Noam Chomsky, figure notoire du cognitivisme innéiste en psycholinguistique, est aussi un important penseur américain et activiste politique ayant écrit sur une multitude de sujets, issus de domaines variés : politique interne et étrangère des États-Unis, critique des médias de masse et enjeux sociaux liés aux droits de l’Homme, pour ne nommer que ceux-ci. Par contre, et malgré l’abondance de ses écrits à ce propos, Chomsky est, à ce jour, très peu étudié en philosophie de l’éducation : ce mémoire de maîtrise s’inscrit ainsi dans une perspective d’exploration, de définition et d’analyse de la pensée éducative chomskyenne, dans le but de présenter et réfléchir la portée possible d’une telle pensée dans l’axe philosophique des recherches en éducation. Devant la rareté, voire l’absence de recherches francophones et anglophones concernant notre objet d’étude, plus d’une centaine de livres, articles, entrevues et vidéos portant sur la philosophie chomskyenne et celle de grands penseurs humanistes, critiques ou opposés aux postulats chomskyens ont été retenus, lus et analysés dans le cadre de ce projet. Deux objectifs précis ont guidé ce mémoire : d’abord, présenter et analyser la pensée éducative chomskyenne en regard de ses fondements philosophiques et de ses ancrages intellectuels dans les traditions humaniste et critique en philosophie éducative, puis mettre en lumière l’unicité de cette pensée par rapport à ces traditions et à quelques courants opposés en éducation. Au terme de ce mémoire, nous espérons ainsi répondre aux questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure Chomsky s’inscrit-il dans les traditions humaniste et critique en éducation? Peut-il être considéré comme un héritier de la pensée de certains philosophes particuliers? En quoi sa pensée, relative à la philosophie de l’éducation, est-elle pertinente et innovante pour ce domaine fondamental? Et, finalement, quelles critiques pouvons-nous lui adresser? / Noam Chomsky, a notorious figure of nativist cognitivism in psycholinguistics, is also an important American thinker and political activist who writes on a variety of topics from various fields : internal and foreign policy of the United States, criticism of mass media and social issues related to human rights, to name a few. However, despite the abundance of his writings on this subject, Chomsky has been, to this day, rarely studied in philosophy of education: this thesis is thus part of an exploration perspective, definition and analysis of Chomsky's educational thought, in order to present and consider the possible scope of such thinking in the philosophical aspects of research in education. Considering the absence of academic French or English research on this object of study, more than a hundred books, articles, interviews and videos on the chomskyan educational philosophy and other great humanist, critical or opposed thinkers to chomskyan postulates have been selected, read and analyzed as part of this project. Two specific objectives guided this thesis : first, to present and analyze Chomsky's educational thought in terms of its philosophical influences and its anchoring in the intellectual humanist and critical traditions in educational philosophy, and to highlight the uniqueness of his thought in relation to these traditions and some opposing theories or points of view. At the end of this thesis, we hope to answer the following questions: to what extent Chomsky fits into humanistic and critical traditions in education? Can he be considered an heir to the thought of specific philosophers? How does his thoughts on philosophy of education are relevant and innovative in this fundamental field? And, finally, what critics can we address it?

