Les astrocytes protoplasmiques de la matière grise corticale sont des cellules gliales dont les prolongements très fins et ramifiés sont en contact avec les éléments neuronaux pré- et post-synaptiques d’une part, et les vaisseaux sanguins d’autre part. Ils expriment plusieurs récepteurs des neurotransmetteurs, entre autres des récepteurs purinergiques dont l'activation facilite l’activité calcique astrocytaire et la libération de gliotransmitters (par exemple, le glutamate, le GABA, l'ATP, et la D sérine) qui régulent l’activité des neurones et des cellules gliales situées au voisinage. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier in situ l’activité calcique des astrocytes et de leurs prolongements en réponse à l’application des agonistes purinergiques. Lors de ma thèse, j’ai tout d'abord testé la possibilité d’induire l’expression spécifique de gènes d’intérêt par les astrocytes corticaux de souris adultes par la technique de recombinaison Cre-LoxP. J’ai comparé les performances d’un virus adeno-associé de type 5 (AAV5) flexé (AAV5.FLEX.EGFP) et d’une souris qui exprime un indicateur calcique (GCaMP3) sous contrôle de la recombinase (souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3). L’injection d’AAV5.FLEX.EGFP dans le cortex d’une souris hGFAPcre n’a pas permis l’expression spécifique d’EGFP. La combinaison des souris exprimant le cre recombinase sous contrôle d’un promoteur sélectif des astrocytes (GLAST-CreERT2 et Cx30-CreERT2) avec le AAV5.FLEX.EGFP ou avec une lignée des souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3 permet l’expression spécifique des gènes d’intérêt (EGFP et GCaMP3) par les astrocytes corticaux. J’ai ensuite analysé l’activité calcique des astrocytes qui expriment GCaMP3. J’ai utilisé la microscopie biphotonique et enregistré l’activité calcique spontanée et évoquée par application d’agonistes purinergiques sur des tranches de cortex somatosensoriel primaire de souris adultes GLAST-CreERT2. L’activité calcique spontanée est complexe, généralement locale et désynchronisée, répartie dans les prolongements et la région somatique. Les régions actives ont été identifiées à partir d’une carte de corrélation temporale calculée en MATLAB, et leurs caractéristiques (amplitude, durée, position, fréquence) mesurées grâce à des routines établies sous IGOR. La fréquence et l’amplitude de l’activité calcique paraissent augmenter lors de l’enregistrement, ce qui suggère une sensibilité significative et une photoactivation des astrocytes, en imagerie biphotonique. La durée des impulsions laser modulerait ce phénomène. En présence d'adénosine (1-100 µM) et d’ATP (100 µM), et de façon marginale en présence d’un agoniste P2X7 non sélectif (BzATP 50-100 µM), une activité calcique synchronisée accrue est visible dans le soma et les prolongements astrocytaires en présence de tétrodotoxine qui bloque les potentiels d'action et minimise l’activité synaptique. Le mécanisme de ces réponses synchronisées reste à étudier. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé en présence d’un agoniste spécifique P2Y1 (MRS2365 50 uM). Mon travail a permis le développement : i) de modèles murins pour l’adressage sélectif de protéines d’intérêt au niveau des astrocytes protoplasmiques ; ii) d’outils d’analyse des signaux calciques astrocytaires au niveau sub-cellulaire. Il a mis en évidence des limites possibles des protocoles standards d'enregistrement de l’activité calcique des astrocytes en imagerie biphotonique. Il confirme l’importance de l’ATP et de l’adénosine pour la signalisation astrocytaire. / Grey matter protoplasmic astrocytes are compact glial cells with highly branched processes, enwrapping synapses, and one or two endfeet contacting the blood vessels. Several neurotransmitter receptors are