validating other forms of the tradition

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / During the year 2000 Zimbabwe faced a multiplex of challenges linked to political and economic dynamics generated from its Fast Track Land Reform Programme (Raftopoulos, 2009). The country plunged into land grabs (dubbed Third Chimurenga) led by the war veterans, motivated by economic freedom and emancipation for the black majority. Thus began the economic decline and the exodus of citizens leaving the country in search for employment opportunities and better living conditions abroad. As expressed by Raftopoulos (2009), the problem of economic hardship and perpetual uncertainty worsened in 2008 due to the violent elections that were held in the country which resulted in rampant killings and a hyperinflation that saw the Zimbabwe dollar plunge into trillions. Many families were displaced as people were forced to flee to neighbouring countries including South Africa in search for a better life as well as opportunities. Zimbabweans entered the South African job market which had already begun struggling due to the economic recession experienced in 2008 (Matshaka, 2009). This left many Zimbabweans unemployed and with many survival challenges. In order to survive, many of these refugees started learning creative arts and crafts with the hope of using their skills and capabilities for self-employment. It is within this context that this research investigates the coping mechanisms used by Zimbabwean refugees in combating the challenges of unemployment and poverty by trading through craft markets in Hout Bay as a means of survival and livelihood. The Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) was used as a theoretical lens through which to examine the livelihood strategies of Zimbabwean refugees as a means of survival. With regard to the selection of research design the mixed methods approach was used to broaden the width and depth of assessment. This included both qualitative and quantitative methods in order to collect data relevant to the research question.

80% of energy usage in the word comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and among the fossil fuels, oil is the most consumed energy source especially in transportation. However, due to concerns about energy demand and energy sustainability, global warming and dependency on foreign oil, generation of renewable fuels is crucial for transportation. Biomass to Liquid (BTL) is a promising process available to produce renewable liquid fuels. BTL fuels have great potential to meet the growing demand for liquid fuels, mitigating climate change, and providing value to rural areas. However, there are two major challenges with biofuels produced from BTL. One of the major challenge is the H2:CO ratio of biomass gasification product is insufficient for production of hydrocarbon fuels due to formation of methane and tars. The steam reforming of hydrocarbons, to improve the H2:CO ratio, is generally conducted as part of the gas conditioning. However, tars cause the catalysts to deactivate rapidly. Secondly, for fuels produced from the gasification route regardless of feedstock source, there is an economy-of-scale issue. Therefore, it is desirable to seek ways of process intensification to allow small scale plants to be more economical. Zeolites can be used to solve these challenges since they have reactant selectivity property. To achieve a catalyst capable of reforming methane without potential for deactivation by tars, the encapsulation of a core reforming catalyst with porous zeolite shell is examined in this dissertation. After detailed introduction in the first chapter, a composite H-β zeolite membrane encapsulated 1.6wt%Ni/1.2wt%Mg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 steam reforming catalyst was prepared by a physical coating method in the second chapter of the study. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses indicated that H-β zeolite was coated successfully on the core reforming catalyst. The pore size of H-β zeolite shell was between 0.43 and 0.57 nm, as measured by the HK method. Steam reforming of CH4 and C7H8 (as a tar model) were conducted with the composite H-β zeolite coated reforming catalyst, the two components individually, and physical mixtures of the two components as a function of temperature (780–840°C). CH4 conversion was enhanced by a factor of 2–3 (depending on temperature) for the composite catalyst as compared to the core reforming catalyst individually even though the zeolite did not have any activity alone. Possible reasons for the enhanced CH4 conversion include confined reaction effects (increase residence time within pores) of the catalyst containing the zeolite coating and/or Al3+ promotion of the active sites. Alternatively, due to molecular-size selectivity, the composite H-β zeolite coated reforming catalyst demonstrated a decrease in C7H8 conversion when compared to the uncoated reforming catalyst. The results validate the use of size selective catalysts to control molecular traffic and enhance the reforming reactant selectivity. A composite catalyst consisting of an outer layer of zeolite membrane encapsulating an inner reforming catalyst core was synthesized by a double physical coating method to investigate reactant selectivity (ratio of methane/toluene conversion rate) in steam reforming of methane (CH4) and toluene (C7H8). A double encapsulation (51 wt % H-β zeolite) of a 1.6 wt % Ni−1.2 wt % Mg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 steam reforming catalyst was compared to a singly coated composite catalyst (34.3 wt % H-β zeolite) to investigate zeolite thickness effects on the conversion of different sized hydrocarbons. The increase in the zeolite content from 34.3 to 51 wt % decreased both CH4 and C7H8 conversions (by up to 14% depending upon the temperature) as a result of the increase in diffusional limitations. Weisz−Prater criteria and Thiele moduli calculations confirmed that the reactions were performed under internal diffusion limitations. The C7H8 conversion of the 51 wt % composite (SR@β51%) catalyst was similar to the zeolite alone, indicating negligible contribution from the protected catalyst core. The reactant selectivity increased by up to 1.5 times on SR@β51% in comparison to the SR@β34.3% composite. Combined reforming at 800 °C on the SR@β51% catalyst indicated that the catalyst was stable during the 10 h time on stream. Continuing this work, a non-acidic Silicalite-1 zeolite membrane encapsulated 1.6wt%Ni-1.2wt%Mg/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2 steam reforming composite catalyst, synthesized by a physical coating method, was used to investigate effect of encapsulation on size selective steam reforming, using methane (CH4) and toluene (C7H8) as representative species. Weisz-Prater Criteria and Thiele moduli calculations indicated internal diffusion limitations. Combined reforming of CH4 and C7H8 at 800°C on the composite catalyst demonstrated stability during the 10 h time on stream while uncoated SR catalyst deactivated. The non-acidic Silicalite-1 encapsulated catalyst showed decreases (~2-7%) in both CH4 and C7H8 conversions compared to acidic H-β zeolite confirming that shell acidity did contribute to conversion and suggesting that shell defects/grain boundaries were responsible for the C7H8 conversion. Finally, low temperature 0.16wt%Pt–1.34wt%Ni–1.00wt%Mg/(Ce0.6Zr0.4)O2 reforming catalyst was triple coated with H-β zeolite (60 wt% of zeolite) to be utilized synthesis of combination steam reforming catalyst (SR) and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) catalyst (CRAFT) for a single-step conversion of methane to liquid fuels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis result demonstrated that H-β zeolite was successfully encapsulated onto the low temperature reforming catalyst. The catalyst was tested in steam reforming of methane (CH4) and toluene (C7H8) and the results was compared with 51 wt%. While CH4 conversions are very similar on the 60wt% composite catalyst with 51wt% composite catalyst, no C7H8 conversion was seen on the 60 wt% composite catalyst. Thus, it is concluded that the 60 wt% composite catalyst can be utilized to synthesis CRAFT catalyst.

