Analizuodami įvairių Lietuvos bei užsienio mokslininkų darbus nusikalstamos veikos kvalifikuotos sudėties tema pastebėtina, kad išsamesnių tyrimų nėra atlikta. Taigi, darbas, pasitelkus baudžiamojoje teisėje įprastus tyrimo metodus (lyginamąjį, analitinį, istorinį, lingvistinį bei kritikos) skirtas išnagrinėti kvalifikuotų sudėčių teorinius pagrindus bei jų probleminius aspektus, atskleisti kvalifikuojančių požymių ypatumus, jų išsidėstymą baudžiamojo kodekso tekste, atsižvelgiant į baudžiamajame įstatyme pateiktas formuluotes, nustatyti ribas tarp paprastų, kvalifikuotų ir privilegijuotų sudėčių, numatyti kvalifikuotų sudėčių tobulinimo tendencijas. Taip pat buvo siekiama apžvelgti istoriškai kitusį požiūrį į kvalifikuotas sudėtis. Daugiausia dėmesio šiame darbe yra skiriama kvalifikuotoms nusikaltimų sudėtims, atkreipiamas dėmesys į kvalifikuotos sudėties konstrukcijų ypatumus. Taip pat šiame darbe yra atkreiptinas dėmesys, kad kvalifikuotas sudėtis turi ne tik nusikaltimai, bet ir daroma prielaida, kad kvalifikuotas sudėtis turi ir baudžiamieji nusižengimai, pateikiamos šių sudėčių diferencijavimo galimybės. Darbe pateikiamas ne tik teorinis probleminių klausimų aspektas, bet ir atkreiptinas dėmesys į teismų praktikoje iškylančius sunkumus aiškinant kvalifikuojančių požymių turinį bei veikų kvalifikavimo ypatumus. / The title of the master‘s thesis – qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences. While analyzing various research projects of Lithuanian and foreign scientists on the subject- matter of qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences, it was observed that more comprehensive research was not performed. Thereby, this paper, invoking common research methods usable in criminal law (such as comparative, analytical (and/or periphrastic), historical, linguistic and the method of critique), is designed to consider theoretical fundamentals of qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences as well as their problematic aspects; to educe the peculiarities of qualifying features as well as their arrangement in the text scrip of the Criminal Code, considering to the statements, introduced in the legislation of the criminal law; to determine boundaries between simple, qualified and/or privileged corpus delicti of criminal offences; to improve qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences. Equally, it was pursued to review historically changeable approach to qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences. The maximum attention in this paper is granted to qualified corpus delicti of criminal offences as well as to the peculiarities of the structure of qualified corpus delicti. It should be noted that not only criminal offences have qualified corpus delicti, but also it is presumed that misdemeanors might have qualified corpus delicti as well. There are also introduced the possibilities of... [to full text]

Disertacijoje, remiantis Vilniaus pavieto pavyzdžiu, nagrinėjami smurtiniai bajorijos nusikaltimai ir bausmės XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje. Darbe atkleidžiama nusikaltimų struktūra: statistika, priežastys, erdvė, socialinė aukų bei nusikaltėlių sudėtis, smurto laipsnis, bausmių teorija ir praktika. Per bajorijos kaip valdančiojo luomo nusikalstamumo tyrimą siekiama pažvelgti į to meto visuomenę, tiriami jos konfliktai ir jų sprendimų būdai, bajorijos santykiai tarpusavyje ir su kitais luomais. Pagrindinis darbo šaltinis – Vilniaus pavieto pilies ir žemės teismų knygos. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami smurtiniai nusikaltimai: gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai (nužudymai, sumušimai, dvikovos ir kiti), nelegalus įkalinimas, seksualinė prievarta, valdų antpuoliai, miesto namų užpuolimai, plėšimas. Tiriamos garbės atėmimo, ištrėmimo, bokšto kalėjimo, mirties bausmės. Nustatyta, kad aukščiausias nusikalstamo pakilimas buvo penktame ir devintame XVIII a. dešimtmečiuose, mažiausiai nusikaltimų užfiksuota aštuntame dešimtmetyje. Daugiausia nusikaltimų vyko kaimo erdvėje. Paskutiniame amžiaus trečdalyje nusikaltimų Vilniuje skaičius smarkiai išaugo. Nustatyta, kad dažniausi nusikaltimai buvo gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai bei valdų antpuoliai, kiti buvo retesni. Nors Lietuvos Statuto nuostatos buvo griežtos, teisminė ir policinė kontrolė šalyje nebuvo stipri. Daugelis nusikaltimų nebūdavo išaiškinami, o... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Based on the example of Vilnius district, the thesis attempts to analyse violent crimes and punishments of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 18th century. It reveals the structure of crimes: statistics, motives, criminal environment, social composition of victims and criminals, level of violence, theory and practice of punishments. The study of criminal conduct of the nobility as the leading social class provides the opportunity to take a glance at the society of that time; the thesis analyses its conflicts and ways of their solving, relations within the noble class and with other social classes. The major source of the thesis is castle court and land court books of Vilnius district. The thesis analyses violent crimes: homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction (murders, contusions, duels and others), illegal imprisonment, sexual violence, estate raids, city household attacks, robbery. Sentences of deprivation of honour, exile, tower imprisonment, capital punishment fall under the scope of the thesis. It has been determined that the peak of criminal conduct was reached in the 1740s and 1780s, whereas the lowest number of crimes was recorded in the 1770s. The rural environment featured a higher prevalence of criminal activity. However, a number of crimes committed in Vilnius significantly increased in the final third of the century. The study revealed that the most common crimes were homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction and domain raids; others were less... [to full text]

Based on the example of Vilnius district, the thesis attempts to analyse violent crimes and punishments of the nobility in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 18th century. It reveals the structure of crimes: statistics, motives, criminal environment, social composition of victims and criminals, level of violence, theory and practice of punishments. The study of criminal conduct of the nobility as the leading social class provides the opportunity to take a glance at the society of that time; the thesis analyses its conflicts and ways of their solving, relations within the noble class and with other social classes. The major source of the thesis is castle court and land court books of Vilnius district. The thesis analyses violent crimes: homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction (murders, contusions, duels and others), illegal imprisonment, sexual violence, estate raids, city household attacks, robbery. Sentences of deprivation of honour, exile, tower imprisonment, capital punishment fall under the scope of the thesis. It has been determined that the peak of criminal conduct was reached in the 1740s and 1780s, whereas the lowest number of crimes was recorded in the 1770s. The rural environment featured a higher prevalence of criminal activity. However, a number of crimes committed in Vilnius significantly increased in the final third of the century. The study revealed that the most common crimes were homicide, bodily injury, pain infliction and domain raids; others were less... [to full text] / Disertacijoje, remiantis Vilniaus pavieto pavyzdžiu, nagrinėjami smurtiniai bajorijos nusikaltimai ir bausmės XVIII a. Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje. Darbe atkleidžiama nusikaltimų struktūra: statistika, priežastys, erdvė, socialinė aukų bei nusikaltėlių sudėtis, smurto laipsnis, bausmių teorija ir praktika. Per bajorijos kaip valdančiojo luomo nusikalstamumo tyrimą siekiama pažvelgti į to meto visuomenę, tiriami jos konfliktai ir jų sprendimų būdai, bajorijos santykiai tarpusavyje ir su kitais luomais. Pagrindinis darbo šaltinis – Vilniaus pavieto pilies ir žemės teismų knygos. Disertacijoje nagrinėjami smurtiniai nusikaltimai: gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai (nužudymai, sumušimai, dvikovos ir kiti), nelegalus įkalinimas, seksualinė prievarta, valdų antpuoliai, miesto namų užpuolimai, plėšimas. Tiriamos garbės atėmimo, ištrėmimo, bokšto kalėjimo, mirties bausmės. Nustatyta, kad aukščiausias nusikalstamo pakilimas buvo penktame ir devintame XVIII a. dešimtmečiuose, mažiausiai nusikaltimų užfiksuota aštuntame dešimtmetyje. Daugiausia nusikaltimų vyko kaimo erdvėje. Paskutiniame amžiaus trečdalyje nusikaltimų Vilniuje skaičius smarkiai išaugo. Nustatyta, kad dažniausi nusikaltimai buvo gyvybės atėmimo, kūno sužalojimo, skausmo suteikimo nusikaltimai bei valdų antpuoliai, kiti buvo retesni. Nors Lietuvos Statuto nuostatos buvo griežtos, teisminė ir policinė kontrolė šalyje nebuvo stipri. Daugelis nusikaltimų nebūdavo išaiškinami, o... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The main topic of the presented thesis is a criminal offence of unauthorised production and other handling of narcotic and psychotropic substances and poison under the section 283 of the Criminal Code. The issues raised in this thesis could be considered as permanently topical, since the drug scene is constantly evolving together with the national and international drug policies which are changing as well. This thesis is divided into introduction, five chapters and conclusion. First chapter is focused on a brief historical overview of drug offences with main focus on an unauthorised production and other handling of illegal substances. This chapter also describes gradual development of the legislation regulating unauthorised production and other handling of illegal substances. Second chapter deals with the most significant international treaties and legislation of European Union related to the main focus of this thesis, which have substantive impact on the Czech national legislation regarding the criminal offence under section 283 of the Criminal Code. These regulations are analysed especially in the relevant parts, that are implemented into Czech legislation and that have direct impact on the current version of the criminal offence under section 283 of the Criminal Code. In the third chapter author...

