The prose essay, a once dominant genre in pre-modern Chinese literature, is now a marginalized category as compared with fiction in modern Taiwanese literature. This speculation, however, does not apply to the reversed status of these two genres in the middle school literature education. The prose writing, especially the artistic essay, still occupies the largest portion of modern literature education. While universities are commonly seen as a site where literary canons are produced, revised and distributed, and where literary history is debated and constructed, these canons and literary history may be not as influential as one might think. Concurrently, a very different curriculum–which also means a different way of assessing value–is being taught in secondary schools, a place where social relations and structures are reproduced. This thesis aims to study this disjunction between the literature research and literature education. By examining the crucial moments when the literary genres and selections significantly changed, this study aims to reveal the often-overlooked ideologies hidden behind the adoption of a specific form in contemporary Taiwan’s literary textbooks. By examining the historical contexts, national policies, public consensus and the particular trajectories of the involved intellectuals, this study aims to explore the possible but less perceptible beliefs behind the adoption of a specific literary form, which is often veiled by common presumptions. / text

The aim of this diploma thesis entitled "Didactic interpretation of Čapek's works in literary education for the 2nd stage of primary education" is to chart how the works of Karel Čapek are represented in each series of reading books for the 2nd stage of primary education. It will also further evaluate the choice of works represented and introduce the fundamental concepts in Čapek's work. The thesis is divided into many parts. The first of these is concerned with the current state of literary education, the question of literacy, and other individuals who have an effect on the process of literary education. Furthermore, recorded methods that are used in literacy lessons are outlined. The methods that focus principally on the development of literacy are described in more detail. On the basis of classic literature a didactic interpretation is described, its situation, function, determinants and policies. The thesis concisely describes Čapek's works. A key part of the thesis is made up of the analysis of reading books from many different publishers Alter, Fraus, Nová škola, Prodos and SPN. The thesis focuses not only on how many snippets of the work of Karel Čapek are found in any given reading book, but also takes into account the representation of the genre and the ideas presented alongside the texts. After evaluation, the actual concept that the entirety of Čapek's work attempts to cover is introduced.

TITLE: The use of the child songs lyrics in literary education at primary school SUMMARY: The subject of this dissertation are the texts of children's songs and composited poetry for children and their using in teaching literary education at primary school. The tagret to achieve was to develop a series of literary education lessons built on the principles of constructivist teaching methods using work with interactive text. Based on the assumption that work with the song leads students to a sensitive perception and understanding of texts, the recitation and the development of children's reading skills. Result of this work is a series of ten lesser-known songs with a specific practical methods of working with text in which the student actively participates. KEYWORDS: children song, literary education, primary school, lyrics

