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Abstract  Background The Covid-19 pandemic caused numerous restrictions to the public and businesses, forcing various industries to operate within the limitations of the pandemic. Although businesses have experienced crises before, the Covid-19 crisis was an unpredictable and unavoidable crisis. In Sweden, the event industry was heavily impacted by the restrictions and required businesses to adapt their operations to the changing environment. This research will examine the consequences of the crisis focusing on organizations operating within the conference, congress, event, and restaurant (CCER) industry, and how they responded to these consequences.   Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how decision-makers managed the Covid-19 pandemic, the process of adapting their organization to survive in an unpredictable and changing environment, and how their work processes changed to be able to operate within the limits of the pandemic.   Method and Data This research is a qualitative study with an exploratory approach using an abductive research method. Semi-structured interviews were held with eight participants from seven different medium-sized organizations within Sweden.   Conclusion The findings from this research suggests a need for adaptation, creativity, digitalization, increased communication and collaboration both internally and externally, as well as a restructuring of the organization. This implies the need for changed work processes, alternative business operations, as well as openness and a creative mindset.

Denna studie syftade till att analysera hur krisen med pandemin Covid-19 har hanterats inom fastighetsbolaget AMF Fastigheter samt att utvärdera hur väl krishanteringsplanen har implementerats under krisens gång. Studien var av kvalitativ form där intervjuer genomfördes med personer som är i ledande positioner på AMF Fastigheter. Resultaten visade på att AMF Fastigheter har gynnats av att ha följt en förutbestämd krishanteringsplan som innehåller information om vad som ska göras och kommuniceras under krisen. Däremot har viss improvisation skett under tidens gång på grund av att de ibland ställdes inför nya främmande situationer, varför det går att argumentera för att företag bör vara öppna för viss improvisation. Vidare visade även resultaten på att personliga karaktärsdrag och tidigare erfarenhet från kriser hos medarbetarna har varit värdefullt. Dock visade resultaten på att det ibland har varit för många medarbetare inblandade i beslutprocesser, samt att det ibland togs förhastade beslut som i vissa fall även behövde förtydligas. / This study aimed to analyze how the crisis with the pandemic Covid-19 has been handled within the real estate company AMF Fastigheter and to evaluate how well the crisis management plan has been implemented during the crisis. The study was of a qualitative form where interviews were conducted with people who are in leading positions at AMF Fastigheter. The results showed that AMF Fastigheter has benefited from following a predetermined crisis management plan that contains information on what is to be done and communicated during the crisis. On the other hand, some improvisation has taken place over time since they were sometimes faced with new foreign situations, which is why it can be argued that companies should be open to certain improvisation. Furthermore, the results also showed that personal characteristics and previous experience from crises among employees have been valuable. However, the results showed that there have sometimes been too many employees involved in decision-making processes, and that hasty decisions were sometimes made, which in some cases also needed to be clarified.

Syftet med studien var att skapa ökad kunskap om förskollärares syn påförhållningssätt, strategier och utmaningar med att möta barn i sorg på förskolan. Studien undersökte hur handlingsplanen fungerade som vägledning för förskollärare i krissituationer. Studien grundade sig i kvalitativa intervjuer med förskollärare. Resultatet visade att förskollärare hade stora kunskaper i hur man bemöter barn isorg men också att förskollärare upplevde utmaningar med att lita på att de handlade rätt i möten med barn i sorg. Resultatet visade att förskollärarna upplevde en brist på utbildning och insikt i förskolans handlingsplan. Resultatet visade också att kris- och sorglådor användes som ett arbetsverktyg i verksamheten. / The purpose of the study was to create increased knowledge about preschool teachers' views on approaches, strategies, and challenges in dealing with children in grief at preschool. The study investigated how the crisis management plan functioned as guidance for preschool teachers in crisis situations. The study was based on qualitative interviews with preschool teachers. The results showed that preschool teachers had great knowledge of how to deal with children in grief, but also that preschool teachers experienced challenges in trusting that they acted correctly in meetings with children in grief. The results showed that the preschool teachers experienced a lack of training and insight into the preschool's crisis management plan. The results also showed that crisis and grief boxes were used as a working tool in the activities of the preschool.