This dissertation examines the potential congruencies and complementarities of Waldorf education, Culturally Relevant Pedagogy (CRP), Culturally Responsive Schooling (CRS), Critical Pedagogy and Native American and Indigenous education. Waldorf education, a German education reform developed in the early 1920s, is a little researched schooling system, and previous research on this reform has examined its impacts within its traditional contexts, namely, private schools. At the same time, significant literature exists which addresses the importance and efficacy of reforms for students of color such as those in CRP, CRS and Critical Pedagogy. There is also a body of work which points to key pedagogical components which support Native American/Indigenous students in school. This dissertation examines the interplay between all three of these complex systems by examining attempts to integrate them in the classroom. By examining Waldorf education initiatives in three distinct contexts, I demonstrate that these reforms can work in concert without diminishing the efficacy of any of them. I explore three distinct contexts of Waldorf education. The first examined the impacts of Waldorf education on students who participated in the reform in a private Waldorf school, who transitioned to more traditional, mainstream classes. I conducted participant-observation of a local Waldorf school and in-depth interviews with 14 alumni to explore the impact of this reform. In the second context, I examined how students responded to the use of Waldorf-inspired methods in a community college course I taught, and I investigated their experiences of the reform. Seven students who participated were interviewed in order to investigate the impact of these reforms on their experience as college students. These interviews were complemented by teacher-research I conducted while teaching this Waldorf-inspired course. Finally, I explored the potential of Waldorf education as a reform for Native American students, examining my own incorporation of this reform with other pedagogical tools, such as CRP, CRS, and other forms of critical pedagogy. Included in this section of research are my reflections on a course I instructed with Waldorf-inspired reforms. I also explored various accounts of Waldorf-education reforms by tribal communities, like the Lakota Waldorf School in South Dakota. Several findings from the research conducted here are encouraging. Students from Waldorf school environments demonstrate critical skills and critique schooling environments, invoking stances familiar to critical pedagogues. Students from a Waldorf-inspired community college course were also critical of the typical schooling experiences they had encountered, and spoke of the enriching feeling in their Waldorf-inspired course. Investigation into the philosophical tenets of Waldorf education and Native American/Indigenous epistemologies shows several examples of overlap and similarity, the most striking being elements of spiritual belief and practice as foundational to Native American/Indigenous well-being, and the ability of Waldorf education to address this. While these fields may appear unrelated, this study explores the praxis of these seemingly disparate bodies of work, by examining their similarities and differences. Ultimately, I argue that these reforms can work in concert to support the academic success of culturally and linguistically diverse students and Native American/Indigenous students in particular. The research in these three contexts demonstrates need for further investigation into Waldorf education and its potential to support students of all backgrounds.

Orientador: Renato Eugênio da Silva Diniz / Resumo: Os cursos de licenciaturas vêm passando por várias mudanças em sua estruturação curricular para se adequarem às novas diretrizes sobre formação de professores criadas nas últimas décadas. Dentre essas mudanças podemos destacar o aumento da carga horária das disciplinas relacionadas aos conhecimentos pedagógicos, com destaque para o Estágio Supervisionado. Entendemos esse componente curricular como um espaço/tempo propício para que o aluno de licenciatura possa analisar e agir de forma crítica na prática social, ou seja, que ele compreenda a importância da práxis para o trabalho docente. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo compreender e analisar como e a partir de que princípios os professores de Estágio Curricular Supervisionado de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas entendem e desenvolvem este componente curricular com seus alunos. Para isso, os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas com professores de Instituições Públicas de Ensino Superior no estado de São Paulo. Para este trabalho foram analisadas as entrevistas realizadas com seis professores de diferentes instituições. Os dados foram analisados a partir dos pressupostos da Análise de Conteúdo e discutidos com base nos pressupostos da Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica. A partir das análises apresentadas pudemos evidenciar que ainda existem alguns entraves que limitam a realização do estágio. No entanto, pontuamos algumas potencialidades teóricas e metodológicas nas práticas de alguns professores que, ao ut... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The undergraduate courses have undergone several changes in their curricular structuring to conform to the new guidelines on teacher training created in the last decades. Among these changes we can highlight the increase in the workload of the disciplines related to pedagogical knowledge, among them the Supervised Internship. We understand this curricular component as a space / time conducive for the undergraduate student to analyze and act critically in social practice, ie, he understands the importance of praxis for the teaching work. Thus, the present work aimed to understand and analyze how and from what principles teachers of Supervised Curricular Internship in Biological Sciences understand and develop this curriculum component with their students. For this, the data were collected through interviews with teachers of public institutions of higher education in the state of São Paulo. For this work, interviews with six teachers from different institutions were analyzed. Data were analyzed based on the assumptions of Content Analysis and discussed based on the assumptions of Historical-Critical Pedagogy. From the