A presente tese tem por objetivo investigar como se ensina/se aprende a ensinar literatura em um curso de licenciatura em Letras de uma instituição pública de ensino superior do sul do Brasil (IPESB). Portanto, esta pesquisa de natureza etnográfica (ERICKSON, 1989; MASON, 1996; SILVA, 2007; STAKE, 2011; ANDRÉ, 2013; BATISTTI, 2016), parte de questões genuínas que sempre acompanharam minha prática de professora de Língua Portuguesa e Literatura da Educação Básica interessada em refletir sobre a sala de aula e sobre a formação dos profissionais que nela atuarão. Para a realização da investigação foram inicialmente consultadas as orientações contidas na documentação legal que rege o ensino da literatura na Educação Básica bem como as normas que regem a formação de professores de Língua Portuguesa e Literatura no Ensino Superior. De igual maneira, sustentam a pesquisa os estudos produzidos por autores de referência nos campos dos Estudos Literários e dos Estudos Linguísticos (CANDIDO, 1985; 2000; 2006, 2011; LEAHY-DIOS, 2004; COLOMER, 2007; BAKHTIN, 1997; GERALDI, 2013; TODOROV, 2009). Ao contrastar saberes tão complementares – mas que muitas vezes parecem estar dissociados nas práticas de sala de aula –, este estudo procura apontar tensões da formação do profissional das Letras bem como alternativas para superá-las. Assim, com base no referencial teórico apontado e nos dados gerados em campo, esta pesquisa assume a educação literária enquanto educação linguística como orientação epistemológica, com o fim de promover reflexão e apontar caminhos para o ensinar e o aprender a ensinar literatura. Para cumprir com esse compromisso, fez-se necessário, além de revisão de literatura apontada, mapear, na ecologia documentada, exemplos de práticas pedagógicas vinculadas à educação literária nas salas de aula de duas disciplinas – Língua Portuguesa e Ensino (LPEn), destinada à formação de professores, e Estudos de Literatura Brasileira IV (ELBIV), destinada à formação de crítica e de repertório literário –, integrantes do curso de Letras da IPESB. Tais eventos de formação, ocorridos nessas salas de aula, foram chamados aqui de práticas para a educação literária. Esses eventos, identificados nos dados e considerados aqui como satisfatórios, evidenciaram a orientação dos participantes da pesquisa para repensar o ensino de literatura. Esse repensar aponta para o tratamento do texto literário não como pretexto para o ensino de gramática ou de periodização literária, mas como um caminho para a emancipação dos estudantes. Sendo assim, a pesquisa, igualmente discute os objetivos atribuídos ao ensino da literatura e as abordagens metodológicas associadas às práticas para a educação literária evidenciadas em campo. Sua realização pretende, então, ao investigar o universo que constrói profissionalmente meus pares (estagiários, colegas, monitores), contribuir com a ampliação do debate (ainda tão escasso no meio científico) sobre o papel do professor, que se forma ao mesmo tempo em que é formador, em especial, o do professor e da professora de Língua Portuguesa e de Literatura. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate how Literature is taught and the way people learn to teach it when taking a degree in Languages from a public Higher Education institution in south Brazil (IPESB). Therefore, this ethnographic research (ERICKSON, 1989; MASON, 1996; SILVA, 2007; STAKE, 2011; ANDRÉ, 2013; BATISTTI, 2016), is based on genuine questions that have always followed my practice as a Basic Education teacher of Portuguese and Literature who is interested in reflecting on the classroom and the training of the professionals who will work in it. In order to carry out the research, we initially checked the guidelines contemplated in the legal documentation that conducts the teaching of Literature in Basic Education as well as the norms that rule the training of Portuguese and Literature teachers in Higher Education. Likewise, our research is supported by the studies produced by reference authors in the fields of Literary and Linguistic Studies (CANDIDO, 1985; 2000; 2006, 2011; LEAHY-DIOS, 2004; COLOMER, 2007; BAKHTIN, 1997; GERALDI, 2013; TODOROV, 2009). By contrasting such complementary knowledge – but which often seem to be dissociated in classroom practices – this study seeks to point out tensions in the training of Language professionals as well as alternatives to overcome them. Consequently, based on the theoretical reference mentioned and the field data, the epistemological orientation adopted in this research is literary education as linguistic education and it has the purpose of promoting reflection and also of pointing out ways to teach and to learn how to teach literature. To fulfill this commitment, besides reviewing the literature, it was necessary to map in the documented ecology examples of pedagogical practices related to literary education in the classrooms of two subjects from IPESB Languages course- Portuguese Language and Teaching (PLaT), dedicated to teacher training, and Brazilian Literature Studies IV (BLSIV), aimed at the formation of criticism and literary repertoire. Such training events, which took place in these classrooms, were referred here as practices for literary education. These events, identified in the data and considered satisfactory, emphasized the orientation of the research participants to rethink the teaching of literature. This rethinking points to the treatment of the literary text not as a pretext for the teaching of grammar or of literary history, but as a way of the emancipation of the students. Thus, the research also discusses the objectives attributed to literature teaching and the methodological approaches associated with practices for literary education observed in the field. Its accomplishment intends, then, to investigate the universe that professionally builds my peers (trainees, colleagues, monitors), to contribute to the expansion of the debate about the role of the teacher (which is still so little in the scientificcommunity) who is lectured whilst being also a lecturer, especially the teacher of Portuguese and Literature.