expressed by astrocytes, among them purinergic receptors. Upon activation of these receptors, intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients can be induced, that, in turn, trigger gliotransmitter release (e.g. glutamate, GABA, ATP, D-serine) and participate in astrocyte-to-astrocyte signaling as well as in the communication between astrocytes and neurons or other glia. During my PhD work, I first implemented and validated several approaches for targeting transgene expression specifically to cortical astrocytes and employed them to study purinergic signaling in astrocytes. To achieve astrocyte-specific transgene expression, I used either floxed adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors or a Cre-dependent mouse line and several mouse lines expressing the Cre recombinase under astrocyte-specific promoters. Intracerebral injections of a Cre-dependent AAV serotype 5 containing the ubiquitous CAG promoter and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV5.CAG.flex.EGFP) in adult mice expressing Cre recombinase under the human glial fibrillary protein (hGFAP) promoter resulted in a non-astrocyte specific expression in the cortex. Combining inducible mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) promoter with the same AAV vector resulted in a virtually astrocyte-specific expression of the reporter gene. As an alternative approach for astrocyte-specific transgene expression, we used a Cre-dependent mouse line expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Crossing this mouse line with the above described GLAST-CreERT2 mouse line or a Connexin30 (Cx30)-CreERT2 line led to selective GCaMP3 expression in cortical astrocytes. Second, I investigated both spontaneous and agonist-evoked Ca2+ transients in astrocytic processes, the investigation of which has presented a major challenge in earlier studies, due to the unspecific and weak labeling by membrane-permeable chemical Ca2+ indicators. Using the strategy developed in the first part of my work allowing an astrocyte-specific expression of the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Using two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) imaging in acute slices of the primary somatosensory cortex, I recorded Ca2+ transients in the astrocytic soma and processes. By aid of a custom-made MATLAB routine based on a temporal Pearson correlation coefficient, active regions could be identified in an unbiased manner. Evoked Ca2+ transients were quantified using custom IGOR routines. Spontaneous desynchronized Ca2+ transients occurred in the processes and rarely in the soma. Ca2+ signals appeared localized in distinct microdomains. Their frequency appeared to increase during long recordings of several hundred images, suggesting that fine astrocytes are vulnerable to photodamage under imaging conditions routine in 2PEF microscopy. The possibility to minimize photodamage, by varying the length of the femtosecond laser pulses is under investigation. Bath application of adenosine (1-100 µM) and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP, 100 µM), as well as the application of the non-selective P2X7 receptor agonist (2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate, BzATP, 50-100 µM), in the presence of tetrodotoxin to block neuronal action potentials, evoked synchronized Ca2+ rises in the soma and the processes of astrocytes. The effect of adenosine was dose-dependent. No significant effect of the specific P2Y1 agonist (MRS2365, 50 µM) was seen. Altogether, my work sets up a powerful and versatile toolbox for studying astrocytic Ca2+ signaling at the sub-cellular level. It also pinpoints possible limits of standard two-photon recording protocols to investigate the local Ca2+ signals in fine astrocytic processes.

