Thesis (doctoral)--Universitẗ Tübingen.

No description available.

Trata o presente estudo da submissão (adequação) do exame tecnológico em locais de crime de furto de energia elétrica ao ordenamento jurídico penal vigente, de tal forma a atender as necessidades próprias da lei penal e processual penal, específicas ao tema. Aspectos como a classificação entre furto de energia ou estelionato, ou mesmo a de furto de energia mediante fraude, ou ainda, simplesmente, a de ligação abusiva, assim como as comparações do preceito legal com a obtenção clandestina do acesso à TV a cabo e ao uso de impulsos de telefonia, devem ter a análise tecnológica adequada à sua destinação pelo Perito encarregado do exame, haja vista ser seu Laudo não só o documento hábil para tais discernimentos, que darão rumo ao processo penal e, por via de conseqüência, influenciarão em sua conclusão, mas também fonte de processo de conhecimento eventualmente levado a cabo pelo judiciário, este, destinatário final de tal trabalho. / The present study deals with the submission (Adequacy) of the technological examination, in places of electric energy robbery crime, to the effective criminal legal system, such way to take care of the proper necessities of criminal and procedural law, specific to the subject. Aspects as the classification between robbery of energy or fraud, or simply of abusive linking, as the comparisons of the legal rule with the clandestine attainment of the access of cable TV and the use of telephony impulses, must have the technological analysis adjusted its destination for the in charge Connoisseur it examination, it has seen to be its Finding the skillful document for the discernment of important questions, which one will give route to the criminal proceeding and, by the way, they will influence in its conclusion.

Trata o presente estudo da submissão (adequação) do exame tecnológico em locais de crime de furto de energia elétrica ao ordenamento jurídico penal vigente, de tal forma a atender as necessidades próprias da lei penal e processual penal, específicas ao tema. Aspectos como a classificação entre furto de energia ou estelionato, ou mesmo a de furto de energia mediante fraude, ou ainda, simplesmente, a de ligação abusiva, assim como as comparações do preceito legal com a obtenção clandestina do acesso à TV a cabo e ao uso de impulsos de telefonia, devem ter a análise tecnológica adequada à sua destinação pelo Perito encarregado do exame, haja vista ser seu Laudo não só o documento hábil para tais discernimentos, que darão rumo ao processo penal e, por via de conseqüência, influenciarão em sua conclusão, mas também fonte de processo de conhecimento eventualmente levado a cabo pelo judiciário, este, destinatário final de tal trabalho. / The present study deals with the submission (Adequacy) of the technological examination, in places of electric energy robbery crime, to the effective criminal legal system, such way to take care of the proper necessities of criminal and procedural law, specific to the subject. Aspects as the classification between robbery of energy or fraud, or simply of abusive linking, as the comparisons of the legal rule with the clandestine attainment of the access of cable TV and the use of telephony impulses, must have the technological analysis adjusted its destination for the in charge Connoisseur it examination, it has seen to be its Finding the skillful document for the discernment of important questions, which one will give route to the criminal proceeding and, by the way, they will influence in its conclusion.