Thesis (LLD) -- Stellenbosch University, 1988. / Article 1 Section 8 Clause 8 of the Constitution of the United States of America empowers Congress "to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries". This simple clause sums up in a few words the philosophy and underlying principles of modern copyright law. Copyright law, like other branches of intellectual property law (i.e. the laws of patents, trade marks and designs), seeks to create a system whereby the creator of original works or intellectual property is afforded a qualified monopoly in the use or exploitation of his work in order, first, to compensate and reward him for the effort, creativity and talent expended and utilized in the creation of his work, and secondly, to act as an incentive for him to use his talents and efforts to create more and better works or items of intellectual property. The qualified monopoly is limited in duration and after the expiry of the term the work falls into the public domain and can be freely used and reproduced by others. A balance is struck between the interests of the individual and the public interest. The rationale behind this philosophy is the establishment of a profit incentive for creators of intellectual property. The effectiveness of the profit motive is dependent upon the degree to which the creator of the intellectual property is able to maintain and enforce his qualified monopoly. If the law is not effective in enabling the creator of intellectual property to maintain and enforce his monopoly then the efficiency of the operation of the profit motive will be impaired. Consequently, the soundness and effectiveness of the law of copyright is a . significant factor in the promotion of the creation of intellectual property and ultimately• in enriching our culture and promoting our knowledge and well-being. Viewed from a different perspective, the purpose of copyright is to prevent one man from appropriating to himself what has been produced by the skill and labour of others1 . In broad terms, copyright may be described as the exclusive right in relation to a work embodying intellectual property (i.e. the product of the intellect) to do or to authorize others to do certain acts in relation to that work, which acts represent in the case of each type of work the manners in which that work can be exploited for personal gain or profit. Copyright is an immaterial property right. The subject of the right is a work of the intellect or spirit and thus an intangible. Copyright in a work is akin to ownership in a tangible article. The following analysis of the essential nature of copyright by Slomowitz AJ in Video Parktown North (Pty) Limited v Paramount Pictures Corporation is instructive: "It seems to me that when he who harbours an idea, by dint of his imagination, skill or labour, or some or all of them, brings it into being in tactile, visible or audible form, capable thereby of being communicated to others as a meaningful conception or apprehension of his mind, a right of property in that idea immediatelycomes into existence. The proprietary interest in that object of knowledge is the ownership of it and is called 'copyright'. It might just as well be called 'ownership', but we have chosen to call it by another name, reserving 'ownership' as the appellation for the proprietary interest in corporeal things, by way of semantic, but not, as I see it, legal, distinction. In this sense, copyright has sometimes been called 'intellectual property', as it indeed is. " Copyright subsists in the work of the intellect embodied in a material form which is a tangible article. The tangible or physical form of the work embodies two separate items of property, i.e. the copyright in the work of the intellect and the ownership of the tangible article. Ownership of the two items of property must be distinguished and can vest in different persons. Transfer of the ownership of one of the i terns of property does not necessarily affect transfer of the ownership of the other item of property.