analysis presented we could show that there are still some obstacles that limit the completion of the internship. However, we point out some theoretical and methodological potentialities in the practices of some teachers who, when using the research internship, contribute in some way to the partial unveiling of reality. Internship subjects, in many cases, are isol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Lígia Márcia Martins / Banca: Sueli Terezinha Ferreira Martins / Banca: Nádia Mara Eidt / Resumo: O debate em torno da motivação para a aprendizagem remonta às críticas da Escola Nova à Escola Tradicional. Para a primeira, a educação deveria ser funcional, o que equivale a dizer que deve ser fundada nas necessidades dos alunos. O processo pedagógico verdadeiro é o que toma como ponto de partida, eixo e referência central, as necessidades espontâneas dos aprendizes. O ensino torna-se não-diretivo, pois a escola exime-se dessa função. A instrução dos alunos é orientada por eles mesmos, de acordo com suas inclinações e interesses pessoais. Os escolares não devem mais aprender, mas "aprender a aprender". A Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica revela o que está escondido detrás dessa aparente democratização do ensino. Os métodos escolanovistas questionavam a própria validade do ato de ensinar. Contribuindo assim, para o rebaixamento da qualidade do ensino. A Pedagogia de orientação marxista retoma a transmissãoassimilação dos conhecimentos clássicos como centro do processo pedagógico. A questão é que isso não implica na renúncia à motivação para a aprendizagem. Ao contrário, ela é considerada um elemento importante do processo pedagógico. Trazemos contribuições da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural nesse sentido, para demonstrar como a motivação se desenvolve ao longo da ontogênese. Partindo da teoria da atividade de A. N. Leontiev, vemos que os motivos para qualquer atividade humana são edificados socialmente. A força motora de seu desenvolvimento encontra-se nas relações sociais do indivíduo, isto é, a chave para a compreensão da motivação (o aparecimento dos motivos) é a natureza social do psiquismo. Isso significa que os motivos para aprender, bem como todo e qualquer motivo, não são dados invariáveis da vida individual, mas dependem em grande medida da qualidade das relações sociais e dos processos educativos vividos ao largo... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The debate around motivation for school learning makes us return to the criticism of New School for Traditional School. The first one thinks that education should be functional, which means that it should be founded on students needs. The true teaching process is the one that takes as starting point, axis and central reference, the spontaneous needs of learners. Teaching becomes non-directive, since the school refuses itself to perform this task. Students' instruction is guided by them, according to their personal interests. Scholars should no longer learn, but "learn to learn". Historical-Critical Pedagogy reveals what is ridden behind this apparent democratization of school. The New School methods questioned the very validity of the act of teaching. Thus contributing to the depreciation of educational quality. The Marxist-oriented Pedagogy retakes the transmission and assimilation of classical knowledge as center of pedagogical process. The point is that it doesn't imply on renouncement of motivation to learn. Rather, it is considered an important element of the pedagogical process. We bring contributions from Historical and Cultural Psychology to demonstrate how motivation develops along ontogeny. Starting from activity theory of A. N. Leontiev, we see that reasons to any human activity are socially edified. Reasons' development driving force lies in person's social relationships, that is, the key to comprehend motivation (the rise of reasons) is the social nature of psyche. This means that reasons to learning, as any reason, are not invariable on a person's life, but depend largely on the quality of social relationships and educational processes experienced offshore development. Wherefore, to be motivated to learn is, first of all, to be in school. Besides this condition, knowledge must be the object that stimulates the activity of the learner... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This research explores postmethod pedagogy (Kumaravadivelu, 2003, p. 165) with two Mozambican secondary school teachers who expressed an interest in carrying out an exploratory research project in their context of practice. The research was undertaken to investigate how teachers, who had attended an International House Language Lab (IHLL) teacher education programme in 2008, were theorizing from their practice with the aim of developing a context-sensitive pedagogy. The research is a qualitative study consisting of two case studies. Each case is based on the practices of a teacher attempting to implement an exploratory research project. The exploratory projects included the following activities: the teacher teaching a lesson with a colleague observing; the teacher and observer meeting both before and after the observed lesson to discuss and analyse the lesson; and finally, the teacher inviting a group of students to discuss their perceptions of selected episodes in the lesson. The teachers used the exploratory research projects to explore their classroom practice in order to learn more about their teaching. Of particular relevance to this study is literature on practitioner research and teachers as reflective practitioners. In analysing the data, I demonstrate that although the exploratory research projects provided a frame of reference and point of departure for postmethod pedagogy, the teachers’ ability to ‘develop a systematic, coherent, and relevant personal theory of practice’ (Kumaravadivelu, 2003, p. 40) was limited by: the context, the surface level application of macrostrategies, and a lack of foregrounding of the critical in the postmethod macrostrategies. The study concludes with a critical reflection on the value of postmethod pedagogy for teacher education programmes offered at IHLL, as well as for the teachers’ contexts of practice. I offer some ‘fuzzy generalizations’ (Bassey, 1999) about the place of postmethod principles in teacher development courses for language teachers from a range of classroom and community contexts.