I denna uppsats undersöks krishantering vid svenska musikfestivaler. Studien fokuserar på hur dessa evenemang förbereder sig för och hanterar potentiella kriser. Denna uppsats har använt sig av sex kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med projekledare, säkerhetsansvariga, sakkuninga och andra personer med relevant kunskap och erfarenheter samt en dokumentstudie. Studien använder sig av ramverket Krishanteringens livscykel kompletterat med MSB:s fyra principer mot antagonistiska hot för att göra det mer tillämpat på musikfestivalbranschen. I resultatet framgår det att musikfestivalorganistationer lägger vikt vid utbildad personal, välutformade och tydliga krishanteringsplaner samt effektiv kommunikation för att säkerställa en säker musikfestivalmiljö. Som slutsats ser vi att svenska musikfestivalorganisationer ständigt måste vara förberedda för att kunna möta och planera inför nya kriser och hot. Genom tydliga och heltäckande krishanteringsplaner kan organisationerna ta an förebyggande åtgärder mot bland annat antagonistiska hot, trängselolyckor och sexualbrott. Vi har sett att säkerhetsarbetet är en kontinuerlig process som hela tiden måste utvärderas och förändras för att möta nya yttre faktorer som kan påverka musikfestivalorganisationer och dess deltagares trygghet. Denna studien är skriven på svenska. / This thesis explores crisis management at Swedish music festivals, focusing on how these events prepare for and manage potential crises. The study employs six qualitative semi-structured interviews with project leaders, security managers, experts, and other individuals possessing relevant knowledge and experience, as well as a document study. It utilizes the Crisis Management Lifecycle framework, enhanced with the MSB's four principles against antagonistic threats, to apply it specifically to the music festival industry. The results indicate that music festival organizations emphasize trained personnel, well-designed and clear crisis management plans, and effective communication to ensure a safe festival environment. In conclusion, we can see that Swedish music festival organizations must constantly be prepared to meet and plan for new crises and threats. Through clear and comprehensive crisis management plans, organizations can take preventive measures against, among other things, antagonistic threats, crowd accidents, and sexual assaults. We have seen that security work is a continuous process that must constantly be evaluated and adjusted to meet new external factors that may affect the safety of music festival organizations and their participants. This study is written in Swedish.

捷運系統具有運量大及快速的特性，且大部分路線位於地下，一旦發生意外，可能造成很大的災難，國外捷運發生災難的例子常從媒體報導中看見。國內台北捷運雖尚無發生人員重大傷亡的災難，但過去發生的許多事件往往是媒體報導的新聞焦點，有些事件的危機處理也廣受批評，因此，捷運的危機管理機制及危機處理是值得關注與探討的課題。 本研究是透過文獻探討及案例分析的方法，探究捷運的危機管理問題。以危機管理的理論模式檢視現行台北捷運的危機管理機制，另外發展危機個案分析的檢視準則，分析與檢視過去台北捷運發生的危機案例，經由深入的探討與檢視，最後針對捷運的危機管理提供適當的建議。 本研究對台北捷運的危機管理之建議有以下幾項： 一、台北捷運的危機管理計畫，應該涵蓋所有的危機類型。 二、台北捷運應設立一個恆常性之「危機管理小組」編組。 三、台北捷運應充實危機管理知識庫。 四、台北捷運應成立編組關心發生意外的當事人，並邀請消基會代表、消保官、律師及學者專家等公正人士介入協調。 五、新聞處理首重掌握正確且即時的事件資訊，新聞聯繫採取誠實面對、主動說明、統一對外發言之積極作為。另平時應強化表達組織重視公益且要表現正義、與新聞記者互動坦誠互信，建立記者的信賴與信心。 / Owing to the characteristics of high riderships and rapidity, and the fact that most lines are routed underground, a small accident happened in Metro system may cause grave disaster. So far there hasn’t been any accident with severe injuries happened in Metro Taipei; however, crisis management is still an important topic worth further discussing, for accidents happened before have caused media criticisms and been put under intense spotlight. With literatures reviews and case studies, the study probes into the problems behind Metro Taipei crisis management system. To provide the most adequate suggestions for the future, cases are re-analyzed, a crisis management model is also applied to examine the current crisis management system. Several suggestions are proposed from the study for future Metro Taipei crisis management. 1. Metro Taipei crisis management plan should cover all types of crises. 2. A standing “crisis management group” should be established in Metro Taipei. 3. A crisis management knowledge base should be set up in Metro Taipei. 4. The “Casualties Care Team” should be set up in Metro Taipei to take care of the casualties and fair and honest social figures (e.g., Consumers’ Foundation, consumer ombudsman, lawyer, professor) should be invited for reconciliation mediation. 5. The most important thing in news management is to obtain the most current information which are firmly based on facts. News correspondence with media should be honest, active and unified. Value welfare service and social justice. Maintain an honest and mutual trusted relationship with news reporters.

The thesis deals with definitions of the crisis management (in the general level with the application into a practice - business branch), further problems of correction and solution of the crisis in the organisation. In the hard-headed part there the student suggests the optimal soltution of the crisis in the specific company.