Viešoji tvarka, kaip baudžiamojo įstatymo ginama vertybė, - tai moralės ir pagarbos principais pagrįstos bendrosios viešo elgesio taisyklės, kurių laikymasis užtikrina visuomenėje įprastą gyvenimo eigą, civilizuotus iškylančių konfliktų sprendimo būdus. Magistro baigiamajame darbe ,,Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už viešosios tvarkos pažeidimą“, remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos BK ir kitais teisės aktais, įvairiomis mokslinėmis koncepcijomis, teismų praktika, kompleksiškai nagrinėjami diskusiniai klausimai, kurie iškyla siekiant atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėčių požymius, jų ypatumus, ir siekiant nustatyti atribojimo kriterijus. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 2 dalyje įtvirtinto viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, kaip baudžiamojo nusižengimo, atribojimo problematiką nuo Lietuvos Respublikos ATPK 174 straipsnyje numatyto administracinio teisės pažeidimo - nedidelio chuliganizmo. Paminėto darbo tikslas – atskleisti viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo, numatyto Lietuvos Respublikos BK 284 straipsnio 1 dalyje ir 2 dalyje, objektyviuosius ir subjektyviuosius požymius, nustatyti jų tarpusavio atribojimo kriterijus, ir jų atribojimą nuo kitų nusikalstamų veikų. Tai aktualu todėl, kad 2000 m. gegužės 1 d. įsigaliojusiame Lietuvos Respublikos BK įstatymų leidėjas numatė naujas viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo sudėtis, ir atsisakė mokslininkų prieštaringai vertinamos sąvokos ,,chuliganizmas“. Visgi, nepaisant pažangių naujovių, susijusių su viešosios tvarkos pažeidimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Public order, as the value protected of the criminal law, can be defined as the common rules that must be carried out in order to safeguard ordinary life and to accept lawful solutions of various disputes emerging in the society. The general target of the Thesis ,,Criminal liability for violation of public order “ is the complex analysis of theoretical and practical problems related to the objective and subjective elements of violation of public order. Also, the main indications of distinction are analyzed in order to distinguish violation of public order from other criminal offences. Besides, much attention is paid to distinction of the second part of article 284 of Criminal code from almost identical 174 article of Administrative law offences code. These aspects are analyzed according to Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, other legal laws, legal concepts and judicial practice. It is important to do it as Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which came into force from the 1st May of 2003, established the new structure of violation of public order and abolished the term ,,hooliganism”, which was critiqued by scientists. Despite the advanced legal regulation of violation of public order, courts decisions presents many problems arising in the field of qualification of the aforementioned criminal offence. As a consequence, such objective elements as public order and public place are studied in detail. The basic problems analyzed in this Thesis are uncertainty... [to full text]

Les États ont déployé d’immenses efforts pour la mise en place d’un système efficace de coopération internationale et régionale pour lutter contre le terrorisme. Cependant, sur le plan international la coopération s’appuie sur des conventions sectorielles visant à réprimer certains actes graves tels ceux portant atteinte à l’aviation civile. Sur le plan régional, la convention européenne relative à la répression du terrorisme, la décision-cadre sur la lutte contre le terrorisme ainsi que la convention arabe sur la lutte contre le terrorisme comportent la majeure partie des mesures prises en matière de lutte conter le terrorisme. La France, historiquement concernée par le terrorisme, et le Maroc pour lequel le phénomène est nouveau, ont vu dans la lutte contre le terrorisme un moyen de renforcer leur corpus juridique déjà existant. Ainsi en matière de lutte contre le terrorisme, les deux législateurs ont soit emprunté des infractions au droit commun, soit créé d’autres qui sont nouvelles. Toutefois, la lutte juridique contre le terrorisme ne peut atteindre ses objectifs sans que les causes quien constituent le socle fertile soient éradiquées d’abord. / States deployed huge efforts in order to set up an efficient international and regional cooperation system to combat terrorism. However, international cooperation is based on sectorial conventions treating just certain grave acts such as those constituting a threat to civil aviation. Regionally, the European convention on the suppression of terrorism, the framework decision on combating terrorism and the Arab convention against terrorism include the major part of the measures taken in the context of the fight against terrorism. France, historically concerned with terrorism, and Moroccoto whom the phenomenon is new, have considered the fight against terrorism as a means to reinforce their judicial corpus already set up. So, aiming to combat terrorism the two legislators have either borrowed existing offences from the common law, or created new offences. However, judicial fight against terrorism can’t reach its objectives without first eradicating causes that constitute a fertile terrain for it.