This research is about craft education in schools in England and Japan. In the specialist literature, skilled knowledge has always been identified as the main outcome of craft learning in schools, but contemporary rationales for craft education include fostering children’s design thinking understood as a process of developing creative ideas. At the time this research began in 2005, Japanese government policy for craft education emphasized creative problem solving and designing together with making skills. However, developing design ideas and skilled knowledge may be conflicting aims. There was very little guidance for Japanese craft teachers about how to teach creative thinking and more theoretical discussion about design in England. So I studied how design thinking is taught in England with a view to this contributing to craft education in Japan. The research method was qualitative and comparative. In the first phase, analysis of policy documents for Art & Design and Design & Technology and fieldwork in three primary and five secondary schools was conducted in England. In the second phase, policy documents for Art & Handicraft, Art, Home Economics and Technology & Home Economics were analysed and fieldwork was conducted in the first two subjects in seven primary and six secondary schools in Japan. Then the findings were compared and analysed qualitatively. This research confirmed that skilled knowledge is central to craft education in schools in both countries. There was a significant influence of school subject domains on how crafts were taught in class. The lack of any specification for thinking skills in the learning domains for craft education in Japan may explain why there is less emphasis on teaching design thinking than in England. I concluded that it is possible to teach design thinking and skilled knowledge successfully together in craft projects. However, it is difficult to apply this in practice in school contexts because they often lack relevant staff expertise, time and authentic materials and tools. At the end of the thesis possible ways of teaching design thinking and skilled knowledge together are suggested in the form of a domain model of art curriculum and an interactive design process model. Some strategies for teaching design thinking identified in England could provide a basis for future curriculum development in Japan.

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This thesis focuses on the revitalization of a once thriving manufacturing city, Gardner, Massachusetts. In the past the city of Gardner was rich with furniture manufacturers. Over the years the manufacture of furniture has left Gardner. The goal of this thesis is to reinvigorate the furniture making and craft back into Gardner. The proposed revitalization of the town was furthered through teaching and the design and production of a new product line. The renovation and retrofit of an existing now abandoned, building. Designing to meet the strategies, methods, and processes of furniture production; merged with an architecture meant to signal both respect for the history of Gardner and a new revitalization; designing from the inside – out. Thoughts about sustainability and environmental design are incorporated into the design. There are a multitude of new building practices and strategies that are explored and will be used to try and form a design that could unite usability, function, aesthetics, and comfort as well as meeting current code and ADA requirements, through retrofitting an existing building. Teaching the former craft of furniture making will ignite revitalization in the downtown area. A new form of universally designed furniture making will be taught and practiced in the facility.