Nesta dissertação, apresento uma investigação acerca das representações envolvidas nas práticas pedagógicas no processo de educação literária de alunos surdos em fase de alfabetização. Assim, proponho discutir o problema de pesquisa: quais representações docentes sobre as práticas pedagógicas de educação literária circulam nas classes de alfabetização em escolas de surdos localizadas em Porto Alegre/RS e Região Metropolitana? Objetiva-se, com este estudo, analisar as representações de docentes, em classes bilíngues de alfabetização, sobre as suas práticas pedagógicas de educação literária na educação de surdos. Ainda, pretende-se analisar os usos e funções que a literatura infantil assume através da fala de docentes no contexto da educação bilíngue. Essa temática justifica-se pelas potencialidades da literatura infantil no âmbito da produção cultural, aquisição da língua brasileira de sinais (Libras) e da escrita do português em contexto escolar. Fundamentado na perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais e Estudos Surdos, este estudo inspira-se nas contribuições de Hall (1997), Costa, Silveira e Sommer (2003), Karnopp (2005), Skliar (2015), Hunt (2010) e Colomer (2007). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa envolvendo o uso e análise de entrevistas com seis docentes de classes de primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos, em escolas de surdos localizadas em Porto Alegre/RS e Região Metropolitana. Com base na análise dos dados coletados, foi possível sistematizar cinco agrupamentos analíticos, sendo eles: a leitura pelo prazer/gosto/hábito; práticas pedagógicas de leitura literária na alfabetização; leitura de imagens e a descoberta da escrita; bilinguismo na educação de surdos; e, por fim, experiências através/a partir da literatura infantil. A partir dessa investigação, é possível depreender que a literatura infantil possui múltiplos usos e funções na prática pedagógica de docentes, contribuindo para a reflexão acerca das representações construídas de educação literária. Assim, envolvem representações acerca da literatura enquanto prática cultural, como produtora e constituidora de significados e como formadora de leitores bilíngues. Ainda considerando o contexto bilíngue de surdos, através da investigação realizada, evidenciam-se as representações das línguas envolvidas enquanto experiência visual. / In this dissertation, I present an investigation about the representations involved in pedagogical practices in the process of literary education of deaf students during their early literacy development. Thus, I propose to discuss the following research problem: what teaching representations about pedagogical practices of literary education circulate in early literacy classrooms in schools for deaf students in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul? The present study aims to analyze teachers’ representations, in early literacy bilingual classes, about their pedagogical practices of literary education in deaf education. I seek to analyze, moreover, the uses and roles that children’s literature can take on through teachers’ words, in the context of bilingual education. This subject is justified by the potentialities of children’s literature in terms of cultural production and the acquisition of the Brazilian sign language (Libras) and writing skills in Portuguese in the school context. Building on the perspectives of the fields of Cultural Studies and Deaf Studies, this study is inspired by the contributions of Hall (1997), Costa, Silveira and Sommer (2003), Karnopp (2005), Skliar (2015), Hunt (2010), and Colomer (2007). The present study is of a qualitative nature, involving the use and analysis of interviews with six teachers of classes of first, second and third grades at schools for deaf students in the city of Porto Alegre and its metropolitan area. Based on the analysis of collected data, I was able to systematize five analytical groups: reading for leisure/taste/habit; pedagogical practices of literary reading in early literacy; reading of images and the discovery of reading; bilingualism in deaf education; and, finally, experiences through/based on children’s literature. From this investigation, one can see that children’s literature has multiple uses and roles in the pedagogical practice of teachers, contributing for the reflection about the constructed representations of literary education. These include representations about literature as a cultural practice, a producer and builder of meanings, and a builder of bilingual readers. Moreover, considering the bilingual context of deaf people, the investigation evidences the representations of the languages involved as visual experience.