It is well documented that hetero/cisnormativity is prevalent in schools. Queerness predominantly enters schools through anti-Queerphobia work, efforts to protect and include “at risk” gender and sexually creative youth from overt violence and discrimination. ‘Normative’ conceptions about gender and sexuality, however, are not just present in overt gender policing; they lurk in how Queer (LGBTQIA2S+) people are constructed as (in)visible, ‘humourous’, and brave/excessive in and around schools. Hetero/cisnormativty – a hegemonic discourse that interlocks with colonialism, patriarchy, and neoliberalism – is at the heart of why gender and sexually expansive people are not thriving in schools. Mainstream efforts to protect and include Queer people (particularly youth) do not combat hetero/cisnormativity. By focusing solely on the ways that Queer youth are suffering in schools, these strategies absolve schools of looking deeply at how they (re)produce norms and hierarchical, non-reciprocal relationships through space, curriculum, and pedagogy that negatively impact everyone. Through a five-month critical participatory action research (CPAR) project, informed by queer and feminist frameworks, nine activist educators who formed the Queering Schools Collective, explore ways that Queerness/queerness does and can exist in schools beyond protective and assimilationist mainstream efforts. Educators Bridget, Kat, Gabby, Lauren, Max, Gayle, Reagan, Ronnie and Sarah co-researched ways to queer schools through examining the following concepts: inclusion, queerness/queering, and queering schools (space, pedagogy, and curriculum). Analyzing individual interviews, focus group meetings, and select journal entries, this thesis proposes that queering is an orientation towards desire, hope, and thriving; it rejects Queer deficiency narratives and positions queerness as non-dominant ways of being, acting, knowing, and valuing. This thesis likewise conceptualizes queering schools praxis as a flexible, situational process that engages multiple strategies concerned with disruption, reciprocity, and care. Finally, through interpreting collective members’ observations about the process, this thesis positions radical community spaces, where people can dream and strategize, as crucial for enabling queering school praxis. / Graduate

Este trabalho tem como foco principal analisar o fenômeno da terceirização de ensino de língua estrangeira bem como suas respectivas práticas educacionais no contexto da educação formal. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa-interpretativa de cunho etnográfico, realizada a partir de observações de aulas, entrevistas formais e informais com professores, alunos, coordenador e diretor em uma escola particular que pratica a terceirização do ensino de línguas com um instituto de idiomas. As concepções que embasaram as análises realizadas são as das teorias da pedagogia crítica (FREIRE, 1996; GIROUX, 1997) e dos letramentos e multiletramentos ( GEE, 1990; COPE e KALANTZIS, 1996; LANKSHEAR e KNOBEL, 2003). As análises assinalaram que, sob um contexto neoliberal de mercantilização da educação, a terceirização do ensino de línguas foi uma alternativa que visa garantir a qualidade e a produtividade numa visão linguística estruturalista do que seria um ensino eficaz. No entanto, sob uma perspectiva voltada aos objetivos educacionais e de formação do estudante, pertinentes a uma visão de língua como prática social e um lugar onde valores são construídos, essa prática mostrou-se incompatível, considerando as mudanças percebidas na sociedade atual. / This work focuses on analyzing the phenomenon of outsourcing foreign language teaching as well as their respective educational practices in the context of formal education. It is a qualitative and interpretative ethnographical-oriented research held from observations of lessons, formal and informal interviews with teachers, students, Coordinator and Principal in a private school that practices the outsourcing of language teaching with a language Institute. The conceptions leading the analyses carried out are the theories of critical pedagogy (FREIRE, 1996; GIROUX, 1997) and literacy and multiliteracy studies (GEE, 1990; COPE and KALANTZIS, 1996; LANKSHEAR and KNOBEL, 2003). The analysis has indicated that, under a neoliberal context of commodification of education, language teaching outsourcing has been an alternative which aims to ensure the quality and productivity in a structuralistic linguistic view of what should be an effective education. However, under educational objectives, relevant to a perspective of language as a social practice and a place where values are built, this practice has signaled to be incompatible, considering the changes observed in the nowadays society.