Les astrocytes protoplasmiques de la matière grise corticale sont des cellules gliales dont les prolongements très fins et ramifiés sont en contact avec les éléments neuronaux pré- et post-synaptiques d’une part, et les vaisseaux sanguins d’autre part. Ils expriment plusieurs récepteurs des neurotransmetteurs, entre autres des récepteurs purinergiques dont l'activation facilite l’activité calcique astrocytaire et la libération de gliotransmitters (par exemple, le glutamate, le GABA, l'ATP, et la D sérine) qui régulent l’activité des neurones et des cellules gliales situées au voisinage. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier in situ l’activité calcique des astrocytes et de leurs prolongements en réponse à l’application des agonistes purinergiques. Lors de ma thèse, j’ai tout d'abord testé la possibilité d’induire l’expression spécifique de gènes d’intérêt par les astrocytes corticaux de souris adultes par la technique de recombinaison Cre-LoxP. J’ai comparé les performances d’un virus adeno-associé de type 5 (AAV5) flexé (AAV5.FLEX.EGFP) et d’une souris qui exprime un indicateur calcique (GCaMP3) sous contrôle de la recombinase (souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3). L’injection d’AAV5.FLEX.EGFP dans le cortex d’une souris hGFAPcre n’a pas permis l’expression spécifique d’EGFP. La combinaison des souris exprimant le cre recombinase sous contrôle d’un promoteur sélectif des astrocytes (GLAST-CreERT2 et Cx30-CreERT2) avec le AAV5.FLEX.EGFP ou avec une lignée des souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3 permet l’expression spécifique des gènes d’intérêt (EGFP et GCaMP3) par les astrocytes corticaux. J’ai ensuite analysé l’activité calcique des astrocytes qui expriment GCaMP3. J’ai utilisé la microscopie biphotonique et enregistré l’activité calcique spontanée et évoquée par application d’agonistes purinergiques sur des tranches de cortex somatosensoriel primaire de souris adultes GLAST-CreERT2. L’activité calcique spontanée est complexe, généralement locale et désynchronisée, répartie dans les prolongements et la région somatique. Les régions actives ont été identifiées à partir d’une carte de corrélation temporale calculée en MATLAB, et leurs caractéristiques (amplitude, durée, position, fréquence) mesurées grâce à des routines établies sous IGOR. La fréquence et l’amplitude de l’activité calcique paraissent augmenter lors de l’enregistrement, ce qui suggère une sensibilité significative et une photoactivation des astrocytes, en imagerie biphotonique. La durée des impulsions laser modulerait ce phénomène. En présence d'adénosine (1-100 µM) et d’ATP (100 µM), et de façon marginale en présence d’un agoniste P2X7 non sélectif (BzATP 50-100 µM), une activité calcique synchronisée accrue est visible dans le soma et les prolongements astrocytaires en présence de tétrodotoxine qui bloque les potentiels d'action et minimise l’activité synaptique. Le mécanisme de ces réponses synchronisées reste à étudier. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé en présence d’un agoniste spécifique P2Y1 (MRS2365 50 uM). Mon travail a permis le développement : i) de modèles murins pour l’adressage sélectif de protéines d’intérêt au niveau des astrocytes protoplasmiques ; ii) d’outils d’analyse des signaux calciques astrocytaires au niveau sub-cellulaire. Il a mis en évidence des limites possibles des protocoles standards d'enregistrement de l’activité calcique des astrocytes en imagerie biphotonique. Il confirme l’importance de l’ATP et de l’adénosine pour la signalisation astrocytaire. / Grey matter protoplasmic astrocytes are compact glial cells with highly branched processes, enwrapping synapses, and one or two endfeet contacting the blood vessels. Several neurotransmitter receptors are expressed by astrocytes, among them purinergic receptors. Upon activation of these receptors, intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients can be induced, that, in turn, trigger gliotransmitter release (e.g. glutamate, GABA, ATP, D-serine) and participate in astrocyte-to-astrocyte signaling as well as in the communication between astrocytes and neurons or other glia. During my PhD work, I first implemented and validated several approaches for targeting transgene expression specifically to cortical astrocytes and employed them to study purinergic signaling in astrocytes. To achieve astrocyte-specific transgene expression, I used either floxed adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors or a Cre-dependent mouse line and several mouse lines expressing the Cre recombinase under astrocyte-specific promoters. Intracerebral injections of a Cre-dependent AAV serotype 5 containing the ubiquitous CAG promoter and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV5.CAG.flex.EGFP) in adult mice expressing Cre recombinase under the human glial fibrillary protein (hGFAP) promoter resulted in a non-astrocyte specific expression in the cortex. Combining inducible mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) promoter