Meu tema é a dramatização como ferramenta de emancipação intelectual de jovens estudantes de escola pública. Parto do estudo sobre a Juventude, definindo-a, não como uma fase naturalde escola pública. Parto do estudo sobre a Juventude, definindo-a, não como uma fase natural da vida, mas como um construto social criado no século XIX para efetivo controle pelo Estado. Passo seguinte, analiso a “coincidência” do surgimento da escola moderna com a da categoria juvenil. Com o intuito de buscar alternativas ao silenciamento imposto pelo sistema de ensino coletivo, analiso métodos e teorias críticas à imposição de uma educação castradora. Entre eles estão os métodos do Ensino Universal (Jacotot) e da Pedagogia do Oprimido (Paulo Freire), o debate sobre saberes subalternos (Mignolo et al.) e, por fim, a apresentação e atualidade do Teatro do Oprimido (Augusto Boal). Ao concluir, apresento uma prática recente de sala de aula, a partir da qual traço algumas considerações sobre os limites de uma educação emancipadora. Como ápice dessa reflexão, penso um projeto emancipador de ensino de literatura, em que os jovens sejam agentes de sua leitura e obtenham o reconhecimento (verificação) da igualdade e direito à voz. Esses educandos, ao terem espaço para dar vazão ao seu trabalho e à sua voz, correm o risco de ecoar o discurso do poder. A realização de uma proposta de feição emancipatória termina, neste caso, por revelar contradições sociais visíveis nos muros da escola. Superá-las é um desafio em que o expurgo do opressor de “dentro” de si requer uma práxis, isto é, uma ação e reflexão cultural, dialógica e amorosa. Ao exercitar-se em jogos teatrais, o educando se envolve em um processo de criação da escrita literária e, desse modo, ele ou ela produz sua própria literatura, pronuncia sua palavra. / My theme is dramatization as a tool for the int ellectual emancipation of young public-school students. I start with a study about Youth, defining it not as a natural phase of life, but as a social construct created in the nineteenth century for effective control by the State. Next, I analyze the “coincidence” of the emergence of the modern school with that of the youth category. In order to find alternatives to the silencing imposed by the collective education system, I analyze methods and theories critical to the imposition of a castrating education. Among them are the methods of the Universal Teaching (Jacotot) and Pedagogy of the Oppressed (Paulo Freire), the debate on subaltern knowledge (Mignolo et al.) and, finally, the presentation and actuality of the Theater of the Oppressed (Augusto Boal). In conclusion, I present a recent classroom practice, from which I draw some considerations on the limits of an emancipatory education. As the culmination of this reflection, I think of an emancipatory project of literature teaching, in which young people are agents of their reading and obtain recognition (verification) of equality and the right to voice. These students having space to give vent to their work and their voice, run the risk of echoing the discourse of power. The realization of a proposal of emancipatory character ends, in this case, by revealing visible social contradictions within the walls of the school. To overcome them is a challenge in wich the purging of the oppressor from “within oneself” requires a praxis, that is, a cultural, dialogical and loving action and reflection. Exercising theatrical games, the student is involved in a process of creation of literary writing and, in this way, he or she produces his or her own literature, thus pronounces his or her word.

<p>AbstractThis is an essay about Chambers book talk, how Chambers describes them and how they beenpracticed in reality, that´s my purpose. In Chamber´s book Tell me – Children, Reading andTalk, I look specific for Chambers arguments for this kind of literary education and comparethis with teacher’s description of book conversations. I finally compare this result withactually scientific arguments that supported Chambers arguments.Sten-Olof Ullström proclaims the meaning of social interactions as a prerequisite forreading and writing development. He says that the reading education must offer various formsof interaction for pupils to challenge each other. Ullström´s theoretical discussion is mytheoretical point of departure in this essay.I found out that book conversation is a reprehensible method to reach a literarycompetence. I also find out that the interviewed teacher work in an experienced based way,where their educations are founded from pupils experience and conditions.Keywords: book conversation, literary education, reading competence, social interaction</p>

AbstractThis is an essay about Chambers book talk, how Chambers describes them and how they beenpracticed in reality, that´s my purpose. In Chamber´s book Tell me – Children, Reading andTalk, I look specific for Chambers arguments for this kind of literary education and comparethis with teacher’s description of book conversations. I finally compare this result withactually scientific arguments that supported Chambers arguments.Sten-Olof Ullström proclaims the meaning of social interactions as a prerequisite forreading and writing development. He says that the reading education must offer various formsof interaction for pupils to challenge each other. Ullström´s theoretical discussion is mytheoretical point of departure in this essay.I found out that book conversation is a reprehensible method to reach a literarycompetence. I also find out that the interviewed teacher work in an experienced based way,where their educations are founded from pupils experience and conditions.Keywords: book conversation, literary education, reading competence, social interaction

Friedrich de la Motte Fouquès „Undine“ stellt ein hinsichtlich Lern- und Unterrichtsmitteln noch kaum erschlossenes Werk im Unterricht dar, dennoch ist es derzeit verpflichtende Lektüre für das Abitur in Sachsen. Die Arbeit entwirft daher Unterrichtskonzepte zur Erschließung dieses Werkes und erprobt diese in der praktischen Unterrichtssituation. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass Schullektüre aus fachdidaktischer Sicht nach der Pubertät eher dem „Aufbau ästhetischer Rezeptionskompetenz“ (Eggert 1997, S. 57) dienen sollte, untersucht die Arbeit dabei im Schwerpunkt die „literarästhetische Urteilskompetenz“ der Schüler (vgl. Frederking 2011).

