Com o advento e o desenvolvimento da tecnologia da informação e principalmente da Internet, as infrações penais ganharam novo ambiente para sua prática. A vertente inovadora referente a esses ilícitos é o meio digital, também denominado meio eletrônico. Ocorre que, o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet é do tipo que deixa vestígio, sendo obrigatório, para se estabelecer a autoria e materialidade do ato delitivo, o exame do corpo de delito, exame este realizado por meio de perícia em meios computacionais. Embora a prova pericial seja regrada pelo Código de Processo Penal brasileiro, uma vez que se trata de meio de produção de prova típico, este regramento é extremamente genérico, não prevendo, portanto, regramento específico quanto à prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetiva analisar a prova pericial em meios computacionais relacionada ao crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, como meio de produção de prova típico, em função do avanço tecnológico, e discutir a viabilidade de sua disciplina, de forma específica, pela legislação processual penal brasileira. A importância de se ter instrumentos legais que regulem a matéria, justifica-se não somente quanto às investigações em âmbito nacional, mas também, em âmbito internacional, o que facilitará a adesão do Brasil a Tratados e Convenções Internacionais que regulam investigações conjuntas entre Estados soberanos, visto que o crime informático praticado por meio da Internet, na maioria dos casos, tem caráter transnacional. / With the advent and development of information technology and especially of the Internet, criminal offenses have gained a new practice environment. The innovative aspect related to such illicits is the digital media, also called electronic media. As it happens, computer crime committed through the Internet is the type that leaves evidence, being that it is mandatory, to establish the authorship and materiality of the criminal act, the examination of the corpus delicti. This examination is performed by experts in computational forensics. Although the expert examination is ruled by the Brazilian Code of Criminal Procedure, since it is a typical means of generating evidence, this procedure is extremely generic and does not foresee, therefore, specific procedures about expert examination in computer crime committed through the Internet. Thus, the present work aims to examine the expert evidence on computer media, computer-crime crime committed through the Internet as a means of typical evidence, as a function of technological progress, and discuss the viability of its discipline, specifically, by the Brazilian criminal procedure law. The importance of having legal instruments governing the subject is justified not only when investigations run at national level but also internationally, what will facilitate the adherence of Brazil to international treaties and conventions governing joint investigations between sovereign states, considering that computer crime committed through the Internet, in most cases, has a transnational nature.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-11T11:13:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Carolina de Melo Amorim.pdf: 2199765 bytes, checksum: 06fa5f530178565d5f59215bf811c009 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-11T11:13:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Carolina de Melo Amorim.pdf: 2199765 bytes, checksum: 06fa5f530178565d5f59215bf811c009 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 / The Brazilian criminal procedure has undergone transformations in its form of application, being, nowadays, represented by a new practice – harsher on the defendant – that represents a procedural right more efficient for the prosecution and less concerned with the individuals guarantees. The need for swifter procedures results in faster cases and less susceptible to the prescription of punitive pretention, following the regulations of international treaties and the idea of access to justice listed in the Federal Constitution. However, eagerness in reducing time and procedural phases are resulting in several measures, commonly adopted, that violates another constitutional principle, that of the equality of arms. Analyzing the criminal procedure, it has been noted that these measures to streamline the process are unbalancing the powers between parties and causing inequality between the proof gathering for the plaintiff and the defendant. Therefore, regarding the time of process (being included, also, the pre-procedural phase), there is no equitable treatment for the parties to achieve, on equal terms, the persuasion of the judge. This work sought to identify, from specific situations in the Brazilian criminal procedure, the reasons of unbalance of powers between the procedural parties, discussing such issues under the idea of the need to reestablish the equality of arms and the necessity to follow the regulations and constitutional principles. As a result, are being appointed the failures of the Brazilian criminal procedural law and the misconceptions in the courts jurisprudence that, in the analyzed cases, damage the production of proof by the defense (defendant) during the process, and, from these specific situations, solutions will be appointed to each listed problem / O processo penal brasileiro vem sofrendo transformações em sua forma de aplicação, sendo hoje representado por uma nova atuação – mais dura com o acusado – que representa um direito processual mais eficiente para a acusação e menos garantista. A necessidade de agilidade do procedimento redunda em processos mais céleres e menos sujeitos à prescrição da pretensão punitiva, cumprindo a normatização de tratados internacionais e a ideia de acesso à justiça elencada na Constituição Federal. No entanto, na ânsia de diminuir o tempo e as fases processuais, diversas medidas corriqueiramente adotadas estão violando outro princípio constitucional, o da isonomia entre as partes. A partir da observação da prática processual penal, vê-se que medidas de agilização do processo estão desequilibrando a balança de poderes entre as partes e causando desigualdade entre a atuação probatória da acusação e da defesa. Não há, pois, em relação ao tempo do processo (e aqui é incluída, também, a fase pré-processual) tratamento equânime para as partes firmarem, em igualdade de oportunidades, o convencimento do magistrado. O trabalho buscou identificar, a partir de situações pontuais do processo penal brasileiro, as causas de desequilíbrio de poderes entre as partes processuais, discutindo tais questões à luz da necessidade de restabelecimento da isonomia e da observação das normas e princípios constitucionais. Dessa forma, são apontadas as falhas da legislação processual penal brasileira e os equívocos de posições jurisprudenciais que, nos casos analisados, prejudicam a produção de prova defensiva no processo e, a partir dessas pontuais situações, passa-se ao elenco das soluções a cada problema apresentado