with the same AAV vector resulted in a virtually astrocyte-specific expression of the reporter gene. As an alternative approach for astrocyte-specific transgene expression, we used a Cre-dependent mouse line expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Crossing this mouse line with the above described GLAST-CreERT2 mouse line or a Connexin30 (Cx30)-CreERT2 line led to selective GCaMP3 expression in cortical astrocytes. Second, I investigated both spontaneous and agonist-evoked Ca2+ transients in astrocytic processes, the investigation of which has presented a major challenge in earlier studies, due to the unspecific and weak labeling by membrane-permeable chemical Ca2+ indicators. Using the strategy developed in the first part of my work allowing an astrocyte-specific expression of the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Using two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) imaging in acute slices of the primary somatosensory cortex, I recorded Ca2+ transients in the astrocytic soma and processes. By aid of a custom-made MATLAB routine based on a temporal Pearson correlation coefficient, active regions could be identified in an unbiased manner. Evoked Ca2+ transients were quantified using custom IGOR routines. Spontaneous desynchronized Ca2+ transients occurred in the processes and rarely in the soma. Ca2+ signals appeared localized in distinct microdomains. Their frequency appeared to increase during long recordings of several hundred images, suggesting that fine astrocytes are vulnerable to photodamage under imaging conditions routine in 2PEF microscopy. The possibility to minimize photodamage, by varying the length of the femtosecond laser pulses is under investigation. Bath application of adenosine (1-100 µM) and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP, 100 µM), as well as the application of the non-selective P2X7 receptor agonist (2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate, BzATP, 50-100 µM), in the presence of tetrodotoxin to block neuronal action potentials, evoked synchronized Ca2+ rises in the soma and the processes of astrocytes. The effect of adenosine was dose-dependent. No significant effect of the specific P2Y1 agonist (MRS2365, 50 µM) was seen. Altogether, my work sets up a powerful and versatile toolbox for studying astrocytic Ca2+ signaling at the sub-cellular level. It also pinpoints possible limits of standard two-photon recording protocols to investigate the local Ca2+ signals in fine astrocytic processes.

Les astrocytes protoplasmiques de la matière grise corticale sont des cellules gliales dont les prolongements très fins et ramifiés sont en contact avec les éléments neuronaux pré- et post-synaptiques d’une part, et les vaisseaux sanguins d’autre part. Ils expriment plusieurs récepteurs des neurotransmetteurs, entre autres des récepteurs purinergiques dont l'activation facilite l’activité calcique astrocytaire et la libération de gliotransmitters (par exemple, le glutamate, le GABA, l'ATP, et la D sérine) qui régulent l’activité des neurones et des cellules gliales situées au voisinage. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier in situ l’activité calcique des astrocytes et de leurs prolongements en réponse à l’application des agonistes purinergiques. Lors de ma thèse, j’ai tout d'abord testé la possibilité d’induire l’expression spécifique de gènes d’intérêt par les astrocytes corticaux de souris adultes par la technique de recombinaison Cre-LoxP. J’ai comparé les performances d’un virus adeno-associé de type 5 (AAV5) flexé (AAV5.FLEX.EGFP) et d’une souris qui exprime un indicateur calcique (GCaMP3) sous contrôle de la recombinase (souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3). L’injection d’AAV5.FLEX.EGFP dans le cortex d’une souris hGFAPcre n’a pas permis l’expression spécifique d’EGFP. La combinaison des souris exprimant le cre recombinase sous contrôle d’un promoteur sélectif des astrocytes (GLAST-CreERT2 et Cx30-CreERT2) avec le AAV5.FLEX.EGFP ou avec une lignée des souris Rosa-CAG-LSL-GCaMP3 permet l’expression spécifique des gènes d’intérêt (EGFP et GCaMP3) par les astrocytes corticaux. J’ai ensuite analysé l’activité calcique des astrocytes qui expriment GCaMP3. J’ai utilisé la microscopie biphotonique et enregistré l’activité calcique spontanée et évoquée par application d’agonistes purinergiques sur des tranches de cortex somatosensoriel primaire de souris adultes GLAST-CreERT2. L’activité calcique spontanée est complexe, généralement locale et désynchronisée, répartie dans les prolongements et la région somatique. Les régions actives ont été identifiées à partir d’une carte de corrélation temporale calculée en MATLAB, et leurs caractéristiques (amplitude, durée, position, fréquence) mesurées grâce à des routines établies sous IGOR. La fréquence et l’amplitude de l’activité calcique paraissent augmenter lors de l’enregistrement, ce qui suggère une sensibilité significative et une photoactivation des astrocytes, en imagerie biphotonique. La