Nesta dissertação, apresento uma investigação acerca das representações envolvidas nas práticas pedagógicas no processo de educação literária de alunos surdos em fase de alfabetização. Assim, proponho discutir o problema de pesquisa: quais representações docentes sobre as práticas pedagógicas de educação literária circulam nas classes de alfabetização em escolas de surdos localizadas em Porto Alegre/RS e Região Metropolitana? Objetiva-se, com este estudo, analisar as representações de docentes, em classes bilíngues de alfabetização, sobre as suas práticas pedagógicas de educação literária na educação de surdos. Ainda, pretende-se analisar os usos e funções que a literatura infantil assume através da fala de docentes no contexto da educação bilíngue. Essa temática justifica-se pelas potencialidades da literatura infantil no âmbito da produção cultural, aquisição da língua brasileira de sinais (Libras) e da escrita do português em contexto escolar. Fundamentado na perspectiva dos Estudos Culturais e Estudos Surdos, este estudo inspira-se nas contribuições de Hall (1997), Costa, Silveira e Sommer (2003), Karnopp (2005), Skliar (2015), Hunt (2010) e Colomer (2007). Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa envolvendo o uso e análise de entrevistas com seis docentes de classes de primeiro, segundo e terceiro anos, em escolas de surdos localizadas em Porto Alegre/RS e Região Metropolitana. Com base na análise dos dados coletados, foi possível sistematizar cinco agrupamentos analíticos, sendo eles: a leitura pelo prazer/gosto/hábito; práticas pedagógicas de leitura literária na alfabetização; leitura de imagens e a descoberta da escrita; bilinguismo na educação de surdos; e, por fim, experiências através/a partir da literatura infantil. A partir dessa investigação, é possível depreender que a literatura infantil possui múltiplos usos e funções na prática pedagógica de docentes, contribuindo para a reflexão acerca das representações construídas de educação literária. Assim, envolvem representações acerca da literatura enquanto prática cultural, como produtora e constituidora de significados e como formadora de leitores bilíngues. Ainda considerando o contexto bilíngue de surdos, através da investigação realizada, evidenciam-se as representações das línguas envolvidas enquanto experiência visual. / In this dissertation, I present an investigation about the representations involved in pedagogical practices in the process of literary education of deaf students during their early literacy development. Thus, I propose to discuss the following research problem: what teaching representations about pedagogical practices of literary education circulate in early literacy classrooms in schools for deaf students in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul? The present study aims to analyze teachers’ representations, in early literacy bilingual classes, about their pedagogical practices of literary education in deaf education. I seek to analyze, moreover, the uses and roles that children’s literature can take on through teachers’ words, in the context of bilingual education. This subject is justified by the potentialities of children’s literature in terms of cultural production and the acquisition of the Brazilian sign language (Libras) and writing skills in Portuguese in the school context. Building on the perspectives of the fields of Cultural Studies and Deaf Studies, this study is inspired by the contributions of Hall (1997), Costa, Silveira and Sommer (2003), Karnopp (2005), Skliar (2015), Hunt (2010), and Colomer (2007). The present study is of a qualitative nature, involving the use and analysis of interviews with six teachers of classes of first, second and third grades at schools for deaf students in the city of Porto Alegre and its metropolitan area. Based on the analysis of collected data, I was able to systematize five analytical groups: reading for leisure/taste/habit; pedagogical practices of literary reading in early literacy; reading of images and the discovery of reading; bilingualism in deaf education; and, finally, experiences through/based on children’s literature. From this investigation, one can see that children’s literature has multiple uses and roles in the pedagogical practice of teachers, contributing for the reflection about the constructed representations of literary education. These include representations about literature as a cultural practice, a producer and builder of meanings, and a builder of bilingual readers. Moreover, considering the bilingual context of deaf people, the investigation evidences the representations of the languages involved as visual experience.