Prenant jadis la forme d’un « signe de divinité » sous le règne des ordalies, l’indice désignerait dorénavant tout « événement, objets ou traces » amené à forger la conviction du juge. Les traits de l’indice se reconnaissent ainsi à la capacité qu’il possède de rendre possible le fait recherché. En ce sens, l’indice ne peut – aujourd’hui comme hier – indiquer directement la culpabilité, bien qu’il demeure – depuis toujours – en capacité de faire présumer l’imputabilité du fait prohibé à l’encontre des personnes suspectées. Les effets attachés à l’indice sont convoités de tout temps, sans pourtant que quiconque ne parvienne à les expliquer. L’indice rend possible, dispose d’un pouvoir spécifique et s’intègre parfaitement au sein du raisonnement dialectique intrinsèque à la matière juridique. Les juristes usent des présomptions fondées sur l’indice aux fins de compenser les lacunes inhérentes à la preuve en matière pénale. Indéniablement, l’indice occupe une place centrale dans le processus probatoire. Néanmoins, un constat de carence s’impose : les raisons pour lesquelles l’indice produit cet effet à la fois si caractéristique et par là même si commun, ne sont jamais explicitées. Sans doute trop prosaïque, l’indice s’est éclipsé à l’arrière-plan d’une preuve pénale devenue prépondérante par la gravité des conséquences juridiques qu’elle justifie. Un regard cette fois plus aiguisé aurait néanmoins pressenti l’enjeu universel d’une telle notion : depuis toujours, l’indice constitue le socle de la preuve. Fondements d’une réalité morcelée que la justice souhaite reconstituer, les indices jalonnent le cheminement procédural jusqu’à l’obtention d’une preuve. Les différentes phases de la procédure pénale s’organisent au rythme des indices interprétés, autant qu’ils forgent une conviction sur le déroulement des faits prohibés. L’intime conviction ancre de fait l’interprétation de l’indice au cœur de la preuve pénale et, avec elle, la perfectibilité d’une construction humaine au centre de la procédure pénale. / Once taking the form of a "sign of divinity" in the trial by ordeal, the clue would henceforth designate any "event, object or trace" that might forge the judge's conviction. The characteristics of the clue can thus be recognized by its ability to make the desired result possible. In this sense, the clue cannot – today as in the past – directly indicate guilt, although it has always been able to allow for the presumption that the prohibited fact is imputable to suspects. The effects of the clue have always been sought after, without anyone ever being able to explain them. The clue makes possible, has specific power and fits perfectly into the dialectical reasoning inherent in the legal field.Lawyers use clue-based presumptions to compensate for the deficiencies inherent in criminal evidence. Undeniably, the clue occupies a central place in the probationary process. Nevertheless, a finding of deficiency is inevitable: the reasons why the clue produces this effect, which is so characteristic and therefore so common, are never explained. Undoubtedly too prosaic, the clue has vanished into the background of criminal evidence that has become preponderant because of the seriousness of the legal consequences it justifies. A sharper look this time would nevertheless have foreshadowed the universal importance of such a notion: since time immemorial, the clue has been the foundation of proof. As the foundations of a fragmented reality that the justice system wishes to reconstruct, the clues mark out the procedural path until evidence is obtained. The various phases of criminal proceedings are organised according to the rhythm of the interpreted clues, as much as they forge a conviction about the conduct of the prohibited acts. The intimate conviction in fact anchors the interpretation of the clue at the heart of the criminal evidence and, with it, the perfectibility of a human construction at the centre of criminal procedure.

D.Phil.

This thesis seeks to answer the principal question as to whether international criminal justice systems can serve as adequate truth-ascertaining forums. In doing so, it reviews the practice of three international criminal justice systems: the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is not the purpose of this research to review the black letter law adopted and applied by these international tribunals and court, but rather to review the implementation of the legal principles in practice. It is a socio-legal research project which focuses on the practice of the tribunals and court. It discusses socio-legal, institutional and political issues relating to the ascertainment of the truth in international criminal justice. In addition, it examines the gaps between the theory and practice of ascertaining the truth in the ICTY, ICTR and ICC. It does so principally by exploring the roles of the parties, participants and judges in ascertaining the truth. This includes the obstacles they face in doing so and the responses given, if any, to accommodate these difficulties. Challenges include the politicised climate of most post-conflict societies, the remoteness of the crime base areas from the seat of the Court, the lack of enforcement mechanisms and reliance on State cooperation, as well as the unfamiliarities with the cultural and linguistic features of the affected communities. This thesis reveals that these difficulties are not the principal cause of truth-searching impediments. Indeed, it is asserted that the ascertainment of the truth can be fair and effective notwithstanding these difficulties. It also demonstrates that truth-ascertaining impediments are mainly caused by failures to adequately investigate the crimes and relevant evidence. At the ICTY, investigations have been carried out in the most efficient and fair manner possible under the circumstances. By contrast, the ICTR and ICC investigations are far from adequate and should be improved. The Prosecution should make more efforts to obtain the best evidence available. It further concludes that international justice systems have set their goals too highly. Instead of seeking to meet objectives such as reconciliation, peace and security, they should restrict their focus to the question as to whether the guilt of a particular accused has been established in respect of the crimes charged.

Este trabalho apresenta um olhar sobre a atividade forense começando no antigo Egito, berço da civilização ocidental, passando pela colonização portuguesa e sua influência, até chegar ao Brasil atual, trazendo os elementos interdisciplinares característicos da perícia em cada período histórico. Dado a este caráter interdisciplinar, o trabalho tenta demonstrar quais foram as bases legislativas em cada época. O objetivo foi identificar os problemas que surgiram ao longo do tempo para o exercício da perícia como auxiliar da Justiça, assim como destacar elementos que possam melhorar a relação entre peritos, juízes e partes, tendo em vista o resultado de seu trabalho: o laudo pericial. / This work presents a look at the forensic activity starting in ancient Egypt, the cradle of Western civilization, through the Portuguese colonization and their influence, until getting to Brazil nowadays, with the aim to bring the characteristic elements of interdisciplinary expertise in every historical period. Given its interdisciplinary character, this essay attempts to point which legislative bases had experts to carry out their activities. The aim was to identify the elements which analyzed the problems that have arisen over time to the exercise of skill as an activity assistant, as well as to highlight areas that may assist the improvement of the activity for forensics, judges and parties, as well as the final result of his work: the expert report.