durée des impulsions laser modulerait ce phénomène. En présence d'adénosine (1-100 µM) et d’ATP (100 µM), et de façon marginale en présence d’un agoniste P2X7 non sélectif (BzATP 50-100 µM), une activité calcique synchronisée accrue est visible dans le soma et les prolongements astrocytaires en présence de tétrodotoxine qui bloque les potentiels d'action et minimise l’activité synaptique. Le mécanisme de ces réponses synchronisées reste à étudier. Aucun effet significatif n’a été observé en présence d’un agoniste spécifique P2Y1 (MRS2365 50 uM). Mon travail a permis le développement : i) de modèles murins pour l’adressage sélectif de protéines d’intérêt au niveau des astrocytes protoplasmiques ; ii) d’outils d’analyse des signaux calciques astrocytaires au niveau sub-cellulaire. Il a mis en évidence des limites possibles des protocoles standards d'enregistrement de l’activité calcique des astrocytes en imagerie biphotonique. Il confirme l’importance de l’ATP et de l’adénosine pour la signalisation astrocytaire. / Grey matter protoplasmic astrocytes are compact glial cells with highly branched processes, enwrapping synapses, and one or two endfeet contacting the blood vessels. Several neurotransmitter receptors are expressed by astrocytes, among them purinergic receptors. Upon activation of these receptors, intracellular calcium (Ca2+) transients can be induced, that, in turn, trigger gliotransmitter release (e.g. glutamate, GABA, ATP, D-serine) and participate in astrocyte-to-astrocyte signaling as well as in the communication between astrocytes and neurons or other glia. During my PhD work, I first implemented and validated several approaches for targeting transgene expression specifically to cortical astrocytes and employed them to study purinergic signaling in astrocytes. To achieve astrocyte-specific transgene expression, I used either floxed adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors or a Cre-dependent mouse line and several mouse lines expressing the Cre recombinase under astrocyte-specific promoters. Intracerebral injections of a Cre-dependent AAV serotype 5 containing the ubiquitous CAG promoter and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV5.CAG.flex.EGFP) in adult mice expressing Cre recombinase under the human glial fibrillary protein (hGFAP) promoter resulted in a non-astrocyte specific expression in the cortex. Combining inducible mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase under the glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) promoter with the same AAV vector resulted in a virtually astrocyte-specific expression of the reporter gene. As an alternative approach for astrocyte-specific transgene expression, we used a Cre-dependent mouse line expressing the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Crossing this mouse line with the above described GLAST-CreERT2 mouse line or a Connexin30 (Cx30)-CreERT2 line led to selective GCaMP3 expression in cortical astrocytes. Second, I investigated both spontaneous and agonist-evoked Ca2+ transients in astrocytic processes, the investigation of which has presented a major challenge in earlier studies, due to the unspecific and weak labeling by membrane-permeable chemical Ca2+ indicators. Using the strategy developed in the first part of my work allowing an astrocyte-specific expression of the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP3. Using two-photon excitation fluorescence (2PEF) imaging in acute slices of the primary somatosensory cortex, I recorded Ca2+ transients in the astrocytic soma and processes. By aid of a custom-made MATLAB routine based on a temporal Pearson correlation coefficient, active regions could be identified in an unbiased manner. Evoked Ca2+ transients were quantified using custom IGOR routines. Spontaneous desynchronized Ca2+ transients occurred in the processes and rarely in the soma. Ca2+ signals appeared localized in distinct microdomains. Their frequency appeared to increase during long recordings of several hundred images, suggesting that fine astrocytes are vulnerable to photodamage under imaging conditions routine in 2PEF microscopy. The possibility to minimize photodamage, by varying the length of the femtosecond laser pulses is under investigation. Bath application of adenosine (1-100 µM) and adenosine-triphosphate (ATP, 100 µM), as well as the application of the non-selective P2X7 receptor agonist (2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate, BzATP, 50-100 µM), in the presence of tetrodotoxin to block neuronal action potentials, evoked synchronized Ca2+ rises in the soma and the processes of astrocytes. The effect of adenosine was dose-dependent. No significant effect of the specific P2Y1 agonist (MRS2365, 50 µM) was seen. Altogether, my work sets up a powerful and versatile toolbox for studying astrocytic Ca2+ signaling at the sub-cellular level. It also pinpoints possible limits of standard two-photon recording protocols to investigate the local Ca2+ signals in fine astrocytic processes.