The present paper is a descriptive study of sex offender sentencing in three Oregon counties in 1992. It examines the relationship between sentencing practices and indigent offenders. It focuses specifically on the question of offender indigent status and court ordered sex offender treatment. The study also provides information about the number of sex offenders in each of the three counties, how the offenders' sentences were determined by the courts through the use of the sentencing guidelines matrix, what type of plea was used, and what if any influence indigence had in the sentencing outcomes for the felony sex off enders in this study. Viewed from a conflict theoretical perspective, it was expected that indigent sex offenders would experience differential treatment by the courts. Two-tailed chi-square tests were computed to determine if a difference exists between sentences given indigent and non-indigent offenders. The same tests were applied to determine if there exists a difference between indigent and non-indigent in regard to the addressing of treatment in the sentence order. The tests were considered significant at the . 05 level. A significant difference was found between probation sentences and prison sentences for indigent versus non indigent offenders. Frequency scores were examined for this study by the number of indigent sex offenders that were convicted in each sample county for 1992, guilt type, guilt type and sentence, sentencing guidelines matrix score, indigence and race, and treatment by county. There is minimal information on the topic of sex offenders and the possible relationship between indigence, sentence disposition and treatment. The information contained in this study will contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of sex offenders and the results of this study will provide information useful for further research.

Os avanços tecnológicos trouxeram inovação a vários campos de conhecimento, incluindo o Direito. Neste contexto, debatemos o uso dos meios eletrônicos para a realização de atos processuais criminais, seguindo-se o exemplo de outros setores da Justiça. A lei nº 11.900/09 modificou algumas previsões do Código de Processo Penal e regulamentou o uso do sistema de videoconferência no interrogatório do réu preso. Contudo, suas determinações ainda provocam discussão na doutrina e jurisprudência, no tocante, especialmente, aos direitos individuais do acusado garantidos constitucionalmente e às dificuldades que o Poder Judiciário ainda enfrenta quando se trata de dinamizar o andamento dos processos. / Technological advances have brought innovation to various fields of knowledge, including the study of Law. In this context, we debate the use of electronic means for the accomplishment of criminal proceeding acts, following the example of other sectors of Justice. The law n. 11.900/09 changed some provisions of the Criminal Code and regulated the use of the videoconference system in the arrested defendant´s hearing. However, its provisions still raises discussion in the doctrine and jurisprudence, regardins, specially, to the accused´s individual rights constitucionally granted as well as to the difficulty the Jucidiciary Power stills deals with when it comes to making the procedures in this area more dynamic.

Until recently, Mexico’s criminal court system systematically failed to observe the human rights of defendants, leading to widespread criticisms about the integrity of the system and the vulnerability of defendants to unconscionable judicial practices. Intending to remedy those deficiencies, several Mexican states have proceeded to transition from a semi-inquisitorial criminal procedure to an American-style adversarial one. Because of a 2008 reform to the national constitution, all Mexican states must adopt such criminal procedure reforms by 2016. In theory, these reforms should result in fewer overall cases, a reduced reliance on pre-trial detentions, and more dismissals of cases and acquittals. This thesis uses data collected by Mexico’s official statistical agency, INEGI, to test these hypotheses in judicial districts in four states: Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Morelos, and Zacatecas. While far fewer criminal cases are being brought in early-implementer districts that have transitioned to the new criminal procedures, the results on other statistical indicators are mixed. Nonetheless, the balance of evidence suggests that the reformed procedures are more likely to be fair to defendants and reduce overall wrongful convictions. / text

Due to the party-orientation and professional nature of the adversary mode of criminal procedure, the principles of a fair trial are best observed where the accused is represented by a lawyer. Given the advantages to be gained from legal representation, the principle of equal justice requires that all accused should have access to legal assistance and thus that legal aid should be provided for indigent accused. The South African legal aid scheme cannot yet provide assistance to all indigent accused because of the large number of these accused, the shortage of manpower and the lack of funds. There are, however, few legislative provisions to safeguard the rights of the vast majority of accused, arraigned in the lower courts, who remain undefended. The Supreme Court, in order to ensure that these accused are fairly tried, has imposed the following types of duties on judicial officers: (a) a duty to facilitate the accused's participation in the proceedings by advising him of his rights and duties and assisting him in their exercise; (b) a duty to control the prosecutor in the exercise of his powers; and (c) a duty to conduct an enquiry before arriving at administrative-type decisions. These duties are, however, inadequate to achieve the Court's, objective because, firstly, not all, rights are made accessible to the accused, and secondly, the duties are inadequate to ensure that the accused's guilt is reliably established. The failure of the legislature and the Supreme Court to incorporate the principle of equal justice into the legal process, has resulted in court proceedings that are characterized by unjust practices and outcomes. To ensure the more equitable prosecution of undefended accused it is suggested that an activist judicial officer should be responsible for the enforcement of all the principles of a fair trial (which would be concretized in clear legal rules) in an impartial manner, with his decisionmaking routinely supervised by the Supreme Court. / Thesis (LL.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1986.

This thesis focuses on the treatment of insanity in the criminal law and its implications for the concepts and mechanisms of legal accountability. In order to address this issue, I examined the historical background of the insanity defense and five specific cases that demonstrate the complications arising from insanity’s present legal condition. From this case study I drew the conclusion that, because liability to punishment requires particular internal conditions, criminal responsibility is the proper measure of legal accountability for insane persons. Ultimately, my research demonstrated that insanity occupies a unique position in both the theory of crimes and the theory of punishment and that a trial by jury is not the most appropriate way for adjudicating issues of insanity. In each of these spheres, judges consider how mental conditions relate to criminal responsibility and the role that juries play shrinks as the content of guilt shifts to criminal responsibility. For this reason, I conclude that judges are the best candidates for addressing insanity and its effect on criminal responsibility.

Zugl.: Regensburg, Universiẗat, Diss., 2005.

Univ., Diss.--Tilburg, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 499 - 519.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Bremen, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [353]-356) and index.