[pt] Nesta pesquisa de inspiração etnográfica, procurou-se conhecer e compreender de que forma o referencial teórico da diferença, trazido à escola e à formação de professoras via estudos sobre o fracasso escolar, foi incorporado nas práticas pedagógicas cotidianas de professoras dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Foi investigada uma escola da rede pública municipal do Rio de Janeiro, localizada no interior de uma grande favela- bairro. O estudo contou com observações a reuniões de planejamento e centros de estudos, a aulas de quatro turmas e três professoras e também com entrevistas a essas três professoras e à diretora e à coordenadora pedagógica da escola. Considerou- se a princípio que a diferença é um tema que não exige apenas ações planejadas e conscientes, uma vez que também emerge em situações não previstas e que, quase sempre, implicam em tensão. Iniciou-se o estudo pela delimitação do que se entende por uma educação intercultural e, para isso, optou-se por tomar como autores/as de referência Peter McLaren, com seu multiculturalismo crítico e Vera Candau, com sua didática intercultural. Para compreender como as professoras constróem seus conhecimentos didáticos, optou-se por trabalhar com Maurice Tardif e sua noção de saberes docentes. Para lidar com a ação docente diante do inesperado e do imprevisto, escolheu-se Philippe Perrenoud e a noção de habitus profissional que ele aperfeiçoou. A partir daí, analisam-se o projeto pedagógico da escola apresentado pela equipe técnico pedagógica e discutido em algumas reuniões observadas, cenas do cotidiano da escola acompanhadas pela pesquisadora e as entrevistas feitas às professoras pesquisadas. Percebeu-se que a palavra diferença congrega variados sentidos e que alguns deles de fato estão presentes nessa escola e sendo enfrentados por essas professoras em suas atividades como docentes, mas que a perspectiva cultural abordada por McLaren, Candau e outros e procurada pela pesquisadora somente apareceu nos momentos de estudo do tema pelo grupo de docentes. Nesse sentido, acredita-se que ainda há muito o que investir em políticas de formação docente para que esse referencial, pelo seu viés cultural e numa perspectiva crítica, penetre as práticas pedagógicas. / [en] In this study of an ethnographic nature, we have sought to understand how a theoretical framework based on the concept of difference and introduced in schools and teacher education via studies on school failure has been incorporated into the daily pedagogic practice of teachers in charge of initial grades in primary education. We focused our investigation on a public school located in a large shantytown in Rio de Janeiro. The study included observation of planning sessions and study centers, of lessons given to four different classes by three different teachers, as well as interviews with the teachers, the coordinator and the school´s headmistress. Our starting point was the idea that difference does not demand only planned, conscious action, once it also emerges in unplanned situations frequently generating tension. Another starting point is the concept of intercultural education. To this end, we have chosen to adopt Peter McLaren and his concept of critical multiculturalism as well as Vera Candau´s idea of intercultural teaching practices as major theoretical references. To understand how teachers build up their pedagogical knowledge, we have chosen Maurice Tardif´s notion of teacher knowledge. To analyse teachers´ ways of coping with the unexpected, unplanned-for situations in their lessons, we have chosen Philippe Perrenoud´s notion of professional habitus. From these theoretical perspectives, we have attempted to analyse the school´s pedagogic project presented by the school´s pedagogic team and debated at some staff meetings we had the opportunity to attend; some aspects of the school daily routine we were able to observe and the interviews with key staff. From these analyses, we have concluded that different meanings are attributed to the word difference, some of which are present in the school and are encountered by the teachers in their practice. However, the cultural perspective proposed by McLaren, Candau and other authors was only considered when it was the focus of a study group made up by the teachers. This observation led us to conclude that a lot of effort has yet to be invested into teacher education policies in order to promote the cultural and critical perspectives proposed by this theoretical framework so that it becomes incorporated into teaching practices.