Este trabalho apresenta um olhar sobre a atividade forense começando no antigo Egito, berço da civilização ocidental, passando pela colonização portuguesa e sua influência, até chegar ao Brasil atual, trazendo os elementos interdisciplinares característicos da perícia em cada período histórico. Dado a este caráter interdisciplinar, o trabalho tenta demonstrar quais foram as bases legislativas em cada época. O objetivo foi identificar os problemas que surgiram ao longo do tempo para o exercício da perícia como auxiliar da Justiça, assim como destacar elementos que possam melhorar a relação entre peritos, juízes e partes, tendo em vista o resultado de seu trabalho: o laudo pericial. / This work presents a look at the forensic activity starting in ancient Egypt, the cradle of Western civilization, through the Portuguese colonization and their influence, until getting to Brazil nowadays, with the aim to bring the characteristic elements of interdisciplinary expertise in every historical period. Given its interdisciplinary character, this essay attempts to point which legislative bases had experts to carry out their activities. The aim was to identify the elements which analyzed the problems that have arisen over time to the exercise of skill as an activity assistant, as well as to highlight areas that may assist the improvement of the activity for forensics, judges and parties, as well as the final result of his work: the expert report.

La France s’inscrit dans une vision idéalisée de la criminalistique dont la force probante apporterait les réponses incontestables au procès pénal. Cette croyance est historique et s’appuie sur les travaux des pionniers français qui ont ouvert la voie à ce que d’aucuns ont appelé, par abus de langage, l’apport de la preuve scientifique. Mais le paysage de la criminalistique n’est pas aussi simple que les acteurs au procès pénal le supposent. Le système criminalistique existant, la formation des intervenants, la connaissance de la valeur informationnelle de la trace avec sa vie juridique comme sa traçabilité scientifique, parfois soumise à un cadre normatif extérieur au droit, sont autant de domaines rarement abordés. À travers les différentes matières composant la criminalistique, en percevoir le contenu et leur puissance scientifique, mais également leurs limites, apportent un éclairage particulier de ce qu’est l’interprétation des résultats analytiques en France, et ce qu’elle devrait être quel que soit le moment judiciaire qu’exige le déroulement de la procédure pénale. Cette présentation met en exergue l’existence de la réalisation d’actes scientifiques souvent négligés et qui vient relativiser la notion d’examens scientifiques et d’expertises pourtant sacralisés par le droit et la jurisprudence. Cette étude de la criminalistique dans le procès pénal, met en évidence la perception qu’en ont les acteurs, la compréhension réciproque difficile avec les experts, mais également celles d’organismes plus institutionnels, montrant que les intérêts sont parfois divergents entre une vision comptable de la justice et celle de la recherche de la vérité, pourtant inscrite dans les textes. Une présentation de la perception comme de la mise en œuvre de la criminalistique en droit comparé à travers la procédure et la jurisprudence accusatoires donne un éclairage sur des débats juridiques qui frappent à la porte de notre système inquisitoire par l’introduction toujours plus engagée du contradictoire. Mieux comprendre les sciences introduites au procès pénal et les rendre accessibles devrait donner aux acteurs une capacité de discernement et d’interprétation plus pertinente, notamment pour les juges qui doivent à partir de toutes ces connaissances, indices et réponses scientifiques en construire la preuve pénale. / France believes in an idealized vision of forensic science, the probative force of which would provide incontestable answers to the criminal trial. This belief is historical and is based on the work of the French pioneers who paved the way for what some have called, by abuse of language, the contribution of scientific proof. But the forensic landscape is not as simple as the actors in the criminal trial assume. Existing forensic systems, training of stakeholders, knowledge of the informational value of the trace with its legal life as well as its scientific traceability, sometimes subject to a normative framework outside the law are all rarely dealt with. Through the various subjects of forensic science, by perceiving their content and their scientific power, but also by their limitations, they shed particular light on the interpretation of analytical results in France and what it should be the judicial time required for the conduct of criminal proceedings. This presentation highlights the existence of the realization of scientific acts often neglected and that relativizes the notion of scientific examinations and expert appraisals yet sacred by law and jurisprudence. This study of criminalistic in the criminal trial highlights the perception of the actors, the difficult mutual understanding with the experts, but also those of more institutional administrations, showing that the interests are sometimes divergent between an accounting vision Justice and the search for truth, which is nevertheless inscribed in the texts. A presentation of the perception as well as the implementation of forensic science in comparative law through accusatory procedure and jurisprudence sheds light on legal debates that strike the door of our inquisitorial system by the increasingly engaged introduction of contradictory. A better understanding of the sciences introduced into the criminal process and making them accessible should give the actors a more relevant capacity for discernment and interpretation, in particular for judges who must draw up the criminal proof from all these scientific knowledge, answers and evidences.