Mouse polyomavirus is a type species of Polyomaviridae family and serves as model for studying viral infection of human pathogenic polyomaviruses. Minor proteins of viral capsid have been found to be necessary for effective initiation of infection. In order to study their role in the early steps of infection we utilized the novel Cre-LoxP system for production of the viral mutant lacking both minor proteins. Virus produced this way was compared with virus produced by standard method and we found that both systems facilitate production of mutant virus with the comparable quality and quantity. The mutant virus contained reduced amount of viral DNA and formed virions with impaired stability. For further studies of intracellular virion trafficking we prepared virions with genomes modified by thymidine analogues 5- bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and optimized the methods for analogue detection. The viral genome become accessible for detection 4 hours post infection. For ultramicroscopic analysis of translocation of virus to the nucleus we used freeze substitution. All this methods will be utilized for detailed study of distinct steps in viral infection. Key words: Mouse polyomavirus, minor proteins,...

The chimeric Alb-uPA SCID mouse that has been transplanted with human hepatocytes is a model to facilitate in vivo study of HCV. We explored further development of the model by using repopulation with immortalized human hepatocytes (IHH) in place of primary human hepatocyte (PHH) transplantation to support HCV infection. In vitro HCV studies typically utilize a human hepatoma cell line (Huh7) and rely on transfection with transcribed genomic RNA derived from a unique HCV strain (JFH1). Unfortunately, this system has not been successful in support of infection with serum-derived HCV (HCVser). IHH may offer an alternative since their differentiation status remains close to that of PHH. IHH transfected with HCV RNA (H77 or JFH1) or infected with HCVser showed stable intracellular and supernatant HCV RNA by real-time RT-PCR. IHH showed intracellular HCV NS3 proteins. HCV transfected or infected IHH secrete infectious HCVcc for in vivo and vitro. / Experimental Surgery

No description available.

Murine polyomavirus is an important member of Polyomaviridae family offering potential applications in gene therapy and immunotherapy. Viral mutant analysis is crucial for study of the virus, however, commonly used methods of its production are laborious and give low yields. This thesis involves development of the new experimental system that can produce intact viral genome from recombinant plasmid in vivo using Cre/loxP-mediated recombination. One loxP site is unavoidably introduced into newly generated viral genome during recombination. Two variants of production plasmids generating wild type viral genome with incorporation of loxP between the poly(A) signal sites of early and late genes or into the intronic region of early genes were prepared. LoxP insertion between the poly(A) signal sites has a dramatic effect on viral gene expression and leads to complete loss of virus infectivity. Conversely, the infectious virus was obtained from the viral genome containing loxP site in the early intronic region. To ensure expression of Cre recombinase I also prepared stably transfected cell lines which can simplify the virus production. This thesis shows that newly designed system gives satisfactory yield of the virus, solves restrictions connected with commonly used methods and can be used for low infectious viral...