This mixed methods study of teachers' beliefs about Advanced Placement (AP) equity and access policies occurred in Sunshine County School District, a large south Florida school district that had received accolades for leading the nation in access and equity in AP. Drawing on social reconstructionism, this study framed AP as an acceleration mechanism with the potential to increase students' prospects for social advancement. These policies have resulted in a more diverse classroom experience through nontraditional student participation in AP courses. The purpose of this embedded case study was to examine the relationship between beliefs held by AP teachers in regard to the implementation of equity and access policies, as well as to what extent these beliefs may support or hinder the execution of such policies and procedures. The study occurred in three phases and consisted of document analysis, a survey and interviews. Surveys collected from 176 AP teachers in the district yielded quantitative data on AP teachers' beliefs regarding equity and access and the subsequent implementation of equity and access policies. Qualitative data regarding beliefs surrounding equity and access policies and the potential challenges these policies may pose were collected through open-ended survey questions, document analysis, and interviews with eight teachers at two selected high schools representing the highest and the lowest access rates to AP in the district. The findings indicated that AP teachers support equity and access policies in AP. Despite these beliefs, there is evidence that such policies are not consistently implemented across schools and particularly in STEM-related content areas. The analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data led to the conclusion that the historic tension between elitism and equity that surrounds the AP program currently is fueled primarily through state accountability measures. Implications and suggestions for future research are related to policy changes regarding the revision of the state of Florida grading system and district-level procedural changes in relation to the design of school-based professional development and development of clear AP pathways that support access among underrepresented students. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Essa pesquisa qualitativa investiga a leitura do texto literário em aulas de Literatura Inglesa e Norte Americana dentro do curso de Letras em universidades particulares da Grande São Paulo. A pesquisa observa o papel da leitura de textos literários ingleses e norte americanos, visando analisar a competência interpretativa dos alunos do ensino superior. Para tanto, foram observadas e analisadas aulas e entrevistados alunos e professores de literatura inglesa e Norte Americana. Essa pesquisa também dialoga com outras pesquisas que tiveram como foco a sala de aula de literaturas em língua inglesa no ensino universitário. Duas características se revelam nos dados sobre a educação literária: 1) a transmissão de dados relacionados com o texto literário e 2) a sala de aula de literatura ser vista pelos alunos apenas como um espaço onde se obter informações sobre literatura. Tais observações conduzem à percepção do predomínio da \"reprodução de leituras\" nessa área. Esses trabalho também apresenta resultados de experiências em que a interpretação e a construção de sentidos são enfatizadas nos estudos literários. A proposta pedagógica nas atividades dessas experiências parte da premissa de que as aulas de Literatura Estrangeira constituem um espaço transformador que pode contribuir para o crescimento crítico dos estudantes e para a formação de professores / This ethnography-based report attempts at researching the reading of literary texts in English and North American literature classes in undergraduate courses in private universities in São Paulo region. This research looks at the role of reading literary English and North American texts, focusing on the analysis of the interpretative competence of under graduate students. It is accomplished by class observations and analyses and interviews with university teachers and students of English and North American literature. This research also dialogues with previous researches that had focused the teaching of literature in English in Brazilian universities. Two main traits have shown out in the data about literary education: 1) the transmission of data related to the literary text and 2) the literary class seen by students as a place where they gather information about literature. As for that, the observations lead to the perception of the predominance of \"reproductive reading\" in the area. This research also presents the results of experiences in which the interpretation and the meaning construction are emphasized in the literary studies. The pedagogic proposal in the mentioned experiences looks at the literature classroom as site for promoting reflection, awareness, meaning construction, and critical sense which may contribute to the development of critical literacy of students and teachers-to-be