The focus of this dissertation is on the exploration of interior environments subjected to constant change. This study will investigate the ability of interior design to relate and respond to internal and external influences in a way which represents the interior environment as one of spatial performance and experience. Responsive interior design is investigated in terms of change over time relative to temporal conditions through the adaptive re-use of the temporary structure Les Grandes Tables de l’île Seguin by 1024 Architecture as a travelling crafts exhibit and design development centre for Design Network Africa, a craft development initiative. The host building Les Grandes Tables de l’île Seguin will be altered from a single use, static interior environment to an active interior which is able to accommodate craft exhibitions, workshops and design studios as functions in sequential phases. The intention is to explore ‘timeliness’ in interior design and establish an enduring identity for the altered host building, which incorporates constantly changing, temporary identities influenced by varied locations, occupants and programmes. The host building, consisting of a structural framework and interior infill, provides the opportunity for exploration of an adaptable interior through conceptualising the environment as one of a permanent, enduring framework and specific, temporary infill. For the purpose of the study the project is investigated in one location, Sunnyside, Pretoria, with two different occupants from the Design Network Africa client body, and multiple phases portraying the different functions. / Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MInt(Prof) / Unrestricted

I have used weaving as a method to investigate connections between this craft and architecture. The project can be divided into four parts: The first part is a research phase starting from the etymology of the word textile, which derives from the latin word texere which means - to weave, to join, to build, to construct etc. Following the spirit of Gotfried Semper and his ideas in his book “The four elements of architecture” I have built frames to learn the principles of weaving. The second part is a basic research of an attempt to create a prototype for a structural element that is based on previous studies. In part three I illustrate potential areas of use of the elements. In the final conclusive part I reflect upon my work and what I have learned during the project.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / In nature, saccharification is done by a variety of microorganisms, secreting a variety of cellulase in addition to other proteins. Co-culturing enables the production of more efficient enzyme preparations that would mimic the natural decomposition of lignocelluloses. During the decay of banana (Musa paradisiaca) pseudostem, a potential feedstock for second-generation biofuels, there may be a number of microorganisms producing cellulolytic enzymes, and other factors, which in combination might decompose the lignocelluloses more efficiently. The aim of the study was to establish a microbial co-culture for the production of highly active cellulase preparations. Banana pseudostems (BPS) and microbial samples from decaying banana pseudostems were collected in the Mopani District Allesbeste Nursery, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Fungi and bacteria were isolated using CMC agar plates. The best cellulase producing fungi and bacteria were tested for cellulase activity in monocultures and in various combinations (fungi-fungi, fungi-bacteria, bacteria-bacteria, fungi-live bacterial cells and fungi-dead bacterial cells) in submerged fermentation, using Avicel™ as a carbon source. Solid-state fermentation was also performed using banana pseudostem as a carbon source. Zymography was done in studying the variety of cellulase in the secretions from co-cultures/ mixed cultures. Identification of the bacterial and fungal isolates from decomposing banana pseudostems was also done using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) or DNA sequencing. A mixed culture of fungi in combination with dead bacterial cells was the best combination to produce higher levels of endoglucosidase and β-glucosidase activities in both submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation. During SmF, endoglucosidase was (0.229 after 144 h) and β-glucosidase (4.519 after 96 h) activities and SSF, endoglucosidase (12.793 after 48 h) and β-glucosidase (37.45 after 144 h). Endoglucosidase zymography showed that monocultures and co-cultures produced four active bands for endoglucanase, except for the monoculture Trichoderma longibrachiatum 1B that produced a faint or unclear band. The current study demonstrated that three fungal strains namely, T longibrachiatum 1B, Aspergillus fumigatus 5A, and Aspergillus flavus 2A and one bacterial strain Enterobacter asburiae 1 are capable of producing a variety of endoglucanases. It seems that a combination of fungi with dead cells could significantly improve endoglucosidase and v β-glucosidase activities. The use of A. fumigatus in mixed cultures is highly recommended in order to produce high levels of β-glucosidases, no matter the combination used. / Foodbev Seta