<p>Molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of thyroid carcinomas are still not fully understood. In the present thesis the highly malignant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) was used to study regulation of apoptosis and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP).</p><p>Addition of a natural estrogen metabolite, 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in five out of six human ATC cell lines. Treatment with 2-ME induced DNA-fragmentation as well as activation of caspase-3. Inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPKs activity decreased the effect of 2-ME suggesting involvement in the induction of apoptosis.</p><p>Solid tumors have an elevated IFP. High IFP forms or reflects a barrier for exchange of molecules between microvessels and surrounding tissue. The mechanisms for the generation of the high IFP were investigated using a specific TGF-β inhibitor in an ATC model in athymic mice. Tumor IFP was lowered in TGF-β inhibitor-treated compared to control mice. Affymetrix microarray analysis showed a decreased expression of macrophage-associated genes in treated tumors. Furthermore, the number and activity of tumor-associated macrophages was reduced after TGF-β inhibition. A decreased protein leakage together with an increased coverage of α-smooth-muscle actin (SMA)-expressing cells indicated vessel normalization. An adjuvant treatment with the TGF-β inhibitor resulted in an increased treatment efficacy of doxorubicin. Thus, TGF-β inhibitor-treatment suggests improved microvessel function which results in a lowering of tumor IFP and increased tumor drug uptake.</p><p>To create a model for specific inactivation of genes in the thyroid, a transgenic mouse with a thyrocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase was generated. The thyroglobulin promoter together with an inducible Cre recombinase (<i>creER</i><i>T2</i>) was used. Two transgenic founder lines were identified expressing cre mRNA solely in the thyroid. Functional activity of the CreER^T2 protein was demonstrated by using a ROSA26-LacZ reporter mouse.</p>

Molecular mechanisms in the development and progression of thyroid carcinomas are still not fully understood. In the present thesis the highly malignant anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) was used to study regulation of apoptosis and tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP). Addition of a natural estrogen metabolite, 2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), induced a G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in five out of six human ATC cell lines. Treatment with 2-ME induced DNA-fragmentation as well as activation of caspase-3. Inhibitors of JNK and p38 MAPKs activity decreased the effect of 2-ME suggesting involvement in the induction of apoptosis. Solid tumors have an elevated IFP. High IFP forms or reflects a barrier for exchange of molecules between microvessels and surrounding tissue. The mechanisms for the generation of the high IFP were investigated using a specific TGF-β inhibitor in an ATC model in athymic mice. Tumor IFP was lowered in TGF-β inhibitor-treated compared to control mice. Affymetrix microarray analysis showed a decreased expression of macrophage-associated genes in treated tumors. Furthermore, the number and activity of tumor-associated macrophages was reduced after TGF-β inhibition. A decreased protein leakage together with an increased coverage of α-smooth-muscle actin (SMA)-expressing cells indicated vessel normalization. An adjuvant treatment with the TGF-β inhibitor resulted in an increased treatment efficacy of doxorubicin. Thus, TGF-β inhibitor-treatment suggests improved microvessel function which results in a lowering of tumor IFP and increased tumor drug uptake. To create a model for specific inactivation of genes in the thyroid, a transgenic mouse with a thyrocyte-specific expression of Cre recombinase was generated. The thyroglobulin promoter together with an inducible Cre recombinase (creERT2) was used. Two transgenic founder lines were identified expressing cre mRNA solely in the thyroid. Functional activity of the CreERT2 protein was demonstrated by using a ROSA26-LacZ reporter mouse.

The prospect of the work presented in this thesis has been to engineer Cre recombinase to recognize and recombine a sequence from an HIV-1 Long Terminal Repeat (LTR), characterize the recombination proficiency of the evolved recombinase in mammalian cells and explore the potential of the recombinase for a novel antiretroviral strategy.